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Fitness
Fitness: Find right balance between pleasure and pain when you exercise
No matter who’s exercising, the closer the workout comes to requiring maximum effort the more unpleasant the exerciser feels.
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For some people, exercise requires too much effort. Others believe it isn’t exercise unless their physical limits are being pushed. This love/hate relationship with effort often marks the dividing line between exercisers and non-exercisers. It’s also the theme of numerous studies exploring how effort can be manipulated to be less of an exercise deterrent.
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No matter who’s exercising, the closer the workout comes to requiring maximum effort the more unpleasant the exerciser feels. Workouts that stay in a more moderate zone generally elicit more enjoyment, though the line between when a workout goes from feeling good to feeling uncomfortable varies considerably between individuals.
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Some people maintain a level of intensity that never creeps into the zone where there’s more pain than pleasure. But most exercisers opt for a gradual rise in intensity until it takes effort to maintain the pace, then try keeping it there to the end of the workout.
Also popular is interval training where intensity peaks for short periods of time followed by equally short periods of recovery. This ebb-and-flow style of workout has been billed as more palatable for those who find it difficult to sustain longer bouts of constant effort, though the jury’s out as to whether steady state or interval training are more palatable for people trying to make exercise a habit.
The trouble is, when it comes to evaluating enjoyment during exercise, there’s a distinct difference in feedback depending on when the exerciser is polled. Remembered pleasure or displeasure is distinctly different from feelings elicited during a workout. The longer the gap between the end of the workout and when the exerciser reports their feelings, the more favourable they view the workout.
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Still, no matter how much time modifies our feelings, some things we don’t forget. Studies suggest the more unpleasant the workout, the less likely we are to go back for more. There is a caveat, however. Researchers studying how enjoyment factors into exercise adherence have noted a difference between recreational exercisers and athletes. With goal-based athletes, bouts of extreme exertion are associated with accomplishment, which alters their outlook not just on the importance of enjoyment during a bout of exercise but also on how they rate enjoyment post-workout. With this crowd, the idea that exercise has to hurt to be beneficial is ingrained into their psyche.
For everyone else, the slope of exercise enjoyment within a single workout is worthy of study. Is there a way to manipulate the timing of pleasure so that we end workouts feeling on a high versus physically wrung out? And will that feeling of pleasure make the next workout less intimidating and therefore more likely to happen?
There’s some research suggesting that instead of focusing on increasing or maintaining intensity, a workout should end easier than it started. Others recommend easing into effort and finishing with purpose. Then there’s the pyramid format that starts off at a comfortable intensity, increases to maximum effort midway and ramps down again as the workout winds down. Each format has its pros and cons, with results inconclusive as to whether one design is more enjoyable than others.
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Adding to the body of evidence is a recent study published in Psychology of Sport and Exercise reviewing what the researchers call the “slope of pleasure” and its effects on remembered pleasure, forecasted pleasure and enjoyment. The researchers from California State University in Bakersfield theorized that the optimal slope of pleasure occurred when exercisers experienced a gradual increase and then decrease in effort, versus an ascending (the workout gets harder, with peak effort occurring toward the end of the workout) or descending (the workout ramps up in intensity quickly then eases off to finish easier than it started) slope. The idea was to see whether a less intense start or finish was more enjoyable.
To make sure all workouts were similar in volume and overall intensity, they all started with a two-minute warmup followed by 30 minutes of continuous exercise and a 10-minute recovery. All protocols were matched in overall effort with about 20 minutes of exercise at a moderately hard intensity and 10 minutes at or around peak effort.
The ascending slope increased intensity by 2.5 per cent every two minutes while the descending workout decreased intensity by 2.5 per cent every two minutes. The ascending/descending protocol increased intensity by 2.5 per cent every two minutes, then at the midpoint started decreasing effort by 2.5 minutes. Enjoyment was polled before exercise, every five minutes during exercise and 10 minutes after exercise.
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Only the ascending workout changed the level of enjoyment over the course of the workout with exercisers feeling worse when intensity continually increased. The other workouts, both of which featured a decrease in intensity, noted no change in enjoyment from the start to the end of the workout.
These results disproved the researchers’ hypotheses, who thought enjoyment would increase as intensity level dropped. It also differed from previous research reporting that a decrease in intensity resulted in greater exercise enjoyment, including greater remembered pleasure, than workouts that got increasingly harder.
But the takeaway for the average exerciser isn’t that the results weren’t as forecasted. Instead, the idea that intensity can be manipulated to provide a more enjoyable workout is worthy of notice.
