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Instruction about race may be under siege across the US, but this course is empowering students at a Southern high school | CNN

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Instruction about race may be under siege across the US, but this course is empowering students at a Southern high school | CNN


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CNN
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Within the early 2000s, once I was a scholar at Ridge View Excessive College, in Columbia, South Carolina, I cherished to parse the legacies of sure historic figures: W.E.B. Du Bois, in AP US Historical past; Malcolm X, in AP English Language and Composition.

On the similar time, I wished extra. Too typically, Superior Placement curricula appeared to present consideration to only a handful of Black heavyweights and, consequently, neglect the numerous methods Black Individuals have formed US society. Solely hardly ever had been Black college students like me mirrored in classes. (I keep in mind studying about “A Raisin within the Solar,” Lorraine Hansberry’s jewel of a play a few Black household in south Chicago, from my mother and questioning, Why aren’t we learning this at school?)

However issues are starting to alter. Ridge View is one in all about 60 excessive faculties throughout the nation piloting AP African American Research in 2022. The interdisciplinary course would be the latest addition to the Faculty Board’s panoply of AP choices and delve into the historical past of the African continent and Black contributions to music, literature, science, politics and arithmetic, amongst different fields. Mere weeks into the pilot course, college students and college at Ridge View already see AP African American Research as one thing of a salve. The course arrives at a second when instruction about race is beneath siege: Academic gag orders abound, and “essential race concept” has change into a lightning rod for the appropriate.

Given the meager illustration I noticed as a highschool scholar, I used to be surprised – and thrilled – to study that Ridge View, which is majority Black, is piloting AP African American Research. It will’ve been so welcome, I believed, to see myself on this context, to probe questions of identification and inheritance.

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Plus, it’s no small factor to check out the course in South Carolina, which didn’t banish the Accomplice battle flag from statehouse grounds till 2015, within the heartrending aftermath of a White supremacist bloodbath.

The importance of the second isn’t misplaced on Ridge View college students.

“It actually makes me joyful to be on this class – to know that I’m part of historical past,” Nacala McDaniels, a senior, informed CNN.

In August, the Harvard College professor Henry Louis Gates Jr., one of many architects of the AP African American Research curriculum, confused the course’s academic worth.

“Nothing is extra dramatic than having the Faculty Board launch an AP course in a area – that signifies final acceptance and supreme educational legitimacy,” he informed Time journal. “It’s a mainstream, rigorously vetted, educational method to a vibrant area of research, one-half a century outdated within the American academy, and far older, in fact, in traditionally Black faculties and universities.”

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Like so many within the Ridge View group, McDaniels needs AP African American Research to assist not solely different Black college students however all college students change into well-versed in under-told histories and cultures and incubate significant discussions about race.

“I hope that the course shall be provided to different individuals who appear to be me and to different individuals who simply wish to find out about historical past that’s been coated up and historical past that’s been ignored,” she mentioned. “And I hope that the course makes room for extra dialog. A lot of individuals are scared to speak about race, however with extra dialog comes higher understanding.”

Excessive faculties had been hungry for an AP African American Research course for years. Nonetheless, when the Faculty Board requested universities a few decade in the past in the event that they’d give credit score for a corresponding examination, they mentioned no.

However the uprisings of 2020 triggered a long-overdue shift.

“The occasions surrounding George Floyd and the elevated consciousness and a focus paid towards problems with inequity and unfairness and brutality directed towards African Individuals triggered me to surprise, ‘Would faculties be extra receptive to an AP course on this self-discipline than they had been 10 years in the past?’” Trevor Packer, who heads the Faculty Board’s AP program, informed Time.

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Sure, was the reply.

Perhaps essentially the most thrilling factor about instructing AP African American Research is the truth that educators get to speak about folks, topics and slices of historical past college students don’t know a lot about, in keeping with Daniel Soderstrom, who leads the course at Ridge View.

“Over the previous few a long time, we, as a society, have completed a greater job of instructing Black historical past and African American Research. However I’d argue that many lecturers nonetheless fall quick,” he informed CNN. “What I imply is that our youngsters hear the identical tales yearly. And that’s to not diminish the contributions of Rosa Parks or Martin Luther King Jr. But when these are the one folks our college students are studying about at school, they’re lacking a whole lot of what’s actually there.”

