Finance

How Does Debt Move Through the Global Financial System? – OpenMarkets

Published

2 months ago

March 12, 2026

How Does Debt Move Through the Global Financial System? – OpenMarkets

Repo markets are the plumbing behind sovereign debt distribution, ensuring bonds can be financed, hedged and reused as collateral.

The journey of sovereign debt begins with government auctions and syndications, where primary dealers (large banks) and wider market participants, such as buy-side institutions, purchase bonds, which are generally offered at a discount. Corporate bonds are similar, however, issued by a firm.

To avoid utilizing the bank’s own capital and balance sheet, dealers “repo” the bonds – selling them to cash-rich institutions like money market funds with an agreement to buy them back at a specified future date (terms vary per market). While the cash bond market is an outright purchase or sale, the repo market is treated as a collateralized loan, meaning banks have to manage the associated credit risk of the underlying bond and counterparty during the term of the trade.

Government and corporate bonds, in addition to the risk positioning in outright markets, serve as collateral to finance longs/cover shorts for market participants and are utilized in margin calls. This plumbing further assists the breadth of market participants to cash reinvest, increase leverage, enhance returns and support market liquidity. The plumbing is sensitive to some friction:

1. Balance Sheet Pressure

Balance sheet pressure arises when capital requirements, deriving from the implementation of Basel Standards, such as the Leverage Ratio / GSIB / LCR / NSFR / HQLA / RWA / UMR, cause banks to actively manage their balance sheet accordingly in order to optimize each regulation. This allows them to increase balance sheet efficiency and reduce/increase exposures where required to manage dynamic regulatory constraints, thus requiring banks to tightly manage scenarios that impact their business.

The varying legal structure of each bank means the impact of measures of regulation cause different weighted balance sheet challenges for each of the banks. It is not one-size fits all. As banks navigate these challenges, it can mean they have diverging strengths, in their product offerings, at various points in the year compared to their competition. Thus, there can be situations whereby banks will be less willing to intermediate trades even if they have the cash or bonds, as they are constrained by the regulations.

2. Liquidity Stress

Simultaneously, liquidity stress can manifest when a surge in demand for cash suddenly spikes, and a contraction in supply is encountered, i.e. lenders become nervous – for example, due to heavy bond issuance or tax deadlines – causing interest rates to surge as participants compete for a dwindling pool of available funding. Additionally, collateral scarcity and sudden spikes in demand for specific bonds can cause pressures.

There have been a number of stress periods over recent years in the financing markets, which have highlighted the need to keep a liquid and functioning collateral market. Localized liquidity gaps can rapidly evolve into broader market contagion in the outright and ultimately futures markets. Consequently, the accessibility of central bank facilities and connectivity to intermediating technology venues becomes increasingly important as the speed of execution accelerates with technological advances and the market moves to faster, and increasingly automated, execution.

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Finance

Georgia Farm credits to host free farm financial training this summer

Published

4 hours ago

April 26, 2026

Press Room

Georgia Farm credits to host free farm financial training this summer

AgSouth Farm Credit and AgGeorgia Farm Credit are set to host a series of AGAware® Farm Finance Training workshops across Georgia in 2026, offering farmers comprehensive education in business and financial management, allowing them to better navigate the modern agricultural economy.

AgSouth Farm Credit and AgGeorgia Farm Credit announces upcoming 2026 AGAware® Farm Finance Training workshops in Georgia designed to equip farmers with essential business and financial management skills needed to succeed in today’s agricultural economy.

The training is open to anyone who wishes to develop a better understanding of how to run a successful farming operation of any type or size.

The AGAware® Workshops introduce farmers to a variety of financial related topics critical to running an operation. These topics include: balance sheets, income statements, family finance & family budgeting, risk management, accrual income, applying for financing, preparing a business plan, technology & record keeping, FSA/SBA and other Programs. AGAware® is also certified for FSA Direct Borrower Training Credits in Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina.

