There are other models, too — including the city’s violence interruption work, which unfortunately seems to have stalled over the past year. Violence interruption is premised on the idea that we can fund community members to intervene in cycles of violence in their own neighborhoods. Often staffed by formerly incarcerated men who want to give back to a community they harmed as young people, violence interrupters can form a visible presence on the streets on “hot” blocks and in the lives of the people most likely to perpetrate violence, helping them to build a new path out. Yet in order to work, such groups must be consistently funded and supported.

None of these experiments in safety will automatically solve our urban crises any more than sending in police has solved violence in America. But what they can do is reorient how we as a city respond to human suffering, sending in support and resources in lieu of handcuffs and criminalization where possible. And in doing so, they can serve as at least a partial answer to the question of how to secure justice for Floyd.

Police reform, as we’ve seen throughout the decades in Minneapolis, is a long and difficult task, prone to failures and backsliding. It seems unlikely that the city will win major concessions in the union negotiations to come, although the new flexibility to expand civilian investigator positions in the revised union contract is a start. We can also work to help make sure the ongoing work of reform is pushed forward through the ongoing consent decrees with the Minnesota Department of Human Rights and U.S. Department of Justice. But so, too, do Minneapolis residents need to push for the broader vision of public safety demanded in summer 2020 that not only builds a better model of policing, but more holistic approaches to suffering. In a city in which mental health professionals, violence prevention specialists and public health administrators are called in alongside the police to respond to crisis, we all have a better chance of getting the answer right.

Michelle S. Phelps is professor of sociology at the University of Minnesota and the author of “The Minneapolis Reckoning: Race, Violence, and the Politics of Policing in America.” She is on the community advisory board for Canopy Roots’ behavioral crisis response program.