Culture
The PWHL pulled off its inaugural season. Year 2 will decide the future of women’s pro hockey
Marie-Philip Poulin stood on the blue line at the Bell Centre, fighting back tears.
She had just been introduced to a world record crowd in Montreal and the fans were giving her a deafening ovation. Poulin, the best women’s hockey player in the world for almost a decade, typically gets the loudest pregame cheer, especially in her home province of Quebec. But this applause — over 20 seconds long and delivered by 21,105 people — was different.
“Honestly, I didn’t know what to do, how to react, the emotions were so high,” Poulin said. “Having the Bell Centre packed for women’s hockey … it (felt like) we finally made it.”
That April 20 game broke the all-time attendance record for women’s hockey, one of many milestones for the inaugural Professional Women’s Hockey League season. Since its launch in January 2024, the long-awaited six-team league featuring the world’s best players has largely been heralded as a success. Millions of viewers tuned in for games; attendance records were repeatedly set and broken; and demand for tickets in some markets was so high that teams have already moved into bigger venues. Just last month, the league announced that it was preparing for expansion as soon as the 2025-26 season — sooner than anticipated.
But there were bumps along the way, and with the arrival of the PWHL’s second season, which begins on Saturday, big-picture questions loom. Now that the league is no longer sparkling brand new, can it maintain positive momentum? And what needs to happen to set the PWHL up for long-term success?
Five days into the PWHL’s inaugural season, Stan Kasten had seen enough.
Kasten was on a tour around the league, making stops at most teams’ home openers during the first week of the season. He visited Toronto for the first PWHL game on Jan. 1, attended a sell-out in Ottawa the next day, and watched games in New York and Boston.
Then Kasten got to Minnesota for the team’s home opener, which set a women’s pro hockey attendance record with over 13,000 fans at the Xcel Energy Center.
“That was the day I knew this was going to work,” Kasten said.
The longtime sports executive and president of the Los Angeles Dodgers became a central figure in women’s hockey after Dodgers majority owner Mark Walter and his wife, Kimbra, agreed to bankroll a new professional women’s hockey league.
The PWHL came together in a six-month sprint. Six markets and venues were chosen. A 72-game schedule was assembled. General managers and coaches and league staff were hired; players were signed and drafted. With so little time, teams played without traditional names, logos or jerseys.
“I will look back in amazement that we did it,” Kasten said. “We set the six months as our goal. … I was too dumb to know it wasn’t possible.”
The inaugural game on Jan. 1, between Toronto and New York, was sold out, albeit at Toronto’s 2,600-seat venue. Tennis legend Billie Jean King — who sits on the league’s advisory board — dropped the ceremonial puck alongside PWHL senior vice president of hockey operations Jayna Hefford. The game reached over 3 million views on Canadian television networks and the league’s YouTube stream.
“It was that moment where you’re like, ‘my childhood dream is coming true,’” said Toronto defender Jocelyne Larocque. “I had tears in my eyes because as a kid, my dream was to play pro hockey. And then, as you get a bit older, you think because I’m a woman, this isn’t going to happen for me.”
The next day, the league broke an attendance record for a women’s professional hockey game in Ottawa with over 8,000 fans at TD Place Arena. That was the record Minnesota smashed only four days later.
Fans packed the Tsongas Center in Lowell, Mass., for a Minnesota-Boston PWHL game during the first week of the league’s inaugural season. (Maddie Meyer / Getty Images)
The honeymoon phase didn’t end after the first few weeks of the season either. The league set a world record for attendance in Toronto (19,285) in February at Scotiabank Arena, which was broken two months later at the Bell Centre when Poulin received the ovation.
Overall, the league beat its own modest attendance projections for the inaugural year. According to Kasten, the internal projection was around 1,000 fans per game. The actual figure — over 5,000 — is a major accomplishment considering that previous women’s hockey leagues mostly struggled at the gate.
“Going into this season, no one really knew what to expect. We knew that we had a product that was worth watching and that we were going to do the best we could to showcase women’s hockey,” said Toronto goalie Kristen Campbell. “The fan support (exceeded) my expectations.”
