Josefa Santana, 96, didn’t depart her Washington Heights house when New York Metropolis shut all the way down to sluggish the unfold of the coronavirus in March 2020. However her son, a butcher, needed to work. He was the one one to depart the house in these weeks, so he most likely was the one who introduced the virus in.

Regardless of her household’s efforts to guard her, Ms. Santana acquired sick, after which died. She was one in every of three kinfolk whom her granddaughter, Lymarie Francisco, misplaced to Covid-19 within the first 12 months of the pandemic, Ms. Francisco mentioned final week.

The toll was devastating for her. It was additionally emblematic of the dimensions of loss and trauma in New York within the early phases of the pandemic, which new metropolis knowledge, launched to The New York Instances, reveals in stark element.

An estimated two million New Yorkers — almost one in 4 — misplaced no less than one individual near them to Covid inside the first 16 months of the virus’s arrival, in response to the information, which was collected in mid-2021 by federal census employees on behalf of the town. Practically 900,000 New Yorkers misplaced no less than three individuals they mentioned they have been near, an open-ended class that included kinfolk and buddies, the survey discovered.

Ms. Francisco, 36, misplaced an uncle about two months after her grandmother, and later, she additionally misplaced an aunt. However it was the lack of her grandmother, who raised her, that almost all impacts her to this present day.

“I’m always desirous about my grandma,” she mentioned. “I am going each different Sunday to the cemetery and simply sit there. And I simply converse to her.”

The discovering concerning the scale of loss was amongst a number of from the survey, often called the New York Metropolis Housing and Emptiness Survey, that shed new gentle on the affect of the pandemic within the metropolis. The survey consisted of in-person interviews with a statistically consultant pattern of greater than 7,000 New York Metropolis households. Whereas the first position of the survey, performed each three years, is to evaluate New Yorkers’ housing circumstances, questions on Covid have been added to the 2021 model.

Its findings echoed earlier research that documented how Black and Hispanic New Yorkers died from Covid at larger charges than white New Yorkers in 2020. Partly, this was due to larger poverty ranges and fewer entry to high-quality medical care. However one other doubtless purpose was that individuals of coloration made up the majority of the important employees who reported to work throughout the metropolis’s preliminary 11-week shutdown, when all colleges and nonessential companies have been ordered to shut and folks urged to remain house, the survey discovered.

About 1.1 million of the town’s 8.4 million residents stored going to work between March and June 2020, the survey reported. Of these, about 800,000, or 72 p.c, have been individuals of coloration, a broad class that included all New Yorkers who didn’t determine as non-Hispanic and white.

The areas that have been hit hardest by Covid, together with southeast Brooklyn, the Bronx, Higher Manhattan and the southeast nook of Queens, had excessive numbers of important employees. The individuals who went to work delivered meals, staffed eating places, supplied little one care and cleansing, or labored in well being care and transit.

Shedding family members to the virus was extra widespread amongst these employees, particularly those that have been low-income and folks of coloration, the survey discovered. Whereas a couple of quarter of all New Yorkers misplaced no less than one individual they have been near, a couple of third of low-income important employees who have been individuals of coloration did. Eleven p.c of all New Yorkers misplaced no less than three individuals to Covid, in contrast with 16 p.c of low-income important employees, the survey discovered.

Janeth Solis, 52, of the Bronx, misplaced 4 family members throughout the first 12 months and a half of the pandemic. Her mom, step-grandmother and grandmother, who lived collectively in a home in Ridgewood, Queens, died one after the other within the pandemic’s first weeks. Her mother-in-law died in April 2021.

It wasn’t till this 12 months that Ms. Solis was in a position to go to her grandmother’s ashes, which had been shipped to her native Colombia in June 2020. The go to and remedy have helped her heal.

“We didn’t actually have closure,” she mentioned.

Charges of despair and nervousness in New York rose throughout the pandemic, notably amongst those that had misplaced family members and people underneath monetary pressure. Based mostly on analysis from previous disasters, these results are more likely to proceed for months or years to return, researchers on the Division of Well being have mentioned.

“Psychological well being wants are on the rise in every single place,” mentioned Dr. Ashwin Vasan, the town’s well being commissioner. “And it’s very tough to separate that from the affect of trauma and grief.”

By Could 2021, about 33,000 New Yorkers had died from Covid-19, in response to a New York Instances tracker. No less than 6,000 New Yorkers have died since then.

Many New Yorkers are additionally linked to individuals who died elsewhere.

“So many people are near individuals outdoors of the 5 boroughs, and outdoors of the nation,” mentioned Elyzabeth Gaumer, the chief analysis officer on the Division of Housing and Growth.