Fitness
High-intensity exercise provides short boost to brain protein in PTSD sufferers
A new study published in the Journal of Psychiatric Research has found that a single session of high intensity interval training can temporarily increase levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a brain protein important for memory and learning, in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the research also found that neither high intensity nor low intensity exercise led to sustained increases in BDNF over a period of nearly two weeks. These findings suggest that while intense exercise might offer a short-term biological boost, more research is needed to understand how exercise can best be used to support long-term brain health in people with PTSD.
PTSD is a mental health condition that can develop after a person experiences or witnesses a terrifying event. These events can include serious accidents, physical or sexual assault, war, natural disasters, or other life-threatening situations. People with PTSD can experience a range of distressing symptoms that significantly interfere with their daily lives. These symptoms can include re-experiencing the trauma through nightmares or flashbacks, avoiding reminders of the trauma, negative changes in mood and thinking, and feeling constantly on edge or hyperaroused. While effective treatments like therapy exist, many individuals with PTSD continue to struggle with their symptoms, highlighting the need for additional and complementary approaches to care.
Researchers are increasingly interested in biological factors that might contribute to PTSD and its treatment. One such factor is BDNF, a protein that acts like fertilizer for the brain, helping to support the survival, growth, and connection of brain cells. It plays a key role in brain plasticity, which is the brain’s ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life.
Studies have shown that individuals with PTSD often have lower levels of BDNF in their bloodstream compared to people without the condition. This reduced level of BDNF may play a role in some of the difficulties faced by individuals with PTSD, such as problems with processing and overcoming traumatic memories. For example, BDNF is thought to be involved in the brain’s ability to ‘extinguish’ fear memories – to learn that a previously feared situation is now safe. If BDNF levels are low, this process might be impaired, potentially contributing to the persistent fear and anxiety seen in PTSD.
Because of BDNF’s importance in brain health and its potential link to PTSD, researchers are eager to explore ways to increase BDNF levels in individuals with this condition, hoping to find new avenues for improving treatment and recovery. Given that physical exercise has been shown to boost BDNF in other populations, the researchers sought to determine whether exercise could be a way to raise BDNF levels and potentially alleviate PTSD symptoms.
To conduct their research, the team recruited 40 adults who had been diagnosed with PTSD. Participants were carefully screened to ensure they met specific criteria, including having a confirmed diagnosis of PTSD according to established guidelines. Individuals with certain other serious mental health conditions like schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, those with current substance abuse issues, or those at immediate risk of suicide were excluded from the study. People who were already engaging in a significant amount of regular exercise were also not included, to ensure that the exercise interventions in the study would be the primary factor influencing any changes. Importantly, individuals who were taking psychiatric medications or undergoing psychotherapy were allowed to participate, as long as their medication doses and therapy type had been stable for at least two months prior to the study.
Once enrolled, participants underwent a thorough physical examination, including a fitness test to determine their individual exercise capacity and maximum heart rate. This personalized assessment was important to tailor the exercise programs to each person’s fitness level and to ensure safety. Participants were then randomly assigned to one of two exercise groups: high intensity interval training or low intensity training. The exercise period lasted for 12 days, with participants engaging in exercise sessions every other day, for a total of six sessions. Each session was 30 minutes long and consisted of a warm-up, 20 minutes of the assigned exercise type, and a cool-down period.
The high intensity interval training involved cycling on an exercise bike. During the high intensity intervals, participants were encouraged to cycle at a pace that elevated their heart rate to above 77% of their maximum heart rate. This high intensity period was followed by a recovery interval where they cycled at a lower intensity allowing their heart rate to drop below 77% of their maximum. Each high intensity interval training session included ten cycles of high intensity and recovery. The low intensity training was designed to be less strenuous. It consisted of a series of gentle movements and stability exercises inspired by yoga, but without the focus on breathing or mindfulness that is often part of yoga practice. The goal was to keep participants’ heart rates below 70% of their maximum during these sessions. Throughout all exercise sessions, participants wore heart rate monitors to ensure they were exercising at the correct intensity.
To measure BDNF levels, the researchers collected blood samples from participants on the first and last days of the exercise period. On each of these days, blood was drawn both before and immediately after the exercise session. These blood samples were carefully processed to measure the amount of BDNF in the serum, which is the liquid part of the blood. Because BDNF is also found in platelets, blood cells that help with clotting, the researchers also measured platelet counts in the participants’ blood and took these counts into account when analyzing the BDNF data, to get a more precise measure of BDNF levels. In addition to these biological measures, participants also completed a questionnaire each day to track their PTSD symptoms.
