Summary: A new study has used machine learning to identify the key predictors of physical activity adherence, analyzing data from nearly 12,000 individuals. The research found that time spent sitting, gender, and education level were the strongest indicators of whether someone met weekly exercise guidelines.
By training models on lifestyle, demographic, and health survey data, researchers could predict exercise habits more flexibly than traditional approaches. These insights could inform more effective fitness recommendations and public health strategies tailored to individual needs.
Key Facts:
Top Predictors: Sedentary time, gender, and education level were the most consistent predictors of exercise adherence.
Study Scope: Researchers used machine learning on data from 11,683 participants in a national health survey.
Potential Impact: Findings could improve personalized workout plans and inform health policy.
Source: University of Mississippi
Sticking to an exercise routine is a challenge many people face. But a University of Mississippi research team is using machine learning to uncover what keeps individuals committed to their workouts.
The team – Seungbak Lee and Ju-Pil Choe, both doctoral students in physical education, and Minsoo Kang, professor of sport analytics in the Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management – hopes to predict whether a person is meeting physical activity guidelines based on their body measurements, demographics and lifestyle.
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Machine learning doesn’t have those limits, so it can find patterns with greater flexibility. Credit: Neuroscience News
They have examined data from about 30,000 surveys. To quickly sort through such a huge data set, they’ve turned to machine learning, a way of using computers to identify patterns and make predictions based on the information.
The group’s results, published in the Nature Portfolio journal Scientific Reports are timely, Kang said
“Physical activity adherence to the guidelines is a public health concern because of its relationship to disease prevention and overall health patterns,” he said.
“We wanted to use advanced data analytic techniques, like machine learning, to predict this behavior.”
The Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, suggests that adults should aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise, or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise, each week as part of a healthy lifestyle.
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Research shows that the average American spends just two hours per week on physical activity – half of the four hours recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Lee, Choe and Kang used public data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a government-sponsored survey, covering 2009-18.
“We aimed to use machine learning to predict whether people follow physical activity guidelines based on questionnaire data, and find the best combination of variables for accurate predictions,” said Choe, the study’s lead author.
“Demographic variables such as gender, age, race, educational status, marital status and income, along with anthropometric measures like BMI and waist circumference, were considered.”
The researchers also considered lifestyle factors including alcohol consumption, smoking, employment, sleep patterns and sedentary behavior to understand their impact on a person’s physical activity, he said.
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The results showed that three key factors – how much time someone spends sitting, their gender, and their education level – showed up consistently in all the top-performing models that predict exercise habits, even though each model identified different variables as important.
According to Choe, these factors are especially important for understanding who is more likely to stay active and socially connected, and they could help guide future health recommendations.
“I expected that factors like gender, BMI, race or age would be important for our prediction model, but I was surprised by how significant educational status was,” he said. “While factors like gender, BMI and age are more innate to the body, educational status is an external factor.”
During the analysis, the researchers excluded data from people with certain diseases and responses missing physical activity data. That culled the relevant data to 11,683 participants.
The researchers say machine learning gives them more freedom to study the data. Older methods expect things to follow a straight-line pattern, and they don’t work well when some pieces of information are too similar.
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Machine learning doesn’t have those limits, so it can find patterns with greater flexibility.
“One limitation of our study was using subjectively measured physical activity data, where participants recalled their activity from memory,” Choe said.
“People tend to overestimate their physical activity when using questionnaires, so more accurate, objective data would improve the study’s reliability.”
Because of this, the researchers say they could use a similar method for future research in this area, but explore different factors, including dietary supplements use, using more machine learning algorithms or relying on objective data instead of self-reported information.
That could help trainers and fitness consultants produce workout regimens that people can actually stick with for the long haul.
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About this AI and exercise research news
Author: Clara Turnage Source: University of Mississippi Contact: Clara Turnage – University of Mississippi Image: The image is credited to Neuroscience News
Original Research: Open access. “Machine learning modeling for predicting adherence to physical activity guideline” by Seungbak Lee et al. Scientific Reports
Abstract
Machine learning modeling for predicting adherence to physical activity guideline
This study aims to create predictive models for PA guidelines by using ML and examine the critical determinants influencing adherence to the PA guidelines. 11,638 entries from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed.
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Variables were categorized into demographic, anthropometric, and lifestyle categories. 18 prediction models were created by 6 ML algorithms and evaluated via accuracy, F1 score, and area under the curve (AUC).
Additionally, we employed permutation feature importance (PFI) to assess the variable significance in each model.
The decision tree using all variables emerged as the most effective method in the prediction for PA guidelines (accuracy = 0.705, F1 score = 0.819, and AUC = 0.542).
Based on the PFI, sedentary behavior, age, gender, and educational status were the most important variables.
These results highlight the possibilities of using data-driven methods with ML in PA research.
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Our analysis also identified crucial variables, providing valuable insights for targeted interventions aimed at enhancing individuals’ adherence to PA guidelines.
