Business
Yale’s Endowment Selling Private Equity Stakes as Trump Targets Ivies
Yale University’s famed endowment has been trying to offload one of the largest portfolios of private equity investments ever in a single sale, a move that reflects the pressures on both Wall Street and higher education under the Trump administration.
The Ivy League school has sought buyers for up to $6 billion in stakes in private equity and venture funds, according to three people briefed on the sales process, amid uncertainty about its federal funding and the reality that many of these investments have not delivered the outsize returns that Yale expected.
Yale is now close to completing a sale of roughly $3 billion of the portfolio and is selling the assets at a slight discount, one of the people said.
“This is a big deal,” said Sandeep Dahiya, a professor of finance at Georgetown University who has conducted research on the performance of endowments. “The investor that was the lead architect of investing in the private equity markets is pulling in its horns.”
For decades, Yale has been regarded as a pioneer for shifting its investments away from stocks and bonds into longer-term holdings managed by private equity and venture capital firms. But last year, Yale’s $41 billion endowment generated returns of just 5.7 percent, underperforming the S&P 500 and other major indexes. Yale said its 10-year return averaged 9.5 percent annually.
Private equity investments typically generate cash for endowments and other investors after they sell or take public the companies in which they have invested. But lately, private equity and venture firms, which make up about half of Yale’s endowment, have struggled to sell their stakes in companies and return cash to investors. That has driven down returns.
Yale’s quest to exit investments in both well-known firms like Bain Capital and lesser-known ones like Golden Gate Capital, Clayton Dubilier & Rice and Insight Partners is a sharp U-turn for an endowment that has long proselytized the value of private equity and other long-term investments.
Knowing that some stakes would be harder to sell than others, Yale’s bankers offered potential bidders two separate lists of funds: “core” funds, the ones they most wanted to sell, and “sweeteners,” the better-performing ones, according to two of the people briefed on the sale.
While buyers would receive only a small discount of about 5 percent on the private equity stakes, Yale willingness to sell assets that were once highly desirable at less than full value reflects the industry’s challenges.
The sale comes at a critical juncture for universities. While President Trump has spared Yale the kind of punitive funding cuts he has leveled against other Ivy League schools such as Harvard, Yale is grappling with decreases in federal research funding that have hit higher education broadly. Republicans in Congress have also proposed steep tax increases on endowments.
Yale is on track to spend roughly $2.1 billion from its endowment in 2025, which accounts for just over one-third of its annual budget.
In a statement provided to The New York Times, a representative for the Yale endowment acknowledged the sale, but called private equity “a core element of our investment strategy.” The statement added, “We are not reducing our long-term target to private equity.” The university said it was also looking to invest in other private equity firms.
Yale’s bankers tried to keep the process discreet by giving the sale the code name Project Gatsby. (Two of the main characters in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel set in the roaring 1920s went to Yale.) But Yale’s move is widely viewed on Wall Street as a harbinger.
At least two other large universities are preparing to sell some private equity assets, and dozens of U.S. and Asian pension funds are also looking at exits.
Lawrence Siegel, a former director of research at the Ford Foundation, called Yale’s move “a wake-up call” for investors.
“It’s also Yale trying to get out before everyone else,” Mr. Siegel said.
The Swensen Model
When David Swensen, a former Lehman Brothers banker, joined Yale as its chief investment officer in 1985, the university’s endowment was valued at about $1.3 billion. (Harvard’s had $2.7 billion.)
During 2021, the year that Mr. Swensen died, Yale’s endowment had swelled to $42.3 billion, behind Harvard but billions ahead of almost every other university endowment.
To achieve that, Mr. Swensen shifted Yale’s investments from a traditional portfolio of 60 percent stocks and 40 percent bonds. After getting to know fund managers in private equity and venture firms, Mr. Swensen moved a relatively large slug of Yale’s endowment into long-term assets, often investing in those funds for decades.
Other universities watched Yale’s returns and started to follow the Swensen Model, as it came to be known.
Yale’s early affection for private equity provided the perfect advertisement for an industry looking to attract new investors.
“Do you want to be smart like Yale?” said Ludovic Phalippou, an economist at the University of Oxford, in describing the pitch.