Games throughout the season were uptempo, highly skilled and surprisingly physical. They were also easy to watch, since every game was available on YouTube for free — with high-quality broadcast production paid for by the league.
“I just don’t think a lot of people understood the skill level and the athleticism of these players,” said Ottawa GM Mike Hirshfeld. “And I think once they saw that, it became really attractive.”
The league landed several partnerships with major brands — such as Air Canada, Scotiabank, Bauer and Barbie — and worked with the NHL, going to All-Star Weekend and playing two neutral-site games at NHL venues in Pittsburgh and Detroit.
But the inaugural season was far from perfect.
PWHL merchandise flew off the shelves despite a lack of team names or logos, but the rollout was criticized because of supply issues and the limited size ranges.
The New York franchise played in three different rinks and struggled to draw fans, finishing with the worst attendance in the league. One game in Bridgeport, Conn., had only 728 fans — the league’s only game with fewer than 1,000 all season.
And just nine days after Minnesota won the first-ever Walter Cup, the league announced it was parting ways with the team’s general manager, Natalie Darwitz, “effective immediately.”
Some reports suggested there was a rift between Darwitz — a legend of Minnesota hockey and now a Hockey Hall of Fame inductee — and head coach Ken Klee, with some influential players siding with Klee. However, the league maintained the decision came after a review of the team’s operations that found “there wasn’t a path forward with the current personnel in place.”
Still, when the PWHL hosted the 2024 draft and awards in St. Paul, Minn., four days after Darwitz departed, fans were dispirited. Klee, who was responsible for the team’s draft picks, was booed at points during the night. He was also heavily criticized for selecting Britta Curl, who stirred controversy in the weeks leading up to the draft for her social media activity.
When asked about Darwitz’s departure this month, Minnesota captain Kendall Coyne Schofield said it was a league decision. Klee, meanwhile, said the team was focused on moving on.
“It’s pro hockey. Things happen,” he said. “We’re excited to get the season going.”
Kendall Coyne Schofield raised the Walter Cup after Minnesota won the PWHL’s inaugural league championship. (Troy Parla / Getty Images)
If the PWHL’s first season was about celebrating the league’s existence, its sophomore year, just days away, will focus on maintaining momentum while remaining in startup mode.
“We are far from a finished product,” said Kasten.
The league has taken several positive steps in its first real offseason.
In September, it unveiled team names and logos; jerseys were released earlier this month. The coinciding merchandise offerings have included more design options and size ranges.
New York has moved into a single primary venue — the Prudential Center in Newark, N.J., where the team played in front of its biggest crowd (5,132) last season — while Toronto and Montreal have moved into bigger venues full-time.
“We always hoped and planned to be in bigger buildings, but I don’t think we expected it so quickly,” said Hefford. “But that demand was real and it wasn’t just a blip. It wasn’t just inaugural-year excitement. And we’re seeing that in the response from fans this year in terms of ticket sales and memberships.”
Even with an 8,150 capacity at Coca-Cola Coliseum, Toronto’s season-ticket memberships sold out for a second year in a row. And Kasten said the league expects average attendance to increase.
The PWHL will also play nine neutral-site games, mostly in NHL buildings including Seattle, Vancouver, Denver and St. Louis.
“It’s a reinforcement of what we perceive as widespread and growing interest around our sport,” he said of the neutral-site games. “I can’t say it enough times, these women, these world-class athletes who have been overlooked for so long, are finally seeing the recognition they should have been receiving for years and years.”
Perhaps the biggest development of the offseason is that the league is already looking to add up to two teams as soon as 2025-26. Last season, league leadership often tried to head off questions about expansion but Kasten said the success of Year 1 convinced league leaders to start the process sooner.
“I don’t know if we do it,” he said. “But we’re looking at it because the interest is really there.”
The league has sent out over 20 requests for proposals to interested potential expansion partners, said Amy Scheer, the PWHL’s senior vice president of business operations.
A major driver of PWHL expansion is the influx of international players. In June, over a dozen international players — from Finland, Sweden, Russia, Czechia and more — were drafted, alongside dozens more players from the NCAA. That so many players have decided to make the jump to North America is an encouraging sign. Most top players elected to stay in Europe last season and track the new league’s progress from afar.