Workshops will be held at the following Georgia locations:

Friday, June 12 ǀ Swainsboro, GA

Southeastern Technical College

REGISTER: AgSouthFC.com/AGAware

Thursday, June 25 ǀ Athens, GA

Athens Clarke County Extension Office

REGISTER: AgGeorgia.com/AGAware

All classes are held from 9:00 a.m. – 4:00 p.m., and a free lunch will be provided.

AgSouth Farm Credit created the national award-winning AGAware® program in 2011 to help ensure that future farmers will be prepared and strong financially so they may continue doing what it is they love. It’s been Farm Credit’s mission for more than one hundred years to serve farmers and rural America. Since the AGAware® program was established in 2011, more than 1,000 farmers in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina have taken the classes and graduated from the program.

To see other 2026 AGAware workshop opportunities in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina go to AgGeorgia.com and AgSouthFC.com.

For more information about AGAware, contact Heather Brannen at [email protected] or Jessica Bassett at [email protected]

Finance

Homebuyers warned as market stalls: ‘Hesitation turns to urgency’

Published

16 hours ago

April 26, 2026

Press Room

Homebuyers warned as market stalls: ‘Hesitation turns to urgency’

When uncertainty peaks, activity drops. But that means opportunity. (Source: Supplied/Getty)

With rising interest rates, a war in the Middle East and high fuel prices, a lot of property investors are likely feeling a little cautious about the current environment. For many buyers, the instinct to wait for certainty feels like the responsible thing to do.

Wait until interest rates stabilise, the news headlines improve or until the market feels safer. But in property, certainty often comes at a cost.

Some of the most significant buying opportunities emerge during periods of uncertainty, when headlines are negative, confidence is low, and most buyers are sitting on the sidelines. This pattern has a name. I call it the V effect.

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The V effect captures what typically happens during periods of disruption, whether economic shocks, natural disasters or geopolitical events. Markets experience a sharp drop in activity and sentiment, followed by a recovery that can be just as swift. At the bottom of that V is where opportunity tends to be the highest.

During this phase, competition thins out, vendors become more flexible, and some withdraw their listings entirely. Properties take longer to sell. The market slows, but it does not stop.

The length of any downturn depends on the nature of the disruption. Localised events such as flooding or cyclones may compress activity for two to four months while recovery takes place. Broader economic or geopolitical shocks can extend that window, but sentiment can also rebound quickly once confidence returns. What remains consistent is the pattern itself.

When uncertainty peaks, activity drops. When certainty returns, buyers flood back in. And this is where many buyers misread the cycle. By waiting for conditions to feel safer, they are effectively waiting until the market has already begun recovering, moving up the right-hand side of the V. Competition intensifies, prices firm up, and your ability to negotiate diminishes. The moment that feels the safest to buy is often the most expensive one.

Buyers who act during uncertainty position themselves differently. They face less competition, have far greater negotiating power and can secure properties on better terms. When the market recovers, as it has consistently done throughout history, those buyers benefit from the uplift that follows.

It is not uncommon to see a 10 to 20 per cent difference in values based on timing alone. Buyers who entered during the period of uncertainty often find themselves well ahead within a relatively short period. Those who wait for clarity frequently end up paying a premium for the privilege.

Sydney properties by the ocean. — Buyers who wait for certainty tend to buy on the way up. (Source: Getty) · Getty Images

Acting during uncertain conditions is not the same as buying without discipline. Uncertainty is largely sentiment-driven, based on how people feel about the market at a given moment. Risk relates to fundamentals like location quality, supply and demand, infrastructure investment and long-term population and employment drivers.

RELATED: Buyers snap up homes for $200,000 under asking price as ‘fear and mystery’ hang over property market

Experienced buyers focus on fundamentals and use uncertainty as a tool rather than a deterrent. They do not attempt to call the exact bottom of the market. Instead, they recognise when conditions have shifted in their favour and move decisively when the numbers support the decision.

Market psychology plays a significant role in how the V effect unfolds. When uncertainty is at its peak, fear tends to dominate. Buyers hesitate, delay decisions and second-guess their position. Once confidence returns, that hesitation quickly converts into urgency, and in some cases, FOMO.

It is this emotional shift that drives the speed of the recovery phase. By the time the average buyer feels comfortable re-entering the market, the opportunity has often already passed. Timing based on sentiment is consistently unreliable. The moments that feel the most uncomfortable are frequently the ones that offer the best value.