University endowments now invest an average of about 17.1 percent of assets in private equity funds, according to studies by the National Association of College and University Business Officers. That’s up from just 5.4 percent in 2007 before the financial crisis.
Universities and private equity firms have developed a symbiotic relationship. Endowments typically pay private equity firms roughly 2 percent of the money they manage and 20 percent of the profits they generate.
Those fees have helped mint slews of billionaires, many of whom sit on university boards and make large donations to the schools.
Yale’s senior trustee, for example, Joshua Bekenstein, has worked at Bain Capital since its inception in 1984, four years after he graduated from Yale. The Boston-based firm was one of the earliest to jump into the buyout business. It scooped up companies like Dunkin’ Donuts, Clear Channel Communications and Gymboree, added debt and then tried to sell them for a profit. Gymboree, a children’s clothing retailer, filed for bankruptcy seven years after Bain bought it.
Bain now manages $185 billion, including at least roughly $1 billion for Yale.
For more than a decade after the financial crisis, U.S. private equity firms reliably generated average returns, on paper, in the mid- to high teens, according to the data provider PitchBook. But the firms generated average returns below 10 percent in 2022 and 2023, and just over 10 percent in 2024.
Another challenge: Deal making has been slow for several years, and private equity firms have had difficulty selling stakes in companies and returning cash to investors at levels reached in previous years. Despite optimism that the second Trump administration would spur a deal-making resurgence, the volatility around tariffs has made companies wary.
In 2024, the firms returned about 15 percent of the value of their funds to investors in cash, compared with between 25 and 35 percent in prior years, PitchBook data shows.
The winnowing returns come after private equity firms, from 2021 to 2024, raised record sums from pensions, endowments and sovereign wealth funds, PitchBook data shows.
Steven Meier, chief investment officer for the New York City Retirement System, acknowledged that returns for private equity “haven’t been great.”
The system, which manages a $280 billion investment portfolio for the pensions of teachers, firefighters and other public employees, just sold $5 billion of its stakes in private equity firms. Mr. Meier said the city would continue investing in private equity but was looking to pay lower fees.
He added that the funds’ recent returns to pensions and endowments had also been “disappointing.”
Project Gatsby
When Yale’s bankers at Evercore Partners began shopping the endowment’s private equity portfolio in April, they didn’t disclose the seller’s identity.
But they left a clue: They called the sale Project Gatsby.
Bidders were asked to select funds from a combination of the “sweetener” and the “core” pool of assets and to name their price by May 6, with Yale’s bankers aiming for a June 30 closing, according to sales documents viewed by The Times.
Some details of Yale’s sale were reported earlier by Secondaries Investor and Bloomberg.
The biggest single position that Yale has been shopping is a roughly $600 million stake in a 2007 fund run by Golden Gate Capital, a San Francisco-based private equity firm known mostly for investing in retailers like Ann Taylor, Eddie Bauer and PacSun. Two people familiar with the sale said Yale did not expect to sell the entire stake.
The Golden Gate stake was marketed as part of the core portfolio, among the assets that the bankers most wanted to sell.
Evercore’s bankers also offered stakes in Insight Partners and General Catalyst. At least one stake that was labeled a “sweetener,” Clayton, Dubilier & Rice, was not expected to be sold because Yale has been able to get the price that it wanted on other stakes, according to two people familiar with the sale.
Yale has also been offering to sell nine funds managed by Bain Capital, with a total value of about $1 billion. A person familiar with the deal said the school was on the verge of selling about $500 million worth of those Bain stakes.
The highest gas prices in the country are making it tougher for some gig drivers to make a living.
Gas prices have shot up amid the war in the Middle East. On average, California gas prices are the most expensive in the United States, according to data from the American Automobile Assn. The average price of regular gas in California is almost $6. The national average is a little above $4.
While Uber and Lyft drivers have concocted clever ways to cut gas consumption, they say that without some relief they will be forced to leave the ride-hailing business.
John Mejia was already struggling to make money as a part-time Lyft driver when soaring gas prices made his side hustle even harder.
“Unfortunately, it’s the economics of paying less to drivers and gas prices,” he said. “It actually is pulling people out of the business.”
Guests at The Westin St. Francis hotel get into an Uber.
(Jess Lynn Goss / For The Times)
Gig work offers drivers the freedom to work for themselves and more flexibility, but being independent contractors also means they must shoulder unexpected costs.
