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Marking Operation Anthropoid’s place in Czech history, 80 years on

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Marking Operation Anthropoid’s place in Czech history, 80 years on

Eighty years in the past at this time, on the morning of Might 27, 1942, Reinhard Heydrich was driving via Prague in an open-top Mercedes.

A deputy of Heinrich Himmler and a principal architect of the Holocaust, thought-about by some a potential successor to Adolf Hitler, Heydrich was additionally the performing Reichsprotektor of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, because the Nazi-controlled Czech lands had been then recognized.

As Heydrich’s Mercedes handed via the district of Libeň, two British-trained paratroopers stepped out into the street. 

Jozef Gabčík, a Slovak, fired on the automotive, however his gun jammed. His companion, Jan Kubiš, a Czech, threw a grenade. It exploded below the automotive, injuring Heydrich. The paratroopers made their escape. Heydrich was rushed to hospital, however per week later he died of his wounds.

Hitler telephoned from Prague and ordered the execution of 10,000 Czechs in retaliation. The killers, Gabčík and Kubiš had been ultimately discovered on the Church of St Cyril and St Methodius in Prague. Gabčík dedicated suicide. Kubiš was killed.

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On June 10, wrongly believing that locals had been a part of the conspiracy, the Nazis massacred an estimated 340 folks within the village of Lidice, not removed from Prague. All of the male inhabitants aged 14 to 84 had been killed, and the whole village was burned to the bottom. Days later, the Nazis did the identical within the central village of Ležáky.

The assassination of probably the most senior Nazis, codenamed Operation Anthropoid, is at this time firmly part of the Czech nationwide consciousness.

“It’s perceived as a heroic act and, along with different deeds of the resistance motion, it’s a supply of nationwide delight,” mentioned Filip Kostelka, a professor on the European College Institute. “It helps eclipse the reminiscence of nationwide humiliation ensuing from the Czech passive subjugation to the Nazi occupation.”

To mark the eightieth anniversary at this time, the Nationwide Museum in Prague is opening a brand new exhibition known as “Nikdy se nevzdáme!” (We Will By no means Give Up): the final cry of the paratroopers earlier than their deaths. Elsewhere within the capital, a monument might be unveiled to Jindřiška Nováková, a 14-year outdated lady who helped to cover Gabčík and Kubiš after their assault on Heydrich.

How the assassination was seen below the KSČ

The incident wasn’t all the time remembered so favourably. In 1948, after a quick spell of post-war democracy, the Communist Get together of Czechoslovakia (the KSČ) launched a coup towards their power-sharing companions.

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However the brand new regime had an issue with lionising the assassins of Heydrich. The operation was masterminded by British intelligence and the Czechoslovak government-in-exile in London, led by former president Edvard Beneš. Most members of the brand new communist regime had been primarily based in Moscow throughout the warfare and performed no half within the assassination.

As such, historians say that after 1948, the KSČ regime didn’t need to overly rejoice a mission that was orchestrated by Czechslovakia’s non-communist politicians in London, and which was led by the identical politicians whom that they had simply ousted from workplace.

 What’s extra, if assassinating Heydrich was seen as probably the most brave act of Czechoslovak resistance throughout World Struggle II, it might significantly overshadow the resistance by communist agitators.

Such considerations had been prescient even throughout the warfare. Historians nonetheless at this time debate the extent of Czech resistance to the Nazi occupation. “By 1945, solely thirty partisan teams—most of those tiny and internally fragmented—had been working within the Czech lands. Briefly, resistance was very restricted,” writes the historian Andrea Orzoff in her e book Battle for the Citadel: The Delusion of Czechoslovakia in Europe, 1914-1948. Even throughout the warfare, she provides, Czech communist partisans had been anxious that this “would stain the nationwide honour.”

Beneš, in London, feared the identical. Based on Orzoff, he was suggested by resistance teams to focus on Czech collaborators as a substitute of Heydrich, however he selected the Nazi grandee in a bid to impress his Western minders, and to verify Czechoslovakia’s battle remained on the Allied governments’ agendas.