The study’s findings revealed that high intensity interval training did indeed lead to a short-term increase in BDNF levels. Immediately after a high intensity interval training session, participants in this group showed a significant rise in BDNF in their blood, both on the first and last days of the exercise period. This increase was observed even after accounting for platelet counts. In contrast, the low intensity training group did not experience a similar increase in BDNF levels after their exercise sessions.
However, the researchers also found that neither type of exercise, high intensity or low intensity, resulted in a sustained increase in BDNF levels over the 12-day exercise period. When comparing BDNF levels from the beginning to the end of the study, there was no significant change in either exercise group.
Finally, while the study explored whether the short-term increase in BDNF was related to improvements in PTSD symptoms, no strong link was found. There was a slight suggestion that individuals who experienced a larger increase in BDNF after exercise might also report slightly greater day-to-day improvements in their symptoms, but this trend was not statistically strong.
The researchers concluded that high intensity interval training “might be a beneficial form of exercise for individuals with PTSD regarding serum BDNF levels,” but “further studies are needed to investigate whether transient and long-term BDNF increase contributes to a reduction of PTSD symptoms.”
In particular, future research could build upon these findings by examining larger groups of individuals with PTSD and specifically considering potential gender differences in the response to exercise. Longer-term studies are also needed to investigate whether regular high intensity interval training, or other forms of exercise, can lead to sustained increases in BDNF and, importantly, whether these increases translate into meaningful reductions in PTSD symptoms over time. Understanding how exercise affects BDNF in individuals with PTSD could pave the way for developing more effective and personalized exercise interventions to support their recovery and well-being.
The study, “Effects of high intensity interval training on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor in individuals with PTSD,” was authored by Annabell Jäger, Anima Pieper, Kathlen Priebe, Rainer Hellweg, Kristina Meyer, Sarah Herrmann, Bernd Wolfarth, Maximilian Grummt, Andreas Ströhle, and Nikola Schoofs.
Fitness
The exercise more important than walking – especially if you’re older
Walking is brilliant. It’s accessible, affordable and enjoyable, plus it comes with many health benefits, which is why it forms the backbone of most government exercise guidance.
But it is strength that underpins all movement. If you don’t have the strength to get out of your chair and put one foot in front of the other, what good is being told to walk more?
This was the key takeaway from recent research led by Dr Michael LaMonte and his team at the University at Buffalo, which shows the immense value of building skeletal muscle with strength training. It found that, in more than 5,000 women aged 63 to 99, greater strength levels were strongly linked to a lower risk of death from any cause.
Maintaining muscle should be seen as a savvy investment. Muscle allows you to stand, move and remain independent, all while offering further perks that extend far beyond physical function. It powers our breath, regulates blood sugar levels, emits anti-inflammatory myokines and constantly chats with other bodily systems to keep things running smoothly. In short, muscle is the medical marvel you already own.
Here is how to maintain your body’s largest, and in some ways smartest, organ for decades to come.
Why strength training matters
There is a wealth of research on the merits of aerobic exercise, such as walking, running, swimming and cycling. This is a major reason why it dominates government physical activity guidelines. There is far less research into strength training, and much of the data available centres around young, fit men.
By looking at the impacts of strength training in previously understudied demographics, such as women aged 60 and above, studies like this one from the University at Buffalo could change future exercise recommendations for the better.
“When women go through menopause and lose their body’s own secretion of oestrogen, the loss of skeletal muscle mass increases rapidly,” says Dr LaMonte. “We typically see a change in their body composition, where they start losing muscle and holding fat in the belly area, particularly. That’s not healthy.”
Both men and women also tend to become less active as they grow older, which can contribute to sarcopenia – the age-related loss of strength and muscle. Both menopause and sarcopenia are inflammatory processes, Dr LaMonte says.
Read more: Sitting all day wreaks havoc on your hips and spine – here’s how to stop that from happening
This shift impacts fitness. “Muscle strength is fundamental for getting the body from point A to point B, especially when you’re working against gravity.” But it also throws off chemical signalling between skeletal muscle and other systems in the body, such as the heart.
“Fat tissue tends to secrete chemicals called cytokines that are pro-inflammatory,” Dr LaMonte explains. “There’s quite a bit of evidence to show that, when skeletal muscle contracts, it secretes counterbalancing cytokines that are anti-inflammatory.
“This was discovered by a scientist named Bente Pedersen in the 2000s. She published a compelling series of papers showing that these cytokines, which she called myokines, had regulatory functions outside the muscle itself.”