Ride-sharing companies say they’re trying to help, but drivers say the gas relief comes with caveats. For now, drivers say they’re being pickier about what rides they accept, cutting hours and are looking at other ways to make money.
Mejia, who started driving for Lyft more than a decade ago, said in his early days, he would sometimes make $400 in three hours. Now it takes 12 hours to rake in $200.
The San Francisco Bay Area consultant is an active member of the California Gig Workers Union, so he knows he isn’t alone. California has more than 800,000 gig rideshare drivers, according to the group, which is affiliated with the Service Employees International Union.
On social media sites such as Reddit and Facebook, gig workers have posted about how the higher gas prices are eating into their earnings. Among the tricks they are suggesting: reducing the number of times the ignition is turned on or off, avoiding traffic, working in specific neighborhoods and at times with high demand and switching to electric vehicles.
Gig drivers usually have only seconds to decide whether to accept a ride on the app, but they have become more strategic about which rides and deliveries they accept.
That means they are more likely to sit back in their cars and wait for higher fares for quick pick-up and drop-off.
“I highly recommend the ‘decline and recline’ strategy, rejecting unprofitable rides until a better one appears,” wrote Sergio Avedian, a driver, in the popular blog the Rideshare Guy.
Pedestrians cross the street in front of a Lyft and Uber driver on Wednesday. High gas prices have made it hard for gig drivers to make a living, cutting into their profits.
(Jess Lynn Goss / For The Times)
Uber, Lyft and other companies have unveiled several ways to help drivers save on gas.
Uber said drivers can get up to 15% cash back through May 26 with the Uber Pro card, a business debit Mastercard for drivers and couriers. Based on a worker’s tier, they can get up to $1 off per gallon of gas through Upside — an app that offers cash rewards — and up to 21 cents off per gallon of gas with Shell Fuel Rewards. The company also offers incentives for drivers who want to switch to electric vehicles.
“We know the price of gas is top of mind for many rideshare and delivery drivers across the country right now,” Uber said in a blog post about its gas savings efforts.
Lyft also said it’s expanding gas relief through May 26 because the company knows that the extra cost “hits hardest for drivers who depend on driving for their income.”
The company is offering more cash back, depending on the driver’s tier, for drivers who use a Lyft Direct business debit card to pay for gas at eligible gas stations. They can get an additional 14 cents per gallon off through Upside.
Drivers say the fine print on the offers dictates which card they use and where they fill up gas, making it difficult for them to save money.
“If I do the math, it’s ridiculous,” Mejia said. “They’re offering us nothing.”
Uber declined to comment, but pointed to its blog post about the gas relief efforts. Lyft also referenced the blog post and said “the gas savings were structured through rewards to maximize stackable opportunities.”
Guests at The Westin St. Francis hotel get into an Uber.
(Jess Lynn Goss / For The Times)
Gig workers have struggled with rising gas prices in the past.
In 2022, Lyft and Uber temporarily added a surcharge to their fares amid record-high gas prices following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. This year, Uber is adding a fuel charge to its fares in Australia for roughly two months to offset the high cost of gas for drivers. Lyft said it hasn’t added a fuel charge in the U.S. or elsewhere.
Margarita Penalosa, who drives full time for Uber and Lyft in Los Angeles, started as a rideshare driver in 2017. Back then, gas was cheaper. She would easily hit her goal of making $300 in eight hours. Now she’s making just $250 after working as much as 14 hours.
Gas prices, she said, used to be less than $3 per gallon. Now some gas stations are charging more than $8 per gallon.
“Take out the gas. Take out the mileage from my car and maintenance. How much [do] I really make? Probably I get $11 for an hour,” she said.
Jonathan Tipton Meyers wants to spend fewer hours as a rideshare driver.
He already juggles multiple gigs even while driving for Uber and Lyft in Los Angeles. He’s a mobile notary and loan signing agent, a writer and performer.
Driving is “a very challenging, full-time job,” he said. “It’s very taxing and, of course, wages were just continually decreasing.”
John Mejia, a longtime Lyft and Uber driver, poses for a portrait before attending a meeting about unionizing gig drivers.
