Culture

The ‘Middle’ Is a Muddle

Published

1 year ago

August 30, 2024

“Americans want policies that give every American a chance to make it to the middle class.” ¶ Middletown ¶ “A leader who understands the middle class because she grew up in the middle class.” ¶ midlist ¶ “We have a chance to elect a president who is for the middle class because she is from the middle class.” ¶ middlebrow ¶ “We are charting a new way forward. Forward to a future with a strong and growing middle class because we know a strong middle class has always been critical to America’s success and building that middle class will be a defining goal of my presidency. And I’ll tell you, this is personal for me. The middle class is where I come from.” ¶ mid ¶ “Everyone in Middletown runs absorbed in keeping his job or raising his wages, building his home, ‘boosting’ his club or church, educating his children.” ¶ middle of the pack ¶ “Kings have frequently lamented the miserable consequence of being born to great things, and wished they had been placed in the middle of the two extremes, between the mean and the great.” ¶ middle of the road ¶ “If any human being, man, woman, dog, cat or half-crushed worm dares call me ‘middlebrow’ I will take my pen and stab him, dead.” ¶ middle seat ¶ middle age ¶ “A tepid ooze of Midcult is spreading everywhere.” ¶ middle school ¶ “We have entered the golden age of Mid TV.” ¶ middle finger ¶ Middle Ages ¶ “Be careful: these are dangerous streets for us upper-lower-middle-class types.” ¶ “Americans want policies that give every American a chance to make it to the middle class.” ¶ Middletown ¶ “A leader who understands the middle class because she grew up in the middle class.” ¶ midlist ¶ “We have a chance to elect a president who is for the middle class because she is from the middle class.” ¶ middlebrow ¶ “We are charting a new way forward. Forward to a future with a strong and growing middle class because we know a strong middle class has always been critical to America’s success and building that middle class will be a defining goal of my presidency. And I’ll tell you, this is personal for me. The middle class is where I come from.” ¶ mid ¶ “Everyone in Middletown runs absorbed in keeping his job or raising his wages, building his home, ‘boosting’ his club or church, educating his children.” ¶ middle of the pack ¶ “Kings have frequently lamented the miserable consequence of being born to great things, and wished they had been placed in the middle of the two extremes, between the mean and the great.” ¶ middle of the road ¶ “If any human being, man, woman, dog, cat or half-crushed worm dares call me ‘middlebrow’ I will take my pen and stab him, dead.” ¶ middle seat ¶ middle age ¶ “A tepid ooze of Midcult is spreading everywhere.” ¶ middle school ¶ “We have entered the golden age of Mid TV.” ¶ middle finger ¶ Middle Ages ¶ “Be careful: these are dangerous streets for us upper-lower-middle-class types.” ¶ “Americans want policies that give every American a chance to make it to the middle class.” ¶ Middletown ¶ “A leader who understands the middle class because she grew up in the middle class.” ¶ midlist ¶ “We have a chance to elect a president who is for the middle class because she is from the middle class.” ¶ middlebrow ¶ “We are charting a new way forward. Forward to a future with a strong and growing middle class because we know a strong middle class has always been critical to America’s success and building that middle class will be a defining goal of my presidency. And I’ll tell you, this is personal for me. The middle class is where I come from.” ¶ mid ¶ “Everyone in Middletown runs absorbed in keeping his job or raising his wages, building his home, ‘boosting’ his club or church, educating his children.” ¶ middle of the pack ¶ “Kings have frequently lamented the miserable consequence of being born to great things, and wished they had been placed in the middle of the two extremes, between the mean and the great.” ¶ middle of the road ¶ “If any human being, man, woman, dog, cat or half-crushed worm dares call me ‘middlebrow’ I will take my pen and stab him, dead.” ¶ middle seat ¶ middle age ¶ “A tepid ooze of Midcult is spreading everywhere.” ¶ middle school ¶ “We have entered the golden age of Mid TV.” ¶ middle finger ¶ Middle Ages ¶ “Be careful: these are dangerous streets for us upper-lower-middle-class types.”