Exactly how skeletal muscle interacts with other crucial systems in our body is unclear, Dr LaMonte says. But it is constantly in deep discussions with them, and it is looking to help out where it can. For this reason, if you can keep your muscles strong and healthy, they can be a powerful force for good.
Read more: Expert warns why this daily habit is shortening your life – even if you exercise
3 simple ways to gauge your strength
Dr LaMonte’s research used a series of simple tests to assess the strength levels of 5,472 women aged 63 and above:
- Grip strength: a dynamometer was used to assess grip strength, with people asked to hold their upper arm at their side, elbow bent at a right angle, then squeeze the machine as hard as possible. This is an indication of upper-body strength.
- Sit-to-stand: people were timed to see how quickly they could stand up from a chair, then sit back down again five times with their arms across their chest. This is an indication of lower body strength.
- Gait speed: a timer was used to see how long it took subjects to walk 2.5m.
Women with greater grip strength – a good signifier of overall strength levels – and faster sit-to-stand times had a “significantly lower death risk over an eight-year follow-up”, the study discovered.
“Gait speed is another one of the most potent predictors of mortality,” Dr LaMonte adds.
“I’d like to see the health care profession embrace functional health as much as they do the things they can prescribe drugs for – because you can’t prescribe a drug for this. It’s a behaviour, and I think that’s why it probably doesn’t get the same kind of attention. Nobody makes money from this, but people do die from it.”
Dr LaMonte also suggests another bonus test anyone can use as a sign they need to work on their strength levels:
- The pickle jar test – this is a proxy for any everyday task. If you notice it starts to feel more difficult, this is a good indication that your fitness has decreased, and it would be beneficial to gain strength and muscle through exercise.
“When you can’t open the pickle jar any more, don’t just assume they’re making the jars harder to open,” Dr LaMonte says. “That’s a good indicator that you might be at a phase of life where your strength levels have changed unknowingly.
“The same applies when you go to pick up a grandchild or climb the stairs, and you find you’re huffing and puffing – it could simply be that you’re getting more out of shape, or in the worst case scenario, it could be indicative of disease.
“Be mindful of your body. It’s going to tell you where you’re at, and we don’t want an injury to be that indicator.”
Read more: Four things you can do to reduce inflammation and cut heart disease risk, according to the experts
How to start strength training at any age
The human body is a representation of the life it has lived, informed by genetics and altered by myriad interventions along the way. A robust life, filled with challenging physical tasks, often builds a robust body. As a result, someone who has always been active will likely find it easier to remain more active as they age.
“I wouldn’t want to convey a message that age becomes a constraint for people doing what they enjoy,” says Dr LaMonte. “I know people in their late, late years who still enjoy going to gyms and lifting weights. It’s effective for their strength goals, and the social aspect keeps them healthy in other ways.”
However, if you are new to strength training and exercise generally, you need to start more conservatively. As with any new skill, there is an obligatory learning curve that allows your mind and body to adapt to the fresh stimulus without being overwhelmed.
“You can use simple bodyweight exercises like press-ups against a wall or sit-to-stands – US adults in their 70s and 80s spend around nine-and-a-half hours each day sitting down, so you could break this up by doing a few sit-to-stands every hour, or each time there is an advert if you are watching television,” Dr LaMonte says.
“Resistance bands are another good option, or even using soup cans or books as a form of resistance provides stimulus to skeletal muscles.”
The common denominator behind these exercises is the act of overcoming resistance. That resistance needs to be slightly challenging, relative to your individual strength levels, to trigger an increase in muscle and strength levels. By consistently doing a task that requires you to be stronger, you are telling your body you want it to adapt to handle it better. If the task feels easy, the body has no reason to make any changes.
“If someone finds that lifting a soup can or book [for example, pressing it overhead 10 times] challenges them, that’s probably the level they should be working at, and they should not be trying to do more,” says Dr LaMonte. As you grow stronger, you can then gradually progress to slightly heavier items to continue to increase your strength levels.
“Older adults in particular should consult with their health care provider about the safety of beginning muscle-strengthening exercises,” Dr LaMonte adds.
In short, building and maintaining strength is important at any age. And if you do fall below this study’s 63-99 demographic, any strength and muscle you can develop now will likely serve you well for the rest of your life.
“We want to live as long as we can healthily, and I think resistance exercises are a part of that,” Dr LaMonte concludes. “When we can no longer get out of the chair and move around, we are in trouble.”