(Jess Lynn Goss / For The Times)
Even if oil continues to flow through the Strait of Hormuz, which Iran reopened Friday, it could take a while for gas prices to come down to earth, said Mark Zandi, the chief economist at Moody’s Analytics.
“There’s an old adage that prices rise like a rocket and fall like a feather,” he said. “I think that’ll apply.”
In the meantime, it will be survival of the fittest drivers. If enough of them decide to leave the apps, the ride-hailing companies could be forced to raise fares further to attract some back.
“Those who approach rideshare driving strategically, tracking expenses, choosing trips carefully, and optimizing efficiency are far more likely to weather periods of high gas prices,” wrote Avedian in the Rideshare Guy blog. “For everyone else, a spike at the pump can quickly turn rideshare driving from a side hustle into a money-losing venture.”
The proprietor of Los Angeles’ legendary Clifton’s has given up on reopening the shuttered venue.
It’s just too difficult to do business in downtown’s historic core, he says.
Andrew Meieran bought Clifton’s on Broadway in 2010 and poured more than $14 million into repairs, renovations and upgrades, adding additional bar and restaurant spaces in the four-story building. In 2018, he found that demand for cafeteria food was too low to be profitable, and he pivoted to a nightclub and lounge concept called Clifton’s Republic, featuring multiple dining and drinking venues. Meieran has tried elaborate themed environments, such as a tiki bar and forest playgrounds, and renting out the location for big events to spark more interest.
It was never easy, but during and since the pandemic, the neighborhood has grown increasingly unsafe as downtown has emptied of office workers and visitors.
Storefronts are gated up due to vandalism in the historic district in downtown Los Angeles on Tuesday.
(Eric Thayer / Los Angeles Times)
The alley behind Clifton’s Cafeteria in the downtown historic district Tuesday.
(Eric Thayer / Los Angeles Times)
Vandalism has been rampant, with graffiti appearing on the historic structure almost daily. Vandals would use acid or diamond glass cutters to deface the windows, often cracking the glass. It would cost Meieran more than $30,000 each time to replace the windows. Insurance companies either stopped offering policies that covered vandalism or raised premiums by as much as 600%, he said.
There has been continuous crime in the area, he said, including multiple assaults on people in front of his building. He last shut the venue last year, hoping things would improve and he could come back with a business that could work. Now he has given up. Someone else may take over the space or even the name of the historic spot, but he is done trying.
“We’ve lost our way,” Meieran said. “I want to get up on the tops of the skyscrapers and yell that people need to pay attention to this.”
The disenchantment of a business leader who used to be one of downtown L.A.’s biggest backers shines a spotlight on the stubborn safety concerns, rising costs and thinner foot traffic that have made it increasingly difficult for even iconic businesses to survive.
The once-popular institution dates back to 1935, when it was a Depression-era cafeteria and kitschy oasis that sold as many as 15,000 meals a day when Broadway was the city’s entertainment hub.
It served traditional cafeteria food such as pot roast, mashed potatoes and Jell-O in a woodsy grotto among fake redwood trees and a stone-wrapped waterfall reminiscent of Brookdale Lodge in Northern California.
It’s not the only once-prominent destination that has failed to find a way to flourish in today’s market. Cole’s, one of L.A.’s most famous restaurants and often credited with inventing the French dip sandwich, closed last month after a 118-year run.
“The bigger problem for us and the rest of the industry is the high cost of doing business,” said Cedd Moses, who used to operate Cole’s and has backed many other bars and restaurants in historic buildings downtown for decades. “That’s what is killing independent restaurants in this city.”
Outside of Clifton’s Cafeteria.
(Eric Thayer / Los Angeles Times)
Clifton’s Republic owner Andrew Meieran stands next to a boat on the top floor of the historic restaurant in 2024.
(Wally Skalij / Los Angeles Times)
Clifton’s opened and closed repeatedly during the pandemic and, more recently, after a burst pipe caused extensive damage. Meieran opened it for special events such as last Halloween, but it has otherwise been closed.
Police are woefully understaffed and hampered by public policy, said Blair Besten, president of downtown’s Historic Core Business Improvement District, a nonprofit that arranges graffiti removal, trash pickup and safety patrols in the area.
Businesses and residents in the area would like to see a bigger police presence, but there have been protests against that by people who are not from downtown, she said.