The primary a part of the course examines early African kingdoms and a few of their foundational figures, together with Queen Nzinga of Ndongo, positioned in present-day Angola.

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“She was a really sturdy girl – a heroine – and fought on the entrance strains along with her troopers,” Soderstrom mentioned of Nzinga, celebrated for pushing again in opposition to Portuguese colonization and the commerce of enslaved folks in Central Africa within the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. “However we are inclined to skip the tales of individuals from Africa.”

Thus far, the teachings look like resonating with the youngsters.

“I didn’t even know that there have been any queens in Africa in any time interval. Like, in any respect,” Ashton Walker, a junior, informed CNN. “We bought to find out about Queen Nzinga and Idia. They’re each very attention-grabbing as a result of they had been highly effective ladies leaders who did superb issues for his or her kingdoms.”

Walker, who’s White, sees AP African American Research as a way towards visibility for her Black friends, who get to be members of their historical past.

“It issues that we get to study all these items as a society. We don’t ever actually get to listen to about any of those figures or what they went via,” she mentioned. “And my (Black) classmates deserve to listen to this historical past. It’s superior that Ridge View is a majority-Black college and will get to assist create this course.”

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Her mom, Nicole Walker, who was concerned in bringing the pilot course to Ridge View and is the director of the varsity’s Students Academy Magnet for Enterprise and Legislation (she additionally was my ninth grade English instructor), echoed a few of these sentiments.

“We all know that what’s finest for teenagers is for them to see themselves mirrored within the curriculum, for them to have a good time their cultures, for them to really feel valued,” she informed CNN. “We all know {that a} child who feels protected and valued goes to do higher at school.”

Martin Luther King Jr. addresses crowds during the March On Washington, August 28, 1963.

Jacynth Tucker, a senior, is intimately aware of the ability of inclusivity. She mentioned that at a earlier college, she and different Black college students felt invisible.

“I can’t even keep in mind a time after we actually explored Africa – talked concerning the historical past and the tradition,” she informed CNN. “Being in a category the place that’s extra of a spotlight could be very particular to me.”

Additional, the course provides Black Individuals extra dimension, per Clementine Jordan, a senior.

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“One exercise I actually preferred was when our instructor confirmed us a collage and requested, ‘What do all these folks have in widespread?’” she informed CNN. “Their commonality was that they’re all Black. However the level of that dialogue was that, sure, they’re all Black, however there’s a lot range inside the Black group, inside my group: numerous religions, gender expressions, sexualities, issues like that.”

Crucially, Soderstrom famous that AP African American Research isn’t a standard-issue historical past course, although it proceeds in a comparatively chronological style and can finally make its method to the US.

“We’re learning Black excellence and African American success via artwork, via literature, via tradition, via dance, via arithmetic, via science, via lawyering,” he mentioned. “It’s attention-grabbing that someday we’re an artwork piece, the subsequent day we’re listening to music, the subsequent day we’re studying a poem after which the day after that we’re listening to a mathematician converse.”

In different phrases, whereas the course charts struggles – together with the mid-century civil rights motion – it additionally underscores Black excellence in quite a lot of disciplines.

It’s just about unimaginable to separate the debut of the AP African American Research pilot course from the Republican-led racial panic looming over many colleges.

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In keeping with an August evaluation by PEN America, a literary and free expression group, legislators in 36 states have launched 137 legal guidelines this yr limiting discussions about race, US historical past and gender in Ok-12 faculties and better training. This determine is a 250% improve over 2021.

And final month, the American Library Affiliation predicted that the variety of makes an attempt this yr to censor books in Ok-12 faculties, universities and public libraries grappling with race, gender and sexuality will exceed 2021’s report rely. The ALA tallied 681 makes an attempt between January 1 and August 31; the 2021 complete was 729.

These assaults search to find out what content material is and isn’t reputable in a tutorial context; they’re a part of a wider counter-mobilization in opposition to efforts to topple racial and social hierarchies.

“We’re not seeing completely different political conflicts. We’re seeing one large political battle – one large reactionary political challenge,” as Thomas Zimmer, a visiting professor at Georgetown College, the place his analysis focuses on the historical past of democracy and its discontents, informed CNN in July.