“It became more clear what the league is going to look like and so now, I feel like everybody is trying to get a spot here,” said Team Germany forward Laura Kluge, who was invited to Toronto’s training camp after going undrafted in June. “The goal is to come here and play because (it’s) the most professional league out there.”
One of the major critiques of the PWHL last season was that — with the seven-team Premier Hockey Federation shutting down in June 2023 — the ecosystem for women’s hockey in North America became too small, with very few roster spots and development opportunities. Expansion would fix that without diluting the product, given how much talent should be coming from Europe and the NCAA over the next two years.
How expansion might work still remains to be seen. All six current PWHL teams, as well as the league itself, are owned by the Walters.
The single-entity ownership model was critical, Kasten said, to the league getting up and running as quickly as it did. But the question remains: Will the business eventually outgrow unilateral control?
Women’s hockey has attempted individual ownership in the past. The original National Women’s Hockey League folded, in part, because owners stopped seeing the value in investing. The PHF sold some teams, but the league’s main financial backers — John and Johanna Boynton — still owned four of the league’s seven teams.
“I love how it has worked for us so far. I don’t know when that model stops being the most efficient, if ever,” Kasten said. “Could that change in the future? I suppose it could, but we don’t have any plans to change it now.”
For all the progress made during this offseason, there are some longer-term benchmarks left.
The PWHL does not have the kind of media rights deals that are traditional in men’s pro sports, and those more recently signed in women’s professional basketball and soccer.
“Let’s face it, until we get a mature media plan and media revenue we won’t really be a full-fledged league,” said Kasten.
Last season, every game was broadcast on the league’s YouTube channel. This season, however, Canadian audiences won’t have access to the PWHL’s YouTube stream. Those streaming rights are now exclusive to the league’s Canadian broadcast partners, which include TSN, CBC and Amazon Prime. U.S. broadcast rights have not been announced. Pulling games off YouTube in Canadian markets is a hit to access and visibility, but the league is expected to make more money from an increase in rights fees.
“The change is positive for the league because it helps us grow in terms of stability,” Scheer said. “It helps us grow to ensure that the league is on the path to long term health and that women’s hockey will be here for good.”
The biggest challenge for the league is going to be the wage gap that exists between top players and those who make up the majority of each team’s roster, due to how the collective-bargaining agreement set player compensation and roster construction.
In Year 1, the top six players on each team were required to make at least $80,000 on guaranteed three-year contracts, per the CBA. Meanwhile, the league minimum was set at $35,000, which will increase by 3 percent to $36,050 in 2024-25. Many players’ salaries are closer to league minimum on non-guaranteed contracts. And given how much of the salary cap has already been allotted to top players, incoming players — or free agents deserving of raises — will be feeling the squeeze until those contracts expire after the 2025-26 season.
It’s a trickier problem to fix with the CBA locked in until July 31, 2031. But it’s something the league will inevitably be judged on if the business continues to grow.
Despite all these questions, perhaps the biggest change in Year 2 will be a focus not so much on milestones and records but more on the game itself.
“There were a lot of firsts last year and a lot of emotional moments — moments that were bigger than hockey,” said Poulin. “This year is about making it normal that we play in bigger buildings that sell out, that people are excited (to be there). And now we’re just going to play hockey because that’s our job.”
(Illustration: Meech Robinson / The Athletic. Photos: Mark Blinch, Minas Panagiotakis, Bruce Bennett / Getty Images; Kevin Sousa / NHLI via Getty Images; M. Anthony Nesmith / Icon Sportswire via Getty Images)
Culture
Ellen Burstyn on Her Favorite Books and Her Love of Poetry
In an email interview, she talked about why she followed up a memoir with “Poetry Says It Better” — and when and why she leans on the “For Dummies” series. SCOTT HELLER
Describe your ideal reading experience.
Next to a warm fire in a house in the woods. Barring that, at home in bed.
How have your reading tastes changed over time?