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Historian Chad Bryant in Prague in his Black: Nazi Rule and Czech Nationalism writes: “The shortage of Czech resistance to the Nazis was damaging his diplomatic place and endangering his objectives of reestablishing Czechslovakia alongside its pre-Munich borders.” 

Making an attempt to outmuscle the communist resistance in Czechoslovakia, the choice to assassinate Heydrich, Benes thought, “promised to spur resistance throughout the Protectorate and impress Allied leaders.”

A give attention to Nazi reprisals

Quite than the assassination of Heydrich, the communist regime in Czechoslovakia centered on the Nazi reprisals. 

Historians nonetheless debate why Lidice and Ležáky, two small villages, had been focused. The doubtless rationalization is that the Nazis suspected the inhabitants had been serving to the resistance. Based on the KSČ regime, nonetheless, it was as a result of the villages had been supposedly hotbeds of radical left-wing exercise.

“The Czechoslovak regime instrumentalised Lidice, portraying it as a communist village that suffered due to its inhabitants’ political engagement,” mentioned Kostelka. 

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Some historians quietly questioned this interpretation even on the time. Many of the villagers had been in all probability social democrats, not communists. There seems little proof the Nazis focused Lidice for ideological causes, others argued.

But it fitted an ideological narrative for the communists: fellow ideologues in Lidice had been the victims of an overzealous assassination plot concocted by Western governments and by non-communist Czechoslovaks in London.

“The communist regime regarded the assassination as an irresponsible act as a result of it induced nice repression by the Nazis,” says Lubomír Kopeček, a political science professor at Masaryk College. Not that the assassination was ignored utterly below the communist period. Atentát, a Czechoslovak movie launched in 1964, is regarded by some historians as nonetheless probably the most correct depiction of the assassination.

An operation canonised in Czech historical past

After the communist regime fell in 1989, a “fierce debate” nonetheless raged about the advantages of the assassination and the victims, says Kopeček. The road of the previous communist regime was defended by these nonetheless loyal to the ideology.

The Communist Get together of Bohemia and Moravia (KSČM) remained one of many Czech Republic’s largest events till it didn’t win seats in parliament for the primary time ultimately 12 months’s basic election.

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On the entire, although, the reminiscence of the assassination has been canonised in Czech historical past. The Operation Anthropoid Memorial, situated the place Heydrich was assassinated in Libeň, opened in 2009.

Final 12 months, MPs debated making Might 27 a big day of celebration. It has additionally been a subject of latest movies made by English-language administrators, together with The Man with the Iron Coronary heart, launched in 2017, and Anthropoid, a 12 months earlier.

“The dominant view each within the Czech Republic and overseas is that the assassination was an excellent second of the anti-Nazi resistance,” was Kostelka’s evaluation. “What adopted was sadly in all probability extra extreme than anticipated, but it surely was the worth for freedom.”

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‘Joker 2’ Ending: Was That a ‘Dark Knight’ Connection? Explaining What’s Next for Joaquin Phoenix’s Joker

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‘Joker 2’ Ending: Was That a ‘Dark Knight’ Connection? Explaining What’s Next for Joaquin Phoenix’s Joker

SPOILER ALERT: This article contains major spoilers for the ending of “Joker: Folie à Deux” now playing in theaters.

Joaquin Phoenix dons his clown makeup once again in “Joker: Folie à Deux,” the follow-up to his Oscar-winning performance from 2019. This time, he’s joined by fellow Oscar winner Lady Gaga, who plays another iconic DC Comics villain, Harley Quinn.

The comic book sequel takes place after the events of “Joker,” with Phoenix’s killer clown Arthur Fleck on trial for the murders he committed in the first movie. His lawyer, played by Catherine Keener, argues that Arthur and Joker are two different people. She claims that after years of childhood abuse, Arthur developed an alter-ego that’s separate from his own mind. The prosecution is led by assistant district attorney Harvey Dent, played by “Industry” star Harry Lawtey, who’s later known as the disfigured villain Two Face in the Batman comics.

