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Iowa History Month: How Kenneth Jernigan transformed life for Iowans with blindness

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Iowa History Month: How Kenneth Jernigan transformed life for Iowans with blindness


“… the real problem is not the blindness but the mistaken attitudes about it. These attitudes can be changed, and we are changing them. The sighted can also change. They can be shown that we are in no way inferior to them and that the old ideas were wrong that we are able to compete with the sighted, play with the sighted, work with the sighted, and live with the sighted on terms of complete equality. We the blind can also come to recognize these truths, and we can live by them.”

These words were spoken by Kenneth Jernigan, the then-president of the National Federation of the Blind, in 1973. He was also at that time the director of the Iowa Commission for the Blind, today known as the Iowa Department for the Blind.

Iowa has long been recognized as innovative with respect to the blind, seeing the need to enable the blind to compete on a footing of equality socially, politically and economically. 

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Becoming a state in 1846, by 1852 Iowans were already considering how to better the prospects for Iowa’s blind population. That year, Samuel Bacon, a blind graduate of Kenyon College with a degree in mathematics, established the Asylum for the Blind in Iowa City. By 1854, the school was relocated to Vinton. Its goal was to produce blind people who were “educated, productive, well-rounded, [who] have friends and [who] hold their place in society.” Perhaps the most famous graduate of this institution, what later was renamed the Iowa Braille and Sight Saving School, was Mary Ingalls.

On New Year’s Day, 1922, Helen Keller visited Des Moines. Des Moines Register reporter Harlan Miller covered her visit. While there, Keller addressed the Legislature, stating that “it seems to me the civilization of a state should be measured by the amount of misery it resents, and by the degree of happiness it makes possible for all of its citizens.” About the thunderous applause following these words, Keller stated she heard the applause “through the soles of her feet.”

Sen. James White of Tama County had introduced a bill “providing for the creation of a state commission to supervise training and seek employment for Iowa’s blind.” The requested “biennial appropriation” for this new state commission was $26,000. Keller indicated to the Legislature that the funds should be doubled. Thus, Keller paved the way for what eventually became the Iowa Commission for the Blind in 1925. 

At first, the Iowa Commission for the Blind was like other agencies for the blind throughout the United States. In Brian Miller’s 2013 dissertation, published by the University of Iowa, “Speaking for Themselves: The Blind Civil Rights Movement and the Battle for the Iowa Braille School,” he described the Commission for the Blind under the directorship of Ethel Towne Holmes as follows: “The Iowa commission was a sleepy backwater, an agency with poor performance, and off the radar for most rehabilitation professionals.” 

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Holmes served the agency from 1925 until 1957. At age 74, Holmes had likely lost her spark for innovative services and resigned as the organization stagnated and criticism by Iowans with blindness increased. Miller wrote, “In the year before Jernigan’s appointment it [the Iowa Commission for the Blind] ranked at the very bottom among VR (vocational rehabilitation) agencies for the blind, with only 12 employment outcomes in 1957.”

In 1958, Kenneth Jernigan began his directorship of the Iowa Commission for the Blind, serving the agency until 1978. Under his leadership, the Commission became an innovative agency, increasing the number of employed blind people, fulfilling the promise that “with reasonable training and opportunity the average blind person can compete on terms of equality with the average sighted person similarly situated.” Jernigan would face his own turmoil and left Iowa with some criticizing his use of state funds, among other complaints. Jernigan’s departure disrupted services for two decades.

Blind Iowans, thanks to the innovations of Jernigan and others, work together as members of blindness consumer groups such as the National Federation of the Blind and the Iowa Council of the United Blind, to pass legislation mandating accessible mail-in ballot voting, for example. In 1968, Harold Russell, of President Lyndon Johnson’s Committee on the Employment of the Handicapped, when presenting Johnson’s award to Jernigan for his work on behalf of the blind, said, “if a person must be blind, it is better to be blind in Iowa than in any other place in the nation, or the world!”

Bettina Dolinsek and Cody Dolinsek are history and program consultants for the State Historical Society of Iowa, which provided this essay as part of a series for Iowa History Month. For more information, visit history.iow.gov.

March is Iowa History Month

To celebrate Iowa History Month, the Register has published weekly essays from leading state historians.

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I-80 crash cleanup continues after weekend pile-up in eastern Iowa

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I-80 crash cleanup continues after weekend pile-up in eastern Iowa


WEST BRANCH, Iowa (KCRG) – Cleanup crews are still working to remove vehicles from Interstate 80 in eastern Iowa following multiple crashes that blocked the highway for about 12 hours Saturday morning.