When I first began reading, I read fiction. My favorite novel was “The Magic Mountain,” by Thomas Mann. Over the years I find that I am less interested in fiction and more interested in trying to learn about science and mathematics. I love the “For Dummies” series. I remember reading or hearing many years ago, maybe in high school, that the first law of thermodynamics is that energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only change form. So, I was thrilled to learn there was such a book as “Thermodynamics for Dummies.” It was interesting reading, but I’m afraid I could not quote you anything from that book.
What’s the best book you’ve ever received as a gift?
I received the “Rubaiyat” of Omar Khayyám from someone, probably from my first husband, Bill. It stimulated my love of poetry, beautifully illustrated books and also my fascination with the East and the Mideast.
Why write “Poetry Says It Better” rather than, say, a follow-up to your 2006 memoir?
“Poetry Says It Better” has some references to my life, but I feel I wrote enough about myself in my memoir, and I include some of my personal history in this book.
You write that you’ve memorized poems your whole adult life. What’s the last poem you memorized?
I am working on “Shadows,” by D.H. Lawrence. I am trying to get that securely in my memory. Of course, at 93 I am not as good at memorizing as I used to be, or at holding on to what I have already memorized. But it is good exercise for the memory to use it.
You quote a line from Kaveh Akbar: “Art is where what we survive survives.” Why does that line resonate so much for you?
That line is so meaningful to me because I know that the difficult first 18 years of my life is the emotional library I descend into for every part I’ve ever played, and every poem that has landed in my heart.
Of all the characters you’ve played across different media, which role felt the richest — the most novelistic?
I would have to say Lois in “The Last Picture Show.” She was a character I didn’t really understand right away. I had to dig for her. She was multidimensional. I feel literary characters are like that.
What’s the best book about acting, or the life of an actor, you’ve ever read?
I have to name two. “My Life in Art,” by Konstantin Stanislavsky, and “A Dream of Passion,” by Lee Strasberg.
How do you organize your books?
I’ve collected my library for 70 years. All my classic literature is together, on two facing walls in the front of my living room. On the other end of the room, I have my art books. Facing them are my travel and music books. On the fourth wall are some of my science books.
In the large entrance hall, I have one standing bookcase of the complete Carl Jung collection, and near it another bookcase of poetry anthologies. In my kitchen office are all the books about food. Then I have a writing room that contains books of poetry and science, and my Sufi books. In my bedroom are my spiritual and religious books.
What books are on your night stand?
Currently: “Anam Cara: Spiritual Wisdom From the Celtic World,” by John O’Donohue; “Prayers of the Cosmos,” by Neil Douglas Klotz; “The Courage to Create,” by Rollo May; “Radical Love,” by Omid Safi; Pema Chödrön’s “How We Live Is How We Die”; “The Trial of Socrates,” by I.F. Stone; “Our Green Heart: The Soul and Science of Forests,” by Diana Beresford-Kroeger; and “On Living and Dying Well,” by Cicero.
What book might people be surprised to find on your shelves?
Probably Ken Wilber’s “A Brief History of Everything” and Michio Kaku’s “Physics of the Future.” These are two of my favorite books. I love to read books on science that are not written for scientists but for curious readers like me.
You’re organizing a literary dinner party. Which three writers, dead or alive, do you invite?
Oh, definitely Mary Oliver, my favorite poet of all time, and Edgar Allan Poe. The thought of those two people talking to each other. Finally, Tennessee Williams, who’s written some of the greatest plays ever.
Culture
Speculative Fiction Books Full of Real Horrors
In most cases, truth is stranger than fiction. But sometimes we need strange fiction to show us the truth. My favorite works of science fiction and fantasy take place in a world that largely resembles our own, and shine a spotlight on the issues of today by blending fantastical imagination with real-world commentary.
Take “Buffy the Vampire Slayer.” High school is hell (literally). Coming out (as a Slayer) is hard. The man you love could transform after sex into someone you no longer recognize (say, a vampire). Allusions to the speculative are common in everyday speech: The untested drug is a “magic pill,” the horrible boss is the “devil himself,” or the female politician is “possessed by a Jezebel spirit.” Taking these propositions seriously can shine a light on what ails us (corporate greed, worker exploitation, good old-fashioned misogyny — take your pick). It’s also what inspired me to play with the idea of actual monsters haunting an abortion clinic in my latest novel, “We Dance Upon Demons,” after I was called a “demon” while volunteering at Planned Parenthood.