A Recent Study Suggests Evening Workouts May Offer Significantly Greater Longevity Benefits for Individuals with Obesity, Intensifying the Ongoing Scientific Discussion Over Whether Health Goals and Body Metabolism Dictate the Best Hour to Exercise. The question of the most beneficial time of day to exercise—a straightforward query—continues to yield frustratingly contradictory and complex answers in […]
Skiing can be a whole lot of fun when the snow starts flying. But your body can take a beating on the slopes if it’s not properly prepared.
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Sports medicine specialist Molly McDermott, DO, shares how to get ready for ski season with some workouts and strategies.
Ski training routine
Some elite skiers start training at the tail end of spring — about six months before they ever hit the slopes. Others may need less time. In general, Dr. McDermott recommends training at least six to eight weeks before your first outdoor adventure.
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As part of your routine, you’ll want to focus on ski workouts that build:
Strength
Endurance
Flexibility
Neuromuscular control (also known as muscular coordination)
Trying to jump into a sport when you haven’t intentionally trained is difficult and challenging, says Dr. McDermott. That’s especially true given the physical demands that come with skiing.
“You want to train your brain, nerves and muscles to really build stability and balance so you can have more control over how you jump and land,” she notes.
Ski exercises
Ski-focused training puts a strong emphasis on lower-body exercises, targeting everything from your glutes to your ankles. But you’ll want to take a full-body approach to ski exercises, which means working on your core and upper body as well.
“You’re going to have to make real-time decisions when you’re out on the slopes,” stresses Dr. McDermott. “You’ll need to strengthen your whole body to be able to do things like pivot or change direction, keep your balance, propel yourself forward and withstand the impact of skiing.”
Dr. McDermott recommends starting with just bodyweight exercises if this is your first go at it. More experienced athletes can focus on higher weights or machines. In general, she recommends doing three sets of 10 to 15 reps each. Then, as you work through your training, you can progressively load your weight, sets, reps or how long you exercise to continue building strength and endurance.
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Here are some workouts that lend themselves to skiing.
Dynamic warm-up
Warming up before any workout is key, especially right before you hit the slopes. The International Ski and Snowboard Federation agrees. Dynamic warm-ups and cool-downs are highly effective for preventing injury and improving performance.
Consider starting and ending your ski workout with five to 10 minutes of:
Jogging
Using an elliptical
Walking on a treadmill
“You’re warming up your muscles and then stretching them, as opposed to static, cold stretching,” explains Dr. McDermott.
Squats
“Squat maneuvers help make sure you have the coordination of your nerves and your muscles working together so your muscles are strong and keep your body aligned — in particular, keeping your knees from turning in,” says Dr. McDermott. “As squats become easier, you can progress to squat jumps.”
Stand with your feet shoulder-width apart with your toes pointed slightly outward.
Hinge at your hips, bend your knees and slowly lower your body (as if sinking into a chair).
Lower until your thighs are parallel to the ground, keeping your knees in line with your toes and your weight on your heels.
Hold the position for three to five seconds.
Shoot up quickly to your starting position by pushing through your heels.
Repeat this process for 10 to 15 reps.
Side-lying hip abductors
Hip abductor exercises help with skiing because they focus on balance, control and building strength in your hips, glutes and thighs.
Lie down on your side with your legs extended straight. Your right leg should be on top of the other and you should rest your head on your left arm.
Keeping your hips steady, lift your right leg so your knees are no longer touching. You should feel a stretch in your upper thigh and hip.
Slowly lower your right leg.
Repeat for 10 to 15 reps, then switch sides and continue.
Calf raises
Calf raises help improve ankle mobility and calf strength — all needed for those quick turns while skiing.
Stand with your feet hip-width apart, with your arms hanging at your sides.
Slowly lift the back of your heels until you’re standing on the balls of your feet.
Hold this position for one to two seconds before lowering back down.
Repeat for 10 to 15 reps.
Skater hops
“Skater hops are single-leg hops from side-to-side,” describes Dr. McDermott. “These are really going to help you in certain ski maneuvers.”
Stand with your feet hip-width apart and your hips and knees bent at a 45-degree angle.
Push off the floor with your left leg so that you jump to the side, landing on your right leg.
Keep your knees bent and your left leg crossed behind your right (as if you’re skating).
Then, jump back to the opposite side, crossing your right leg behind your left.
Repeat this process in quick succession for 10 to 15 reps, jumping as fast and far as you’re able.
To maintain momentum, it helps to swing your left arm forward as you’re pushing off with your left leg and vice versa.
Shoulder shrugs
“Shoulder shrugs are a good ski exercise because they help build the upper trapezius muscles that connect with your neck,” says Dr. McDermott. “They really work on your posture.”
Start by standing tall, feet hip-width apart.
While looking straight ahead, lift both of your shoulders and slowly roll them backward in a circle for 10 seconds.
Repeat the process by circling your shoulders in the opposite direction for 10 seconds.
Chin tucks
Chin tucks involve a gentle range of motion to improve posture and strengthen neck muscles.
While sitting or standing in a relaxed position, look straight ahead and lightly touch the bottom of your chin with your index finger.
Gently pull your head and neck back so your chin moves away from your finger.
Hold this tucked-chin position for up to 10 seconds before slowly extending your head and neck forward to the starting chin position.
Repeat this process for 10 to 15 reps.
