Health
In Africa, Danger Slithers Through Homes and Fields
Snakes like these are giants. Black mambas can stretch to 14 feet, and the longest king cobra ever recorded was 19 feet.
Puff adders are petite by contrast, as short as six inches and no longer than six feet, but very thick. They have long, retractable fangs that can deliver poison into muscle.
Their venom destroys blood-clotting factors, and victims die slow, gruesome deaths, bleeding in the brain, eyes and mouth.
Identifying the attacker can help tailor treatment. But many people never see the snake that bites them or, if they do, cannot identify it. To the untrained eye, venomous snakes may look indistinguishable from harmless ones.
The names don’t make it any easier. Green mambas are green, but black mambas are pale gray to dark brown; they are so-named because the inside of the mouth is black. They are better recognized by their coffin-shaped head and unnerving smile.
Some scientists are building A.I. models to identify snakes, so that anyone with a smartphone might be able to distinguish them.
About a third of snakebites are in children. They occur less often among pregnant women, but the outcomes — which include spontaneous abortion, ruptured placentas, abruption, fetal malformations and death to both mother and fetus — can be catastrophic.
Often the victims are farmers. The loss of a breadwinner devastates families.
Ruth Munuve’s husband worked as a driver in Nairobi and came home to the family farm every other weekend. He was bitten on a Saturday in April 2020, at age 42, while walking through the brush on his way home from a night out.
Two hospitals scrambling to treat Covid patients turned him away. By the time he died two days later, his body had swelled to double its size, a hallmark of a puff adder bite, said his sister, Esther Nziu.
Ms. Munuve now grows maize and cowpeas, mostly for food, and sells green grams. Ms. Nziu has five children of her own, but she is doing her best to help raise her brother’s four children.
Money is tight, but the women still paid to fortify the house. “I don’t want anybody else to be bitten by snakes,” Ms. Nziu said.
Health
Smoking banned for entire generation under sweeping new national law
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Anyone living in the Maldives born after Jan. 1, 2007, may be affected by the first-ever generational smoking ban.
On Nov. 1, a new law — proposed by the country’s President Mohamed Muizzu earlier this year — took effect in the country, banning an entire generation from smoking, purchasing or using tobacco.
In a press release, the Ministry of Health called it a “historic milestone in the nation’s efforts to protect public health and promote a tobacco-free generation.”
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The ban applies to all forms of tobacco, and retailers are required to verify the age of users prior to any sale.
The Maldives also maintains a complete ban on the import, sale, distribution, possession and use of electronic cigarettes and vaping products, regardless of age.
Authorities in the Maldives say the measure marks a “historic milestone” for public health. (iStock)
“The Generational Ban on Tobacco reflects the Government’s strong commitment to protecting young people from the harms of tobacco,” the Ministry added in the statement.
The World Health Organization has called tobacco use an “epidemic” and “one of the biggest public health threats the world has ever faced.”
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The WHO’s data shows that tobacco use is responsible for over seven million deaths annually, as well as disability and long-term suffering from tobacco-related diseases.

The new law bars anyone born after Jan. 1, 2007, from buying or using tobacco products. (iStock)
“All forms of tobacco use are harmful, and there is no safe level of exposure to tobacco,” the agency states.
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The organization added that cigarette smoking is the most common form of tobacco use worldwide.

The law complements existing restrictions on e-cigarettes and vaping products. (iStock)
The Maldives is the first country to see a generational smoking ban come to fruition, although New Zealand proposed a ban that would have outlawed tobacco sales to those born after Jan. 1, 2009, starting in 2024.
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Before the ban could take effect, however, it was struck down in 2023.
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Britain is currently considering a similar law, the Tobacco and Vapes Bill, which, if passed, would prohibit anyone born after Jan. 1, 2009, from buying tobacco products or vapes.
Health
She Lost 160 Pounds With Social Walking—Here’s How Strolls With Friends Can Boost Your Health
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Health
Brain health warning sign could be hiding in plain sight, say researchers
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A new study from the University of Southern California suggests that the way blood pressure fluctuates from one heartbeat to the next may be just as important as the overall blood pressure reading — especially when it comes to brain health in aging adults.
Researchers found that older adults who experienced greater beat-to-beat changes in blood pressure had smaller brain volumes in areas tied to memory, and higher levels of a protein linked to nerve-cell injury.
“Even when blood pressure is well-controlled with medication, the rapid fluctuation in blood pressure from heartbeat to heartbeat is associated with worse memory and signs of brain shrinkage and brain cell injury,” USC Professor Daniel Nation, senior author of the study, told Fox News Digital.
The study linked rapid blood pressure shifts to smaller memory-related brain regions in older adults. (iStock)
“Blood pressure isn’t static; it’s always adapting to the body’s needs,” he added in a press release. “But as we age, that regulation can become less precise.”
The study included 105 adults between the ages of 55 and 89. The researchers measured the participants’ blood pressure continuously for several minutes while they underwent brain scans.
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In particular, they measured the stiffness of the adults’ arteries and how much their blood pressure changed between heartbeats.
Even when participants’ average blood pressure seemed healthy, those with the most erratic readings — combined with stiffer arteries — showed telltale signs of brain aging, the study found.

People with erratic readings had smaller hippocampal and entorhinal cortex regions, which are among the first areas of the brain affected in Alzheimer’s disease. (iStock)
Specifically, they had smaller hippocampal and entorhinal cortex regions, which are among the first areas of the brain affected in Alzheimer’s disease. They also had higher blood levels of neurofilament light, a biomarker of nerve-cell damage.
These findings were described as significant even after taking into account factors like age, sex and average blood pressure — suggesting that the fluctuations themselves, and not just overall pressure, may be a key risk factor.
The findings were first published online in the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease on Oct. 17.
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For years, doctors have warned that high blood pressure raises dementia risk, but the USC study explores specifically how moment-to-moment instability can be a cause for concern.
Nation said the researchers were surprised to find that these rapid fluctuations in blood pressure were linked to brain injury, “regardless of whether they have hypertension or are treated with blood pressure-lowering medications.”
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In other words, someone could have “good” readings at the doctor’s office and still have dangerous spikes and dips that quietly stress the brain’s delicate blood vessels, the research suggests. Over time, that instability could contribute to memory decline and neurodegeneration.

Even well-controlled blood pressure may not protect against brain changes if readings fluctuate too much, the study suggests. (iStock)
The researchers emphasized, however, that this study only shows correlation and does not prove causation, and that more research is needed.
“The findings are correlations in a cross-sectional study, which is like a snapshot in time,” Nation said. “Future studies should examine how these rapid blood pressure fluctuations change over time and whether they predict future brain shrinkage, brain cell injury and memory decline.”
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The team says there are currently no treatments specifically for these fluctuations.
“But it remains very important that people monitor their blood pressure and take blood pressure-lowering medications as prescribed in order to reduce their risk for brain injury and memory decline,” Nation said.
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“Development of therapies to address rapid blood pressure fluctuations should be a priority, since these rapid fluctuations are not fully addressed by existing treatments that focus on lowering average blood pressure,” he added.
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