Everybody loves the middle class. Nobody wants to be mid, or middling. “Middle” is a tricky word.

Are you middle class? Am I? Is everybody?

In American politics, “middle class” doesn’t just name a particular segment of the population, a demographic group whose votes are necessary to electoral success. It represents an ideal, a moral principle, a set of values and interests that are not particular but universal.

At the Democratic convention, the phrase seemed to pop up in every other speech. Full-throated tributes to the middle class were offered by, among others, a governor who is also the billionaire scion of a hotel empire, an actor who happens to be a son and grandson of Hollywood moguls, and a congresswoman who once worked as a bartender.

“Americans want policies that give every American a chance to make it to the middle class.”— Gov. J.B. Pritzker of Illinois

“A leader who understands the middle class because she grew up in the middle class.”— the actor Tony Goldwyn

“We have a chance to elect a president who is for the middle class because she is from the middle class.”— Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez

And also, of course, by Vice President Kamala Harris, a daughter of an economist and a medical researcher, who was portrayed by speaker after speaker as both a product of the middle class and its champion.

“We are charting a new way forward. Forward to a future with a strong and growing middle class because we know a strong middle class has always been critical to America’s success and building that middle class will be a defining goal of my presidency. And I’ll tell you, this is personal for me. The middle class is where I come from.”— Vice President Kamala Harris

Allegiance to the middle class doesn’t define the left or the right; it transcends such divisions. Political parties are expected to move to the center, and to prioritize the needs of Middle America, which both is and isn’t a geographical designation.

Nearly a century ago, the sociologists Helen Merrell Lynd and Robert Staughton Lynd called their classic study of the American heartland “Middletown.” It was about Muncie, Ind., but there are plenty of actual Middletowns out there. The one in Ohio is Senator JD Vance’s hometown.

“Everyone in Middletown runs absorbed in keeping his job or raising his wages, building his home, ‘boosting’ his club or church, educating his children.”— Helen Merrell Lynd and Robert Staughton Lynd, “Middletown”

The middle is everywhere. Which, when you stop to think about it, is odd, even illogical. The creme may be the best part of the Oreo, but it exists only in relation to the wafers that surround it. If it’s only middle, it isn’t a cookie at all, just a blob of sweet goo.

That may be why politicians seek out the middle so eagerly.

“Kings have frequently lamented the miserable consequence of being born to great things, and wished they had been placed in the middle of the two extremes, between the mean and the great.”— Daniel Defoe, “Robinson Crusoe”

The rest of our culture often goes in the opposite direction. In art, up high is where the masterpieces are; down low is where the fun is.

The middle — the midlist, the middlebrow, the just plain mid — is a dead zone. Average. Ordinary. Common. Median. Mediocre. Meh.

“If any human being, man, woman, dog, cat or half-crushed worm dares call me ‘middlebrow,’ I will take my pen and stab him, dead.”— Virginia Woolf

“A tepid ooze of Midcult is spreading everywhere.”— Dwight Macdonald, “Masscult and Midcult”

“We have entered the golden age of Mid TV.”— James Poniewozik, The New York Times

The middle is not good enough to be great, not bad enough to be trash, and thus comes in for a special kind of contempt. Middle of the pack. Middle of the road. Middle seat. Middle school is miserable, and so is middle age. So were the Middle Ages!

Which, as it happens, is when the middle class got started, as a kind of catchall category between the established feudal ranks. There were people who owned the land and people who worked on it, and then there were people who did other things. Across Europe, those merchants, manufacturers and, well, middlemen tended to congregate in market towns. The French word for that kind of place was bourg, and so this class of non-peasants and non-aristocrats came to be called the bourgeoisie.

“Full of seething, wormy, hollow feelings
rather nasty —
How beastly the bourgeois is!”— D.H. Lawrence

“The bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarce 100 years, has created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have all preceding generations together.”— Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Everybody hates the bourgeoisie. Maybe not everyone, but you rarely hear “bourgeois” used as a compliment. The word connotes priggish respectability, pomp and pretentiousness, a way of life lacking the elegance and distinction — the class — of the old landed elite. It also referred to the ruling class, the factory owners and capitalists whose historic antagonists were the workers they employed, also known as the proletariat.