Push-ups
“Push-ups are good for strengthening your shoulders, chest and core, which helps with balance and stability when you’re skiing,” says Dr. McDermott.
Kneel on all fours with your palms flat on the floor in front of you and your fingers facing forward. Hands should be shoulder-width apart and directly below your shoulders.
Lift your knees off the floor and straighten your legs.
Bend your elbows and tuck them to your sides as you slowly lower your chest and chin to the floor.
Push through your palms until your arms are fully extended. Don’t let your hips or back dip to the ground — your head, spine and butt should all be aligned.
Repeat this process for 10 to 15 reps.
Planks
This exercise targets your wrists, forearms, core and upper body — all areas that promote stability and strength while skiing.
Get into a push-up position, with your legs extended and your elbows directly beneath your shoulders.
Hold this upright push-up position for 10 to 15 seconds, with your abs engaged and butt and back aligned.
For a modified challenge, you can lower your knees to the floor while holding this position.
For a deeper stretch, you can rock your hips back and forth, or lower down to your elbows for a low plank.
Bridges
Bridges help strengthen your glutes, which help guide and direct your skis.
Lie on your back with your knees bent, feet on the floor and arms at your sides.
Squeezing your butt and abdominal muscles, push through your heels to slowly lift your hips toward the ceiling.
Keep your back straight and your arms pressed into the floor at your sides.
Hold this position for a few seconds, before slowly lowering your hips to the floor.
Repeat this process for 10 to 15 reps.
Oblique twists
Also known as a Russian twist, this exercise focuses on your abdominal muscles and core strength. It helps with skiing because it supports your ability to rotate, turn and move quickly.
Sit on the floor with your knees bent and your feet flat.
Lean back at a 45-degree angle and squeeze your abdominal muscles.
Extend your arms out straight in front of you and clasp your hands together.
Engage your core as you twist slowly to the right as far as you feel comfortable, moving your arms in the direction you’re turning.
Return back to center, pause and then twist to the left side.
Repeat this process for 10 to 15 reps.
Cardio exercises
Skiers can also benefit from cardio exercises that get their blood flowing and build aerobic endurance, like:
Cycling
Running
Swimming
Rowing
“Build cardiovascular and low-impact activities into your training routine to help improve your performance and increase your endurance,” advises Dr. McDermott. “Some days you can break it up into sets or you can do 30 minutes straight.”
A note before hitting the slopes
A big part of ski training is getting your body acclimated to cold-weather exercises. For athletes who live in areas where winter runs strong, it helps to train early and get that outdoor exposure as temperatures begin to drop during the fall.
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Others who live in warmer climates might benefit from taking cold showers, ice baths or lowering indoor temperatures weeks before heading out on a ski trip.
Once ski season begins, make sure you warm up before heading outdoors, stay hydrated and keep moving to keep your body warm.
“When you’re skiing, a lot of unexpected things happen,” cautions Dr. McDermott. “The weather changes and things happen really fast. So, you want to be physically and mentally prepared before you hit the slopes, making sure you’ve got the right equipment, the right clothing and you’re prepared in case of injury.”
One of the harder parts of committing to a training routine is knowing where to start, and that’s true of those who have never trained regularly before as well as more experienced people coming back after a break.
This 20-minute workout from fitness trainer Lindsey Bomgren, founder of Nourish Move Love on YouTube, is perfect for easing your way into a training routine, especially if you’re coming back from a break because of illness or any other reason.
The workout trains the whole body through two rounds of exercises that you can complete in 20 minutes, even with a quick warm-up and cool-down included.
You do need a set of dumbbells for the workout, with Bomgren suggesting 15-25lb weights as a rough guideline. If you have a set of the best adjustable dumbbells available, you can change the weight to suit each exercise as and when required.
20 Minute FULL BODY Comeback Workout (Easy Re-Entry After Sickness/Break) – YouTube
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The workout contains nine exercises, with some of those being done on both sides for 12 moves in total in each round. You do two rounds of the exercises, completing 10 reps of each move, or 10 on each side if appropriate.
Bomgren demonstrates each move and sets the pace for the session, so you can follow her when possible, or slow down if you need to. Bomgren’s fellow trainer, Rachel, is also on hand to offer easier modifications of some exercises you can do instead.
In order to work as many muscles as possible in 20 minutes, the workout is mostly made up of compound exercises that recruit several joints and muscle groups at once, like squats and lunges.
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There are also some more focused moves like triceps extensions, and your core is also worked with some bicycle crunches and glute bridges.
It’s a fast-paced session that will not only get you fitter and stronger, but also help you prepare for longer, harder workouts if you are kicking off a regular workout routine.
Bomgren also includes a quick warm-up and cool-down in the video, which is invaluable and well worth doing. The warm-up will get you ready for the workout, so you can get the most out of the first few exercises, while the cool-down will help start your recovery and reduce any muscle soreness you might feel after the workout, especially if it’s your first session in a while.
If you are a beginner or finding it hard to match Bomgren’s pace throughout the session, you can also reduce the number of reps you do for each move to six or eight. This will give you a bit more time to complete your set, rather than rushing to do 10 reps and potentially sacrificing good form.
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