But Soderstrom minced no phrases: AP African American Research is an important course, no matter anybody’s political affiliation.

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“Henry Louis Gates Jr. is likely one of the senior minds after we’re speaking about American research and African American historical past. He was quoted just lately explaining that the course isn’t political,” Soderstrom mentioned. “We’re instructing factual info, and all the things is verifiable.”

Lylou, a sophomore, shared this conviction.

“I’m a White individual, and I wished to take this class as a result of I don’t know that a lot about Black historical past,” she informed CNN. “The course needs to be within the curriculum. As a result of why would we wish to ignore this historical past?”

(Lylou’s mom requested that her daughter’s final identify not be included, given the extraordinary political local weather hovering over classes about race within the US.)

The pilot course is anticipated to develop to incorporate further excessive faculties subsequent yr after which be obtainable to all faculties the next yr, per the Faculty Board.

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Ridge View children, for his or her half, appear wanting to see how the remainder of the yr unfolds.

“The category is a studying alternative for everyone. I take each interplay I’ve with anyone as a studying expertise,” McDaniels mentioned.

Then, mirroring the identical basic curiosity I had as a highschool scholar practically twenty years in the past, she added, “I’m simply excited to see what’s subsequent.”

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Video: Our Photographer’s Look Inside New York’s Migrant Shelters

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Video: Our Photographer’s Look Inside New York’s Migrant Shelters

Just over 225,000 migrants have entered New York City since 2022, and more than $6 billion has been spent on a hodgepodge of shelters that morphed into the largest system of emergency housing for migrants in the country. Todd Heisler, a photographer for The New York Times, gained exclusive access to shelters across the city, documenting the experience through the eyes of those living there.

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Russia aims to be global leader in nuclear power plant construction

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Russia aims to be global leader in nuclear power plant construction

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Russia is building more than 10 nuclear units abroad as it looks to tap into rising energy demand driven by artificial intelligence and developing markets, according to an envoy of President Vladimir Putin.

Moscow is doubling down on efforts to boost its global influence by expanding its nuclear fleet, with plants under construction in countries including Bangladesh, China, Egypt, India, Iran and Turkey. Russia has enhanced its role as a major nuclear energy provider even as the oil and gas sector has faced heavy sanctions after its invasion of Ukraine.

Boris Titov, the Kremlin’s special representative for international co-operation in sustainability, said the country wanted to cement its position as “one of the biggest builders of new nuclear plants in the world”. 

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He said Russia expected strong demand for nuclear power from developing countries eager for cleaner sources of energy, as well as from technology companies harnessing AI in data centres. The International Atomic Energy Agency forecast this year that world nuclear generating capacity would increase by 155 per cent to 950 gigawatts by 2050.

“We are building more than 10 different units around the world,” Titov told the Financial Times. “We need a lot of energy. We will not be able to provide this energy without using . . . nuclear. We know that it’s safe . . . it’s not emitting [greenhouse gas emissions], so it is very clean.”

Boris Titov, the Kremlin’s special representative for international co-operation in sustainability © Maksim Konstantinov/SOPA/LightRocket/Getty Images

Russia’s growing overseas nuclear portfolio, including reactor construction, fuel provision and other services, spans 54 countries, according to an article published last year in the journal Nature Energy by the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs. 

Titov pointed to Hungary’s Paks 2 plant as well as units in Bangladesh and Turkey. Russia is also expected to build a plant with small modular reactors in Uzbekistan, while it signed an agreement with Burkina Faso’s ruling junta in 2023. The FT reported this year that Russia was involved in more than a third of new reactors being built worldwide.

Western governments have attempted to push back against Russia’s nuclear prominence, with the US banning imports of Russian-enriched uranium this May. 

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With the exception of Hungary, most eastern European countries have signed contracts for fuel developed to fit Soviet-era reactors by US company Westinghouse since the full-scale invasion of Ukraine. 

As part of a wider push to meet an indicative target of being free from Russian fuel imports by 2027, Dan Jørgensen, the new EU commissioner for energy, said that he wanted to examine the “full nuclear supply chain”. 

But Hungarian premier Viktor Orbán and Slovakian prime minister Robert Fico have said they would block any steps to restrict Russia’s civilian nuclear energy industry.