Multiple crashes on I-80 east of Iowa City Saturday morning shut down the interstate for several hours in both directions. No one was killed, but dozens of people were injured and taken to the hospital.

Lanes in the area will be closed in order to pull crashed cars out of the median.

“Towing and recovering efforts started right away after the storm, Sunday night after the storm and have continued each night since then and we’re estimating a couple, two to three more nights yet to get everything removed out there,” said Mitch Wood with the Iowa Department of Transportation.

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DOT explains highway closure decision

The DOT did not expect conditions to be as bad as they were this weekend. Access to the highway was only limited after the crash happened.

“It started out with just a typical Iowa snowfall forecast. Nothing in that forecast, I guess, rose to that level of alarm for us to kind of forecast that we would have seen the traffic issues that we ended up seeing,” Wood said.

The DOT says preemptively closing the interstate can be done if unsafe travel can be predicted.

“What we could never really anticipate is the driving conditions changing rapidly and how drivers are going to respond to that,” Wood said.

Wood says shutting down an interstate is never a light decision.

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“It’s not something that we necessarily want to do but when we make that decision, almost everytime we’re making that decision for safety reasons,” Wood said.

Cleanup of those accidents from Saturday are still underway. That typically happens in the evening, so drivers should watch for signs and lane closures when towing is happening.



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Iowa DOT to rebuild I-35 between Huxley and Ames. When will it start?

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Iowa DOT to rebuild I-35 between Huxley and Ames. When will it start?


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Ames commuters: Now is the time to send in your feedback for proposed changes to Interstate 35.

The Iowa Department of Transportation is proposing new construction to widen I-35 between Huxley and Ames and rebuild sections of U.S. Highway 30 as part of a multi-year plan.

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What’s in the Iowa DOT’s construction plan for I-35 between Huxley and Ames?

The Iowa DOT has been planning these changes for more than ten years. Around 2005, about 35,000 vehicles using I-35 south of U.S. 30. In 2024, that number’s now at approximately 47,000 vehicles — and expected to continue growing.

Some of the improvements include:

  • Replacing and widening I-35 bridges over U.S. 30 in Ames
  • Lowering U.S. 30 to improve clearance for I-35 bridges
  • Reconstructing ramps at the U.S. 30 interchange
  • Widening I-35 to 6 lanes between Huxley and the U.S. 30 interchange in Ames

How much will I-35 improvements between Ames and Huxley cost?

The cost of the project is expected to total $100 million.

When will construction start on I-35 in Story County?

Construction is expected to begin in spring 2027 and be completed by the end of 2030. The project also requires permanently closing 564th Avenue south of Ames between 280th and 290th Streets.

The public input period concludes at the end of December. You can submit questions and comments on the DOT’s website.

Lucia Cheng is a service and trending reporter at the Des Moines Register. Contact her at lcheng@gannett.com or 515-284-8132.

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Local business highlights Iowa agriculture impact during Iowa Secretary Mike Naig visit

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Local business highlights Iowa agriculture impact during Iowa Secretary Mike Naig visit


CENTERVILLE, Iowa (KYOU) – A state innovation grant is helping a local meat processing facility serve area farmers and strengthen Iowa’s food supply chain.

Country Roads Meat Processing received funding through Iowa’s “Choose Iowa” butchery innovation grant program to update equipment at their facility.

Owner Melanie Seals said the business processes beef from multiple local farmers.

“Probably at least purchase beef from at least 20 to 25 different farmers,” Seals said.

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Seals, who grew up on her family farm butchering meat, now runs Country Roads Meat Processing with her husband.

On Monday she gave Iowa Agriculture Secretary Mike Naig a tour of the facility.

“I mean we both grew up on farms we always butchered our own meat, and we just want to the local movement ally just excel and to grow,” Seals said.

The Choose Iowa butchery innovation grant helps small meat processors update and expand their operations. Seals used the money to update the facility’s equipment, which she said helps supply an important link in the food chain.

Seals said the grant is also helping the business increase visibility for more farmers in the community.

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“We like to get as many as we can on the board up there so that way more people can know,” Seals said.

Iowa Agriculture Secretary Mike Naig said he wants to see this kind of success statewide.

“What we’re seeing is a reasonable investment on the part of the state results in a significant investment locally which again drives more businesses,” Naig said.

The success matters as farmers continue to face challenges ahead.

“Were optimistic for another good growing season but that the marketplace will respond,” Naig said.

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For Seals, the grant represents a solution that pays off by investing in the future for local farmers.

“We like to help those people that are local have their own businesses and we just kind of want to be a hub for all of that,” Seals said.



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