Also important to highlight is that individuals have very different preferences about when during a workout intensity ramps up and when it starts receding.
If you’re naturally slow out of the gate, consider these results permission to take your time before ramping up intensity. And if you start off strong but fade down the stretch, go ahead and coast into the finish line. Stop fighting against your natural inclination to take the path of least resistance and lead your workouts by what makes you feel good rather than someone else’s idea of the ideal workout plan.
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People with high cardiorespiratory fitness were 36% less likely to experience depression and 39% less likely to develop dementia than those with low cardiorespiratory fitness. Even small improvements in fitness were linked to a lower risk. Experts believe that exercise’s ability to boost blood flow to the brain, reduce bodywide inflammation, and improve stress regulation may explain the connection.
Fitness
These 20-Minute Burpee Workouts Replaced His Entire Gym Routine – and Transformed His Physique
While many swear by them, most people see burpees as a form of punishment – usually dished out drill sergeant-style by overzealous bootcamp PTs. Often the final blow in an already brutal workout, burpees are designed to test cardiovascular fitness, muscular endurance and mental grit. Love them or loathe them, they deliver every time.
For Max Edwards – aka Busy Dad Training on YouTube – they became a simple but highly effective way to stay fit and lean during lockdown. Once a committed powerlifter, spending upwards of 80 minutes a day in the gym, he was forced to overhaul his approach due to fatherhood, lockdown and a schedule that no longer allowed for long, structured lifting sessions.
‘Even though I was putting in hours and hours into the gym and even though my physique was pretty good, I wasn’t becoming truly excellent at any physical discipline,’ he explained in a YouTube video.
‘I loved the intentionality of training,’ says Edwards. ‘The fact that every session has a point, every rep in every set is helping you get towards a training goal, and I loved that there was a clear way of gauging progression – feeling like I was developing competence and moving towards mastery.’
Why He Walked Away From Powerlifting
Despite that structure, Edwards began to question whether powerlifting was sustainable long-term.
‘My sessions were very taxing on my central nervous system. I was exhausted between sessions. It felt as if I needed at least nine hours of sleep each night just to function.’
He also noted that his appetite was consistently high.
But the biggest drawback was time.
‘I could not justify taking 80 minutes a day away from my family for what felt like a self-centred pursuit,’ he says.
A Simpler Approach That Stuck
‘Over the course of that year I fixed my relationship with alcohol and I developed, for the first time in my adult life, a relationship with physical training,’ says Edwards.
With limited time and no access to equipment, he turned to burpees. Just two variations, four times a week, with each session lasting 20 minutes.
‘My approach in each workout was very simple. On a six-count training day I would do as many six-counts as I possibly could within 20 minutes. On a Navy Seal training day I would do as many Navy Seal burpees as I could within 20 minutes – then in the next workout I would simply try to beat the number I had managed previously.’
This style of training is known as AMRAP – as many reps (or rounds) as possible.
The Results
Edwards initially saw the routine as nothing more than a six-month stopgap to stay in shape. But that quickly changed.
‘I remember catching sight of myself in the mirror one morning and I was utterly baffled by the man I saw looking back at me.’
He found himself in the best shape of his life. His energy levels improved, his resting heart rate dropped and his physique changed in ways that powerlifting hadn’t quite delivered.
‘It has been five years since I have set foot in a gym,’ he says. ‘That six-month training practice has become the defining training practice of my life – and for five years I have trained for no more than 80 minutes per week.’
The Burpee Workouts
1/ 6-Count Burpees
20-minute AMRAP, twice a week
How to do them:
- Start standing, feet shoulder-width apart
- Crouch down and place your hands on the floor (count 1)
- Jump your feet back into a high plank (count 2)
- Lower into the bottom of a push-up (count 3)
- Push back up to plank (count 4)
- Jump your feet forward to your hands (count 5)
- Stand up straight (count 6)
20-minute AMRAP, twice a week
How to do them:
- Start standing, feet shoulder-width apart
- Crouch down and place your hands on the floor
- Jump your feet back into a high plank
- Perform a push-up (chest to floor)
- At the top, bring your right knee to your right elbow, then return
- Perform another push-up
- Bring your left knee to your left elbow, then return
- Perform a third push-up
- Jump your feet forward
- Stand or jump to finish
Kate is a fitness writer for Men’s Health UK where she contributes regular workouts, training tips and nutrition guides. She has a post graduate diploma in Sports Performance Nutrition and before joining Men’s Health she was a nutritionist, fitness writer and personal trainer with over 5k hours coaching on the gym floor. Kate has a keen interest in volunteering for animal shelters and when she isn’t lifting weights in her garden, she can be found walking her rescue dog.