After meeting Putin on Sunday, Fico said in a post on Facebook that potential sanctions against Russia would be “financially damaging and endanger the production of electricity in nuclear power plants in Slovakia, which is unacceptable”.

But fears that Russia could create critical nuclear fuel shortages for the bloc, as it did for gas in 2022, are overstated, one senior EU official said.

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“Rosatom has a vested interest to be reliable,” they added.

A more immediate problem is US sanctions on Gazprombank, a major conduit for energy payments to Russia. The measures exempted civil nuclear energy except for Hungary’s Paks 2 plant. Hungary’s foreign minister Péter Szijjártó has called the singling out of the new plant an “entirely political decision”.

Many developing countries are looking at nuclear to meet clean energy requirements, offering more potential markets for Russia.

Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad, Malaysia’s natural resources and environmental sustainability minister, told the Financial Times that the country was “studying the introduction of nuclear”. 

He said all the “major players” were “talking to the [Malaysian] government” on potential projects, without referring to specific countries.

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Speaking at the UN COP29 climate summit in Azerbaijan in November, Jake Levine, senior climate and energy director at the US National Security Council, said Washington was concerned about countries turning to China or Russia for nuclear power.

Global competitiveness in the industry was a “huge issue”, he added.

Additional reporting by Anastasia Stognei, Polina Ivanova and Raphael Minder

Climate Capital

Where climate change meets business, markets and politics. Explore the FT’s coverage here.

Are you curious about the FT’s environmental sustainability commitments? Find out more about our science-based targets here

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Why Trump's tariffs on Mexico would mean higher avocado prices at the grocery store

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Why Trump's tariffs on Mexico would mean higher avocado prices at the grocery store

Avocados grow on trees in an orchard in the municipality of Ario de Rosales, Michoacan state, Mexico, on Sept. 21, 2023. Tariffs on Mexican imports would have a big effect on avocados in the U.S.

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Alfredo Estrella/AFP via Getty Images

Of all the products that would be affected by President-elect Donald Trump’s proposed tariffs on Mexico, avocados stand out: 90% of avocados consumed in the U.S. are imported. And almost all of those imports come from Mexico.

Trump has said he plans to impose a blanket tariff of 25% on imports from Mexico and Canada, along with an additional 10% tax on goods from China.

It’s unclear whether the tariffs will be implemented or if they will serve merely as a negotiating tactic.

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If enacted, they could have multiple effects on the avocado industry.

“Broad tariffs, like what’s being proposed, is not something that we’ve seen” before, says David Ortega, a food economist and professor at Michigan State University. “We had the trade war with China back in 2018 that affected steel and aluminum, but when it comes to food, these types of policy proposals are not something that are very common or that we’ve seen recently.”

With one of the biggest guacamole-eating events of the year — the Super Bowl — approaching in February, here’s what to know about avocados, tariffs, and why so many avocados are grown in Mexico.

Prices will rise

Avocados are displayed in a grocery store in Washington, D.C., on June 14, 2022. Experts predict avocado prices will rise in the event of tariffs on Mexican imports.

Avocados are displayed in a grocery store in Washington, D.C., on June 14, 2022. Experts predict avocado prices will rise in the event of tariffs on Mexican imports.

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First, a 25% tariff on imports from Mexico would lead to higher avocado prices at the grocery store.

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But estimating just how much higher is hard to say. It’s possible that producers and importers will absorb some of the costs to keep prices down and stay more competitive.

Ortega says there could be “pretty significant increases in the price of avocados. Maybe not the full 25%, but pretty close, given that there’s very little substitute ability with regards to where we would source avocados.”

But he cautions that because the tariffs apply only to the product’s value at the border, and not to other costs like transportation and distribution within the U.S., prices may not go up by the full 25%.

Regardless of these potential price increases, however, people in the U.S. love their avocados and they’re willing to pay more. Avocado consumption tripled in the U.S. between 2000 and 2021.

“Given that avocado is a staple of our consumption here, I would say that the elasticity is not very high, meaning that even with a big increase in price, consumption is not going to change that much,” says Luis Ribera, a professor and extension economist in the agricultural economics department at Texas A&M University.

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Why Mexico

A farmer works at an avocado plantation at the Los Cerritos avocado group ranch in Ciudad Guzman, state of Jalisco, Mexico, on Feb. 10, 2023. Mexico provides 90% of the avocados consumed in the U.S.