The jury sides with Dent and convicts Arthur of murder. However, before the trial can continue, a bomb explodes outside of the courtroom, sending the city into chaos. Arthur briefly escapes with the help of two Joker devotees, but he’s soon captured by police and brought back to Arkham Asylum. Also, it appears that Harvey’s face was injured in the courtroom explosion, potentially setting him up to become Two Face in the future.

The movie ends on a bloody note, as Arthur is ambushed the next day by a laughing, clearly insane Arkham patient. The inmate, played by Connor Storrie, tells Arthur a joke and then repeatedly stabs him in the stomach. Arthur falls over, bleeding profusely, and appears to die. Behind him, the unnamed psycho laughs uncontrollably and carves a Glasgow smile into his face with a knife.

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Many DC fans have theorized that Arthur’s killer could be an homage to Heath Ledger’s Joker in “The Dark Knight,” since both of them sport the same gnarly scars around their mouths. Todd Phillips’ “Joker” and Christopher Nolan’s “Batman” trilogy take place in different time periods and universes, so it’s unlikely that Storrie’s character is related at all to Ledger’s.

In “The Dark Knight,” Ledger’s Joker backstory is largely unknown, and he offers differing accounts of how he got his facial scars. Early in the movie, he says his father drunkenly cut him as a child, but later he says the scars were self-inflicted after his wife was given a Glasgow smile over her gambling debt. “The Dark Knight” also took place in the modern 2000s era, while the “Joker” movies are in the ’80s, giving little evidence that the “Folie a Deux” character is anything more than a wink to Ledger’s Oscar-winning role.

It appears that Phoenix is hanging up his red suit and clown makeup with “Folie à Deux.” The “Joker” movies have existed in their own world, with no connections to Matt Reeves’ “The Batman” or James Gunn and Peter Safran’s rebooted DC Universe, so it’s unlikely Phoenix’s character will be resurrected or revisited. The next time we could see a live-action Joker may be when Barry Keoghan eventually reprises his role from the final scene of “The Batman,” perhaps in Reeves’ sequel in 2026.

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Expert warns UN's role in AI regulation could lead to safety overreach

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Expert warns UN's role in AI regulation could lead to safety overreach

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The United Nations (U.N.) advisory body on artificial intelligence (AI) last week issued seven recommendations to address AI-related risks, but an expert told Fox News Digital the points do not cover critical areas of concern. 

“They didn’t really say much about the unique role of AI in different parts of the world, and I think they needed to be a little more aware that different economic structures and different regulatory structures that already exist are going to cause different outcomes,” Phil Siegel, co-founder of the Center for Advanced Preparedness and Threat Response Simulation (CAPTRS), said. 

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“I think that they could have done a better job of — instead of just trying to go to the lowest common denominator — being a little more specific around what does a state like the United States, what is unique there?” Siegel said. “How does what we do in the United States impact others, and what should we be looking at specifically for us?

“Same thing with Europe. They have much more strict privacy needs or rules in Europe,” he noted. “What does that mean? I think it would have gained them a little bit of credibility to be a little more specific around the differences that our environments around the world cause for AI.” 

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United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres addresses the 79th United Nations General Assembly at U.N. headquarters in New York Sept. 24, 2024.  (Reuters/Mike Segar)

The U.N. Secretary-General’s High-level Advisory Body on AI published its suggested guidelines Sept. 19, which aimed to cover “global AI governance gaps” among its 193 member states. 

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The body suggested establishing an International Scientific Panel on AI, creating a policy dialogue on AI governance, creating a global AI capacity development network, establishing a global AI fund, fostering of an AI data framework and forming an AI office in the U.N. Secretariat. 

These measures, Siegel said, seem to be an effort by the U.N. to establish “a little bit more than a seat at the table, maybe a better seat at the table in some other areas.” 

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“If you want to take it at face value, I think what they’re doing is saying some of these recommendations that different member states have come up with have been good, especially in the European Union, since they match a lot of those,” Siegel noted. 

“I think … it sets the bar in the right direction or the pointer in the right direction that people need to start paying attention to these things and letting it get off the rails, but I think some of it is just it’s not really doable.” 