For first-home buyers in particular, this dynamic is even more important. Rather than waiting for ideal conditions, the more effective approach is preparation. Understanding your borrowing capacity, having finance in order and being clear on your criteria allows you to act when conditions move in your favour. In uncertain markets, vendors are more open to price adjustments. Contracts become more negotiable. Days on market extend. These are conditions that simply do not exist when competition is intense and confidence is high. Those windows do not stay open indefinitely.

Property is a long-term asset class. Short-term uncertainty is a feature of the cycle, not a reason to stay away from it. The V effect is a reminder that markets move quickly in both directions.

Buyers who wait for certainty tend to buy on the way up. Those who act during uncertainty give themselves the chance to enter at a better price, and in property, getting ahead early is what allows you to grow equity and expand your portfolio a lot faster.

Abdullah Nouh is the founder of Mecca Property Group and a Melbourne-based buyers’ advocate specialising in long-term, fundamentals-driven property strategy. He works with families and investors to build sustainable wealth through strategic residential and commercial acquisitions. He holds a Master’s in Property from the University of Technology Sydney.

Finance

Fayette schools face accounting concerns as outside reviews continue

Published

1 day ago

April 25, 2026

Press Room

Fayette schools face accounting concerns as outside reviews continue

LEXINGTON, Ky. — As the school district works to rectify potentially decades of inaccurate accounting, two finance employees with Fayette County Public Schools are on paid leave. At the same time, two external reviews continue for Kentucky’s second-largest school district.

What You Need To Know

Two Fayette County Public Schools finance employees are on paid administrative leave

District leaders say accounting inaccuracies and improper practices may date back to 2008

Two outside reviews are underway, including one by the auditor of public accounts

The district may seek a short-term loan to cover expenses until property tax revenue is collected

FCPS Superintendent Demetrus Liggins said he’s been made aware of troubling and deeply concerning information.

“I’ve spoken with several of our district’s financial advisor and our external audit firm and have conducted our that’s conducted our routine audit. and those conversations have also revealed issues that I was unaware of,” Liggins said.

One review is from accounting firm Weaver and Tidwell, hired by the district, and another, which Liggins said he requested, is being conducted by the auditor of public accounts.

While those reviews are ongoing, and based on preliminary reporting, Liggins said he’s been informed of both inaccuracies and improper accounting practices that date back to 2008.

Last month, the district hired Kyna Koch, a former associate commissioner of finance for the Kentucky Department of Education, as the interim chief financial officer.

Since taking on the task, she said she doesn’t have confidence in the numbers she’s been asked to review.

“Federal and state requirements may not have been followed, and our accounting procedures may not have been aligned with acceptable practices,” Koch said.

Koch said inaccuracies were found in revenue collection, record-keeping, invoicing, and that spending guidelines may not have been followed.

Now she’s helping set new measures, like additional reviews, to dig deeper and provide a clearer financial picture.

“It’s clear that these practices are sometimes nuanced and not easily identified through routine financial reports that are provided to the superintendent and the board. Some of these things would not have been readily apparent based on the information typically generated,” Koch said.

Koch is also recommending that the district get a short-term loan to cover expenditures until next fall’s property taxes are collected.

Though the district is not releasing names at this time, Liggins did comment on the status of some finance administrators.

“We currently have three administrators in our financial and accounting office. Two are on paid administrative leave, and one is on medical leave,” Koch said.

Those on paid administrative leave are pending an investigation.

Liggins said while they are still awaiting finalized reports from those outside audits, they’re aiming for accuracy and transparency in their next moves.

“As we continue this work, I’m committed to following the facts wherever they may lead, and whatever they may uncover, we’re only after the truth,” Liggins said.

Liggins was asked on Thursday whether property taxes would increase for the 2026-27 school year. He said they are not currently planning to ask the board to raise property taxes any more than they typically have in years past.

On Monday, Koch will present her latest findings to the board at its regularly scheduled finance meeting.

Koch also said the district plans to have a loan proposal ready as soon as next month.