A farmer works at an avocado plantation at the Los Cerritos avocado group ranch in Ciudad Guzman, state of Jalisco, Mexico, on Feb. 10, 2023. Most of the avocados consumed in the U.S. are grown in Mexico.

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Mexico is the biggest producer of avocados in the world and exported $3.3 billion worth of avocados in 2023. A study funded by the industry estimated that avocado production supports 78,000 permanent jobs and 310,000 seasonal jobs in Mexico.

“It’s a very important business in Mexico, very lucrative,” Ribera says.

Mexico emerged as the largest foreign supplier of fruits and vegetables to the U.S. for a few reasons, he says. One: Its proximity to the U.S. market. With a perishable product, closer is better. Peru is the second-largest source of foreign avocados in the U.S., but its greater distance means avocados need to be shipped farther.

The other reasons for Mexico are favorable weather that allows for year-round production of avocados and access to cheap labor, according to Ribera.

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Avocados are grown in the U.S. too, mostly in California and to a lesser extent Florida and Hawaii, but U.S. growers can’t meet Americans’ big appetite. Avocado production in the U.S. has declined, even as Americans grew fonder of the green fruit, according to the USDA.

California avocado growers have faced droughts and wildfires in recent years, making it difficult to offer the year-round availability that American consumers crave, Ortega says. In addition, land is expensive and water is limited.

If the goal of implementing tariffs is to force avocado production to move somewhere besides Mexico, that isn’t easy.

It takes about eight years for avocado trees to produce fruit, according to the USDA. “This is not a product that you can just simply plant more of this season and you get more of in a few months,” Ortega says.

Other countries where the U.S. sources avocados — Peru, the Dominican Republic and Chile — “just simply don’t have the production capacity to replace Mexico’s supply,” he says.

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Tariffs could impact the organic avocado market

Tariffs could also alter the market dynamic when it comes to organic vs. conventional foods.

If prices rise across the board, consumers who typically buy organic avocados might switch to conventional ones to save money. Organic produce makes up about 15% of total fruit and vegetable sales in the U.S., according to the Organic Trade Association, which represents hundreds of organic businesses and thousands of farmers.

“My hypothesis is that the price of conventional products would increase more than the premium organic product,” Ortega says. He reasons that because people who are used to buying organic avocados would move to buy conventional ones, “that in turn increases the demand and would make prices rise more for that category.”

Matthew Dillon, co-CEO of the Organic Trade Association, says those in the organic food industry are looking at diversifying their supply chains away from Mexico, but there’s a three-year transition period required for farmers to switch from producing conventional to organic produce.

“Supply chains are not incredibly elastic in organic. It takes more time to pivot and change when there’s a supply chain disruption. And tariffs are in some ways a form of supply chain disruption for a company, because it creates unpredictable pricing,” he says.

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Together with grocery prices that have gone up more than 26% since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, Trump’s plans for tariffs on Mexico, along with mass deportations, could create “a perfect storm of high inflationary pressure on the organic sector,” Dillon says.

Furthermore, retaliatory tariffs from Mexico could have their own impacts.

Avocado producers face uncertainty as Trump’s return looms

Avocados in boxes are pictured at a packing plant in the municipality of Ario de Rosales, Michoacan state, Mexico, on Sept. 21, 2023.

Avocados in boxes are pictured at a packing plant in the municipality of Ario de Rosales, Michoacan state, Mexico, on Sept. 21, 2023.

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Aside from the threat of tariffs, the avocado industry has other challenges to deal with: climate change presents several problems, and avocados require a large amount of water to grow. Meanwhile, environmentalists say some avocado growers are cutting down forests to plant avocados.

Producers also face extortion from criminal gangs in Mexico.

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And now with Trump’s tariff threats, producers are left to wonder about their next steps.

“Producers, they react to market fundamentals,” Ribera says. For example, people can foresee how bad weather in Mexico would affect avocado prices. Producers and retailers will adjust to higher and lower demand.

“The issue with a tariff is it’s not a market fundamental — it’s a policy. It’s a political move,” he says. “It could happen or it could not happen, or it could be increased or it could be decreased, you know. So it’s hard for the whole supply chain to adjust.”

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