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Iraqi Prime Minister addresses the United Nations General Assembly

Iraqi Prime Minister Mohammed Shia al-Sudani addresses the 78th United Nations General Assembly at U.N. headquarters in New York City Sept. 22, 2023. (Bryan R. Smith/AFP via Getty Images)

Multiple entities have pursued global-level coordination on AI policy as nations seek to maintain an advantage while preventing rivals from developing into pacing challenges. While trying to develop AI for every possible use, they also hold safety summits to try and “align” policy, such as the upcoming U.S.-led summit in California in November. 

Siegel acknowledged the U.N. is likely to be one of the better options to help coordinate such efforts as an already-existing global forum — even as countries try to set up their own safety institutes to coordinate safety guidelines between nations. But he remained concerned about U.N. overreach. 

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“They probably should be coordinated through the U.N., but not with rules and kind of hard and fast things that the member states have to do, but a way of implementing best practices,” Siegel suggested. 

“I think there’s a little bit of a trust issue with the United Nations given they have tried to, as I said, gain a little bit more than a seat at the table in some other areas and gotten slapped back. On the other hand, you know, it already exists.

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Tech Safety Summit

Michelle Donelan, Britain’s secretary of state for science, innovation and technology (second from left), listens as Lee Jong-ho (second from right), South Korea’s minister of science and ICT, speaks during the Ministers’ Session of the AI Seoul Summit at the Korea Institute of Science and Technology in Seoul May 22, 2024. (Anthony Wallace/AFP via Getty Images)

“It is something that the vast majority of countries around the world are members, so it would seem to me to be the logical coordinating agency, but not necessarily for convening or measurements and benchmarks.” 

Siegel said the U.S. and Europe have already made “some pretty good strides” on creating long-term safety regulations, and Asian nations have “done a good job on their own and need to be brought into these discussions.” 

“I just don’t know if the U.N. is the right place to convene to make that happen, or is it better for them to wait for these things to happen and say, ‘We’re going to help track and be there to help’ rather than trying to make them happen,” Siegel said.  

Reuters contributed to this report. 

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Indian soldiers kill dozens of suspected Maoist rebels in Abujhmad forest

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Indian soldiers kill dozens of suspected Maoist rebels in Abujhmad forest

Police say 31 Maoist rebels killed in the central Indian state of Chhattisgarh after a nine-hour firefight.

At least 31 suspected Maoist rebels have been killed during a clash with Indian security forces, state police said.

The confrontation took place on Friday after counterinsurgency forces, acting on intelligence, surrounded approximately 50 suspected rebels in the dense Abujhmad forest, located on the border between Narayanpur and Dantewada districts in Chhattisgarh, according to Inspector General Pattilingam Sundarraj on Saturday.

The operation, which began on Thursday, led to a nine-hour firefight the following day. Security personnel have since been conducting search operations in the area and have recovered several weapons, including automatic rifles. No injuries or casualties have been reported among the government forces.

There was no immediate statement from the rebels.

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Indian forces have been engaged in a long-running conflict with Maoist rebels, known as Naxalites, since 1967. The armed uprising began as a movement demanding jobs, land, and a greater share of the wealth from natural resources for the country’s impoverished Indigenous communities.

The rebels, inspired by Chinese revolutionary leader Mao Zedong, have been active across several central and northern states.

 

Over the years, India has invested millions of dollars in infrastructure development in remote regions as part of its efforts to combat the rebellion. The government claims to have confined the fighting to 45 districts in 2023, down from 96 in 2010.

The conflict has also seen a number of deadly attacks on government forces over the years. Twenty-two police and paramilitaries were killed in a gun battle with the far-left rebels in 2021.

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Sixteen commandos were also killed in the western state of Maharashtra in a bomb attack that was blamed on the Maoists in the lead-up to national elections in 2019.

Moreover, the rebels have ambushed police, destroyed government offices and abducted officials. They have also blown up train tracks, attacked prisons to free their comrades and stolen weapons from police and paramilitary warehouses to arm themselves.

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