You check your smartwatch after a run. Your fitness score has dropped. You’ve burnt hardly any calories. Your recovery score is really low. It’s telling you to take the next 72 hours off exercise.
The worst bit? The whole run felt amazing.
So why is your watch telling you the opposite?
Ultimately, it’s because smartwatches and other fitness trackers aren’t always accurate.
Smartwatches can shape how you exercise
Using wearable fitness technology, such as smartwatches, has been one of the top fitness trends for close to a decade. Millions of people around the world use them daily.
These devices shape how people think about health and exercise. For example, they provide data about how many calories you’ve burnt, how fit you are, how recovered you are after exercise, and whether you’re ready to exercise again.
But your smartwatch doesn’t measure most of these metrics directly. Instead, many common metrics are estimates. In other words, they’re not as accurate as you might think.
1. Calories burned
Calorie tracking is one of the most popular features on smartwatches. However, the accuracy leaves a lot to be desired.
Wearable devices can under- or overestimate energy expenditure (often expressed as calories burned) by more than 20 per cent. These errors also vary between activities. For example, strength training, cycling and high-intensity interval training can lead to even larger errors.
This matters because people often use these numbers to guide how much they eat.
For example, if your watch overestimates calories burned, you might think you need to eat more food than you really need, which could result in weight gain. Conversely, if your watch underestimates calories burned, it could lead you to under-eat, negatively impacting your exercise performance.
2. Step counts
Step counts are a great way to measure general physical activity, but wearables don’t capture them perfectly.
Smartwatches can under-count steps by about 10 per cent under normal exercise conditions. Activities such as pushing a pram, carrying weights, or walking with limited arm swing likely make step counts less accurate, as smartwatches rely on arm movement to register steps.
For most people, this isn’t a major problem, and step counts are still useful for tracking general activity levels. But view them as a guide, rather than a precise measure.
3. Heart rate
Smartwatches estimate your heart rate using sensors that measure changes in blood flow through the veins in your wrist.
This method is accurate at rest or low intensities, but gets less accurate as you increase exercise intensity.
Arm movement, sweat, skin tone and how tightly you wear the watch can also impact the heart rate measure it spits out. This means the accuracy can vary between people.
This can be problematic for people who use heart rate zones to guide their training, as small errors can lead to training at the wrong intensity.
4. Sleep tracking
Almost every smartwatch on the market gives you a “sleep score” and breaks your night into stages of light, deep and REM sleep.
The gold standard for measuring sleep is polysomnography. This is a lab-based test that records brain activity. But smartwatches estimate sleep using movement and heart rate.
This means they can detect when you’re asleep or awake reasonably well. But they are much less accurate at identifying sleep stages.
So even if your watch says you had “poor deep sleep”, this may not be the case.
5. Recovery scores
Most smartwatches track heart rate variability and use this, with your sleep score, to create a “readiness” or “recovery” score.
Heart rate variability reflects how your body responds to stress. In the lab it is measured using an electrocardiogram. But smartwatches estimate it using wrist-based sensors, which are much more prone to measurement errors.
This means most recovery metrics are based on two inaccurate measures (heart rate variability and sleep quality). This results in a metric that may not meaningfully reflect your recovery.
As a result, if your watch says you’re not recovered, you might skip training — even if you feel good (and are actually good to go).
6. VO₂max
Most devices estimate your VO₂max — which indicates your maximal fitness. It’s the maximum amount of oxygen your body can use during exercise.
The best way to measure VO₂max involves wearing a mask to analyse the amount of oxygen you breathe in and out, to determine how much oxygen you’re using to create energy.
But your watch cannot measure oxygen use. It estimates it based on your heart rate and movement.
But smartwatches tend to overestimate VO₂max in less active people and underestimate VO₂max in fitter ones.
This means the number on your watch may not reflect your true fitness.
What should you do?
While the data from your smartwatch is prone to errors, that doesn’t mean it is completely worthless.
These devices still offer a way to help you track general trends over time, but you should not pay attention to daily fluctuations or specific numbers.
It’s also important you pay attention to how you feel, how you perform and how you recover. This is likely to give you even more insight than what your smartwatch says.
Hunter Bennett is a lecturer in exercise science at Adelaide University. This piece first appeared on The Conversation.
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