How This Study Was Conducted

• On June 3-4, we recontacted 1,897 registered voters who had taken a Times/Siena poll in the previous two months.

• The study was conducted by telephone using live interviewers. More than 93 percent of recontacted respondents were reached on a cellphone.

• Respondents were called if they took part in the Times/Siena surveys of six presidential battleground states in May or of the nation in April.

• While recontacting studies can help answer important questions of whether individuals are changing their minds, this study is not necessarily representative of the entire electorate. It is not possible to calculate a conventional margin of sampling error. And while all surveys have sources of error beyond sampling, such as nonresponse bias, this study in particular may be more likely than the typical Times/Siena poll to over-represent the most politically engaged voters.

Full Methodology

The New York Times/Siena College recontact study of 1,897 registered voters nationwide was conducted on cellular and landline telephones on June 3 and 4, 2024.

Respondents initially took part in Times/Siena surveys of six presidential battleground states in May — Arizona, Georgia, Michigan, Nevada, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin — or of the nation in April. In total, 5,156 voters took part in the initial polls and were selected for inclusion in the recontact study.

The study was fielded by the Siena College Research Institute. Interviewers asked for the person named on the voter file and ended the interview if the intended respondent was not available. Calls were attempted multiple times if the respondent did not answer initially. More than half of the voters were called at least twice, and more than 10 percent were called three times or more.

Overall, 93 percent of recontacted respondents were reached on a cellular telephone. No respondents who were initially interviewed in Spanish responded to the recontact attempts.

Respondents retained their weights from the initial polls.