Read more: After 50, you need to train smarter – the eight rules for strength training in midlife, according to experts
Read more: The science-backed two-minute daily workouts for improving heart health
Fitness
How much exercise is enough? A local doctor says you only need 15 minutes a day – WTOP News
Exercise is part of a healthy lifestyle and its benefits are well known and have been for a long time. What is only recently proven by doctors is just how much exercise makes a difference for one’s longevity.
By now, most people understand that exercise is part of a healthy lifestyle; its benefits are well known and have been for a long time. What is only recently proven by doctors is just how much exercise makes a difference for one’s longevity.
For most people who sit at desks or behind the wheel all day, the problem is often finding time to work out. The good news, according to Dr. Julie Chen, an internal medicine and lifestyle medicine doctor at Kaiser Permanente in Gaithersburg, is that a daily exercise routine can be broken down into brief segments.
“The general recommendation is for 150 minutes of moderate activity per week,” Dr. Chen said. “So that is roughly about 30 minutes a day, five days a week. But the important point is it does not have to all be done at once. You can break it up into shorter segments of exercise and still get the same great benefits.”
And those benefits can be tremendous. Chen said that studies have shown going from no exercise a day to only 15 minutes of total exercise a day can “can actually decrease their risk of death, death from all causes, by about 14%.”
“Any movement is actually better than being sedentary,” she said.
Movement can be divided up into short segments throughout the day instead of in one long, strenuous workout and it can still offer the same reductions in the risk of certain diseases.
Now, you might understand there are benefits of exercising for short periods of time, several times per day; but you might be wondering how you can get in the gym several times a day.
Chen advocates for what she calls “exercise snacks” — “small bursts of physical activity that you can get in, two to three minutes at a time throughout the day.”
For example, taking the stairs or doing squats while putting groceries away, walking around the office on a phone call or planking while your dinner is in the microwave. Chen said try to do whatever it takes to get a few minutes of movement in a few times a day.
Chen is also a big fan of fitness apps, including the ones that come built into our smartphones and watches: “Studies have shown that that is really motivating that you can actually track your progress in your app. You can see your trends.”
“Consistency is a really big goal of this effort, and so if you look at your trends over time, that’s going to be a really rewarding aspect of trying to improve your health,” she added.
Beginning an exercise regimen doesn’t need to be complicated or time-consuming. You don’t need to splurge on workout clothes or a gym membership; you just need a few minutes, several times a day, to start reaping the benefits.
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Fitness
Adults hop on viral ‘rebounding’ trend to make exercise fun again — ‘I feel like a kid’
Forget boring home workouts, on-demand HITT classes and cold winter runs.
The latest wellness trend bouncing around TikTok involves a workout you might not even realize you’re doing, and that’s the point. It’s called rebounding. This low-impact exercise involves jumping on a mini fitness trampoline — called a rebounder — to get your heart pumping and support lymphatic drainage.
On Amazon, this best-selling model is currently on sale for just $129. It measures in at just 40 inches, making it ideal for small spaces while still offering room for an adult to jump, squat and jog in place. Users swear it gives them a seriously effective full-body workout, and many remark that it’s “so much fun” to use.
Clinical trials also back the benefits: a 12-week rebounding program for overweight women showed significant improvements in body composition as well as a decrease in diastolic blood pressure.
Ready to jump on the rebounding trend, too? You’d better hop on this Amazon deal fast.
This sleek rebounder by BCAN is sturdy and easy to set up, thanks to pre-assembled bungees and simpel video tutorial.
Reviewers say it’s completely changed their workouts, with one remarking they “feel like a little kid again.” Others have also noted it’s much easier on their joints than higher-impact exercises.
“It absorbs impact well and allows for a nice, smooth rebound that is gentle on the joints, making it perfect for a low-impact cardio workout,” one person explained. “Whether I’m doing high-intensity intervals or simply bouncing for fun, the movement feels fluid and responsive.
The BCAN model features an upgraded handlebar for added stability. It’s 8mm premium bungee — with a durable woven outer layer and a 350-strand natural latex core — delivers smooth, quiet bounces, so you can enjoy your workout without disturbing others.
This article was written by Miska Salemann, New York Post Commerce Writer/Reporter. As a health-forward member of Gen Z, Miska seeks out experts to weigh in on the benefits, safety and designs of both trending and tried-and-true fitness equipment, workout clothing, dietary supplements and more. Taking matters into her own hands, Miska intrepidly tests wellness products, ranging from Bryan Johnson’s Blueprint Longevity Mix to the viral Oura Ring to Jennifer Aniston’s favorite workout platform – often with her adorable toddler by her side. Before joining The Post, Miska covered lifestyle and consumer topics for the U.S. Sun and The Cannon Beach Gazette.
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