When used well, speculative elements take a familiar concept that our brains might otherwise gloss over as familiar and make it just different and exciting enough that we can see new or deeper dimensions. In contemporary stories, they create a gateway for the reader to put herself in a character’s shoes. It’s hard to imagine, for example, how I would fare in the Hunger Games (poorly, I’m sure), but I definitely know what I would do if I started seeing demons at work (Google symptoms of a brain tumor).
Here are some of my favorite books that make a contemporary feast out of the simple question: What if?
Culture
Frank Stack, Painter Who Secretly Drew ‘The Adventures of Jesus,’ Dies at 88
Frank Stack, an art professor and painter who secretly moonlighted as Foolbert Sturgeon, the satirical cartoonist who created “The Adventures of Jesus,” a chronicle of Christ’s encounters with sanctimonious hypocrites that is widely considered the first underground comic, died on April 12 in Columbia, Mo. He was 88.
The death, at a hospital, was confirmed by his daughter, Joan Stack.
Mr. Stack taught studio art at the University of Missouri and was well regarded for his intricate drawings, etchings and watercolor paintings, which he often composed alone, sitting cross-legged on a quiet riverbank.
As Foolbert Sturgeon — a persona he concealed for two decades to protect his day job — he lampooned religion, academia and the military, among other sacred tendrils of the 1960s and ’70s, signing his acerbic broadsides with his vaudevillian nom de plume.
“His comics were funny, well drawn and smart,” his friend the cartoonist R. Crumb said in an interview. “And he was a very, very fine watercolor artist and oil painter. He was the real thing.”
Mr. Stack was especially adept at nudes, once drawing Mr. Crumb’s wife, the feminist underground cartoonist Aline Kominsky-Crumb, in a state of total undress.
“He did a very fine job,” Mr. Crumb said. “He really knew anatomy.”
Mr. Stack did not become as famous (or notorious) as Mr. Crumb, a subversive and misanthropic character in San Francisco’s counterculture scene, whose heavily crosshatched, grotesquely sexual drawings came to define underground comics during the 1960s.
In contrast to Mr. Crumb, whose roguish demeanor was immortalized in the 1994 documentary “Crumb,” Mr. Stack worked secretively in the Midwest, his only notable behavioral quirk an ability to deliver astonishingly long monologues on seemingly any subject that occurred to him.
“Frank is an incredible story,” James Danky, a historian and co-author of “Underground Classics: The Transformation of Comics Into Comix” (2009), said in an interview, adding: “He’s not who you think he is. He’s more than that.”
Mr. Stack got his start in creative flippancy as a writer and then the editor of Texas Ranger, the humor magazine at the University of Texas at Austin, whose staffers, known as Rangeroos, have included the gossip columnist Liz Smith, the screenwriter Robert Benton and the comic book artist and publisher Gilbert Shelton.
After graduating in 1959 with a degree in fine arts, he worked briefly at The Houston Chronicle, one desk over from Dan Rather, and joined the Army Reserve. In 1961, he enrolled at the University of Wyoming for a master’s degree in art, but was called into active duty the same year following the Berlin Wall crisis.
Attached to a data processing unit on Governors Island in New York, he rented an apartment on West 94th Street and spent his evenings attending gallery openings, plays and art house movies with Mr. Benton and Mr. Shelton, who were also living in New York. He had no use for the Army.
“My entire company was constantly grumbling, grousing, growling, snarling, moaning and whining with discontent,” Mr. Stack wrote in “The New Adventures of Jesus: The Second Coming” (2006). “CBS actually sent a film crew to the island, but they were only allowed to speak with delegated individuals who, naturally, were hardly discontented at all.”
One day, Army officers distributed patriotic pamphlets titled “Why Me?”
“The gist was something about drawing a line in the sand to save the free world from communism. It didn’t go down well at all,” Mr. Stack wrote, adding that most, “if not all, of us thought it was ridiculous and insulting.”