“People are starting to see the fruits of the defunding movement,” she said. “It has not led us to a better place as a city.”
The Los Angeles Police Department is making progress downtown, Captain Kelly Muniz said, with violent crime down more than 10% from last year.
“While we’re working very hard to solve crime, to prevent crime, there are still elements such as trash, open-air drug use, homelessness and graffiti,” she said. “We’re swinging in the right direction.”
Retailers have been opting out of downtown L.A., said real estate broker Derrick Moore of CBRE, who helps arrange commercial property leases. Brands have headed to more vibrant nearby neighborhoods such as Echo Park and Silver Lake.
“A lot of operators are just electing to skip over downtown,” he said. “They’re leasing spaces elsewhere, where they feel they have a greater chance at higher sales.”
A man walks past a pile of trash left on the street in the historic district.
(Eric Thayer / Los Angeles Times)
While some businesses are struggling, many downtown residents say their perceptions of safety are improving and that the area is regaining some vibrancy.
“A lot of people live here. I think people forget that,” Besten said. “We’re all surviving. It’s just hard for all the businesses to survive.”
A green shoot for the Historic Core is Art Night on the first Thursday of every month, when 50 or 60 locations, including permanent art galleries and pop-up galleries in unused storefronts, display art to map-toting visitors who come for the occasion.
They often end up in Spring Street bars, which more typically thrive on weekend nights but are still a draw to downtown.
“I think nightlife will thrive downtown, since bars attract people that don’t mind a little grittier atmosphere,” said Moses. “Our sales are hitting new records at our bars downtown, fortunately, but our costs have risen dramatically.”
A closed sign for Clifton’s Cafeteria.
(Eric Thayer / Los Angeles Times)
Clifton’s former backer, Meieran, says he doesn’t think things are going to bounce back enough to warrant more massive investment. He has sold the building, and the owner is looking for a new tenant to occupy Clifton’s space. He still controls the Clifton’s name.
While there is still a chance he could let someone else use the name Clifton’s, Meieran is done for now — too many bad memories.
“There was a guy who was terrorizing the front of Clifton’s because he decided he wanted to live in the vestibule in front, and he didn’t want us to operate there,” Meieran said. “He would threaten to kill anybody who came through.”
He doesn’t believe official statistics that show crime and homelessness are way down in the area, and he doesn’t want to restart a business when criminals can so easily erase his hard work.
“What business that’s already on thin margins can survive that?” he said.
Trader Joe’s customers might soon get a payout from the popular grocery chain.
The Monrovia-based company agreed to a $7.4-million settlement in a class action lawsuit that claimed customers were left vulnerable to identity theft.
Customers who purchased items with a credit or debit card from March to July in 2019 might be eligible for a payment as part of the settlement.
The plaintiff alleged that some receipts printed in 2019 included 10-digit credit or debit card numbers —double what’s allowed under the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act.
Trader Joe’s “vigorously denies any and all liability or wrongdoing whatsoever,” the grocery chain said in the settlement website. The grocery chain decided to settle to avoid a long and costly litigation process.
The payout will go toward paying impacted customers as well as attorney fees and other expenses.
About $2.6 million will go toward attorney fees, and the plaintiff will receive a $10,000 incentive payment, according to the settlement. The remaining funds will be distributed evenly among customers who submit valid claims.
It’s unclear how much money each customer would get, but the payout could be about $102, according to the settlement notice.
To receive the payout, customers must have received a receipt displaying the first six and last four digits of the card number.
Some customers identified as part of the settlement class have been notified and received a class ID number to file a claim.
Customers have from now until June 6 to file a claim online or by phone.
A customer not identified in the settlement can still submit a claim by entering the first six and last four digits of the card used, along with the date it was used at Trader Joe’s.
Brian Keim, the plaintiff who brought the case, used his debit card at stores in Florida in 2019. He said some stores printed transaction receipts that included the first six and last four digits of customers’ card numbers.
The receipts did not include other personal information, such as the middle digits of the users’ cards, the cards’ expiration dates, or the users’ addresses. No customer has reported identity theft as a result of the receipts since the lawsuit was filed, the grocer said.
However, identity theft doesn’t require submitting a claim for payment.
The settlement was agreed upon by both the grocer and the plaintiff, but still has to be approved by a court. A hearing is set in August.
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