That isn’t a word you hear much anymore. Working class — a term favored by some of the speakers at the Republican convention as well as a few Democrats — is now a synonym for middle class, which only heightens the contradiction. The modern-day middle class now somehow includes both sides of the historical class struggle.

“Be careful: These are dangerous streets for us upper-lower-middle-class types.”— Homer Simpson

The middle is divided against itself — an aspirational ideal and a default setting, a state of equilibrium and a place to get stuck. The center cannot hold.

Culture

Try This Quiz on Thrilling Books That Became Popular Movies

Published

4 days ago

February 23, 2026

Press Room

Try This Quiz on Thrilling Books That Became Popular Movies

Welcome to Great Adaptations, the Book Review’s regular multiple-choice quiz about printed works that have gone on to find new life as movies, television shows, theatrical productions and more. This week’s challenge highlights thrillers first published as novels (or graphic novels) that were adapted into popular films. Just tap or click your answers to the five questions below. And scroll down after you finish the last question for links to the books and their screen versions.

Culture

Test Your Knowledge of the Authors and Events That Helped Shape the United States

Published

2 weeks ago

February 16, 2026

Press Room

Test Your Knowledge of the Authors and Events That Helped Shape the United States

Welcome to Lit Trivia, the Book Review’s regular quiz about books, authors and literary culture. In honor of Gen. George Washington’s birthday on Feb. 22, this week’s super-size challenge is focused on the literature and history related to the American Revolution. In the 10 multiple-choice questions below, tap or click on the answer you think is correct. After the last question, you’ll find links to exhibits, books and other materials related to this intense chapter in the country’s story, including an award-winning biography of the general and first U.S. president.

Culture

Video: How Much Do You Know About Romance Books?

Published

2 weeks ago

February 13, 2026

Press Room

Video: How Much Do You Know About Romance Books?

Let’s play romance roulette. No genre has dominated the books world in the last few years. Like romance, it accounts for the biggest percentage of book sales, their avid fan bases. Everyone has been talking about romance as a Book Review editor and as a fan of the genre myself, I put together a to z glossary of 101 terms that you should know if you want to understand the world of romance are cinnamon roll. You may think a cinnamon roll is a delicious breakfast treat, but in a romance novel, this refers to a typically male character who is so sweet and tender and precious that you just want to protect him and his beautiful heart from the world. Ooh, a rake. This is basically the Playboy of historical romance. He defies societal rules. He drinks, he gambles. He’s out on the town all night and is a very prolific lover with a bit of a reputation as a ladies’ man. FEI these are super strong, super sexy, super powerful, immortal, fairy like creatures. One of my favorite discoveries in terms that I learned was stern brunch daddy. A lot of daddy’s usually a male love interest who seems very intimidating and alpha, but then turns out to be a total softie who just wants to make his love interest brunch. I think there’s a misconception that because these books can follow these typical patterns, that they can be predictable and boring. But I think what makes a really great romance novel is the way that these writers use the tropes in interesting ways, or subvert them. If you can think of it, there’s probably a romance novel about it. Oops, there’s only one bed. This is one of my personal favorite tropes is a twist on forced proximity. Characters find themselves in very close quarters, where inevitably sparks start to fly. Why choose is the porkulus dose of the romance world. Sometimes the best way to resolve a love triangle is by turning it into a circle, where everyone is invited to play. Oops, we lost one spice level. There’s a really wide spectrum. You can range from really low heat or no spice, what might also be called kisses. Only then you start to get into what we call closed door or fade to Black. These books go right up to the moment of intimacy, and then you get into what we call open door, which is more explicit. And sometimes these can get very high heat or spicy and even start verging into kink. There’s one thing that almost every romance novel has in common. It’s that no matter what the characters get up to in the end, it ends with a happily ever after. I say almost every romance novel. Sometimes you’re just happy for now.