He responded by drawing a cartoon on the back of a computer card depicting Christian martyrs being handed a pamphlet titled “Why Me?” as they entered an arena of hungry lions. He posted it on a bulletin board. A half-hour later, it had disappeared.
Undeterred, Mr. Stack continued drawing Jesus in a series of absurd situations — being arrested, registering to vote, attending faculty parties.
In one scene, a military police officer asks Jesus to produce his identification. “I don’t have one!” Jesus says. “I don’t have anything!” In another scene, Jesus walks on water by becoming a duck.
In 1962, the Austin gang in New York went their separate ways. Mr. Stack returned to Wyoming to finish his graduate studies in art. Mr. Shelton moved back to Austin for graduate school and to edit Texas Ranger.
Mr. Shelton loved the Jesus comics and had made copies for himself. He printed a few in a newsletter that he published locally. In 1964, with help from a friend who had access to a Xerox machine at the University of Texas law school, he made an eight-page book titled “The Adventures of Jesus.”
Scholars consider it to be the first underground comic. The cover credit went to “F.S.” because Frank Stack was now teaching at the University of Missouri, where demeaning Jesus, especially in comic-book form, probably wouldn’t have looked great on a curriculum vitae.
“I’ve always loved to see my stuff in print, but I was on the horns of a dilemma,” he wrote. “Did I dare to publish the cartoons under my own name when my job was at risk if the university ever noticed that I worked in the most disgraceful of all media — the awful COMIC BOOK?”
Instead, he created the ridiculous-sounding pen name Foolbert Sturgeon, which reminded him vaguely of Gilbert Shelton. Rising through the ranks of academia, he continued publishing Jesus strips.
“I kind of liked the anonymity of it — there wasn’t anything respectable about it, so you didn’t have to be careful about what you said,” he told The Comics Journal in 1996. “And of course, as a university professor, and as a painter, and as an ‘authority’ — as a role model — you do have to be careful about what you say.”
Frank Huntington Stack was born on Oct. 31, 1937, in Houston. His father, Maurice Stack, was an oil field supply salesman, and his mother, Norma Rose (Huntington) Stack, was a teacher.
Growing up, he drew constantly — on scraps of paper, the backs of envelopes, anything he could get his hands on. He loved newspaper comic strips, especially “Tarzan,” “Prince Valiant,” “Alley Oop” and “Krazy Kat.”
During high school, he visited an aunt who lived in Austin and worked at the University of Texas. There, he came across copies of Texas Ranger and decided to apply to the school, majoring in journalism before switching to fine arts. After he joined the humor magazine, one of the first artists he published was his classmate Mr. Shelton.
“He had something unusual at the time — an appreciation for things that made people laugh,” Mr. Shelton said in an interview.
Mr. Stack’s other books as Foolbert Sturgeon include “Dorman’s Doggie” (1979), about his dog, Pingy-Poo, and “Amazon Comics” (1972), an indecent retelling of Greek myths. He dropped the pen name in the late 1980s when he began collaborating with the underground comics writer Harvey Pekar on his “American Splendor” series.
In 1994, Mr. Stack illustrated “Our Cancer Year,” an autobiographical graphic novel by Mr. Pekar and his wife, Joyce Brabner, recounting Mr. Pekar’s battle with lymphoma.
The “narrative is by turns amusing, frightening, moving and quietly entertaining,” Publisher’s Weekly said in its review. “Stack’s brisk and elegantly gestural black-and-white drawings wonderfully delineate this captivating story of love, community, recuperation and international friendship.”
Mr. Stack married Mildred Powell in 1959. She died in 1998.
In addition to their daughter, he is survived by their son, Robert; six grandchildren; and his brother, Stephen.
Writing in “The New Adventures of Jesus,” Mr. Stack reflected on spending so many years as Foolbert Sturgeon.
“If I’d stuck by my guns maybe I’d be out of a job, disinherited, back in New York (not Texas, for sure) and dead by now,” he wrote. “But I ain’t apologizing. Who would I apologize to? God and Jesus? Why would they care?”
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