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A study confirms the oldest red ocher mine in North and South America is in Southeastern Wyoming

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A study confirms the oldest red ocher mine in North and South America is in Southeastern Wyoming


Archeological excavations led by Wyoming’s state archaeologist and College of Wyoming researchers have confirmed that an historic mine in Southeastern Wyoming was used practically 13,000 years in the past to gather crimson ocher. This discovery signifies that the Powars II web site is the oldest documented crimson ocher mine and the oldest mine in North and South America. Wyoming Public Radio’s Kamila Kudelska spoke with Wyoming State Archaeologist Spencer Pelton on the invention.

Spencer Pelton: We did not but know if there have been intact deposits left on the web site. We suspected there have been…that these artifacts had been all coming from this type of mat of iron ore and hematite that we might see type of perched up on a hill. However no one had but excavated that deposit. And so my objective going into this web site was to doc whether or not or not there have been intact deposits. And if there have been, to get a very good understanding of how that archaeological web site shaped, how outdated it was, and what sort of actions had been happening there…actually particularly to substantiate that individuals had been truly coring hematite on the web site. And it wasn’t simply this bizarre accumulation of artifacts, but it surely was truly a…mainly a crimson paint mine.

Kamila Kudelska: And so what did you discover out?

SP: We had been capable of finding out much more than I assumed we might. We had been in a position to verify that, yeah, it’s a hematite quarry. And past that, we acquired a variety of good bone to radiocarbon date, and we had been in a position to present that it is the oldest hematite quarry within the Western Hemisphere. On high of that, we had been in a position to set up, type of, totally different phases of use of the location from the earliest phases the place individuals had been pioneering this quarry, forsaking a stickman of quarry tailings. After which we’re in a position to truly see what individuals got here again a whole bunch of years later, and needed to excavate by the quarry tailings of the pioneers of the location, mainly, to get right down to that mineral once more, they usually reuse the location once more later. So we had been in a position to get a very nuanced, fairly nuanced understanding of how the location was used over a interval of 1,000 to 1,500 years, between kind of, like 13,000 and 11,500 years in the past or so.

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KK: So that you’re saying that is the oldest identified crimson ocher mine within the Western Hemisphere, is that proper?

SP: Yeah, it’s. And there is solely 5 of these items at this level which were recognized. The opposite ones are in Yucatan, one in Peru and one in Chile. That is it. They’re tremendous uncommon archaeological websites. Anytime you have been enjoying in a creek and also you choose up a crimson rock, you name it a paint rock and you’ll type of draw on your self or no matter. That is technically hematite. However hematite like this, which is mainly mined out of an iron ore deposit, kinds out of an iron ore deposit, is admittedly uncommon. If you concentrate on mining on this nation, iron deposits, actually wealthy iron deposits, are simply not all that frequent and this hematite is forming in that. So it is a fairly unusual factor typically, after which discovering proof for individuals mining it nearly 13,000 years in the past, is unprecedented, mainly.

KK: So what is the significance of discovering this?

SP: I feel the broader significance is that crimson paint appears to have held a reasonably necessary position within the lives of Paleoindians on the Plains and the Rocky Mountains. We have discovered it in mainly each context that exists within the archaeological document at the moment – burials and caches, animal kills, on the flooring of homes. There’s been a variety of concepts thrown round about why individuals had been so drawn to these items or what they had been utilizing it for. A number of the extra useful explanations had been that it was used to deal with conceal. Hematite appears to have some type of antiseptic properties that may have made conceal working with it a great factor. Individuals have recommended it has been utilized in sunscreen; you possibly can unfold it on your self to maintain the solar off. However then there’s additionally so much much less sensible purposes of it. I imply, amongst fashionable Native People, it is used for a bunch of formality functions and symbolic functions, used to attract rock artwork. Principally, simply utilized in each a part of life amongst Paleoindians, at the least it appears. So I feel the broader context of the location is that we discover this, we discover this crimson ochre, hematite websites, all all through the Plains, from North Dakota, down in Colorado, Texas, after which all the way in which west into the Rocky Mountains. I strongly suspect that a variety of that hematite got here from this web site, the Powars II web site. This was a spot the place individuals had been coming from a very lengthy distance, or at the least buying and selling for these items over a very lengthy distance, for the primary a number of thousand years of human prehistory in North America.

KK: Are you able to paint an image of what possibly it regarded like after they had been there? Have been they mining they usually created group and that is why all these artifacts are there?

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SP: I envision it type of like a hangout. I think about there was a campsite fairly close by. It was most likely a reasonably bustling place stuffed with individuals scraping hides, cooking meat, that type of factor. And, you recognize, simply over the hill, there’s the crimson paint quarry. And so that you go up there, possibly with some rock to flip nap, and also you go to the hematite quarry. Your buddy could be over there digging hematites, getting ochre out of the bottom. You could be sitting there napping a projectile level, repairing your spear. It definitely looks like, at the least the earliest interval of use, it wasn’t simply individuals going up and digging hematite. It was individuals congregating with their stone instruments and really engaged on stuff. The attention-grabbing factor, although, is that within the later section of use, we might see the place individuals would excavate by the quarry tailings of the prior occupations. That appears very a lot centered solely on hematite quarry. The place individuals had been exhibiting up, it was a vacation spot. And by this time, it was a very troublesome process to get to this hematite, as a result of the prior use had simply constructed up a few meters deep of quarry tailings on high of the mineral. And so it most likely would have taken days to excavate by that stuff to truly get right down to the hematite deposit. The later occupation appears very rather more centered solely on simply attending to the mineral, extracting it after which shifting on.

KK: Are there any extra analysis or questions that you just all have concerning the Powars II web site? Or is it type of stagnant now?

SP: I feel the largest line of analysis that we’re pursuing proper now could be simply attempting to nail down the geochemistry of the mineral in order that we are able to truly begin sourcing the hematite to those different archaeological websites the place we discovered crimson ochre. As a result of you possibly can’t simply take a look at a crimson ochre and be like, ‘Sure, that is from the Powar II web site.’ All of it type of appears related, particularly after it has been included within the archaeological document. It has been messed with by the final 12,000 years of prehistory. So proper now, we’re simply attempting to nail down the geochemistry of this explicit hematite supply and the way it compares to different hematite sources throughout the plains and Rocky Mountains. And attempting to construct an understanding of the place this ochre was truly going, what distances it was going throughout the plains, and what instructions and at what time. That is, I feel, essentially the most thrilling a part of the analysis, to me at the least, is doing stuff not essentially on the location itself, however on all the opposite websites which can be probably linked to it all through the Northern Plains within the Rocky Mountains.





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Wyoming

Wyoming rescue teams recover trail runner’s body from Colorado peak

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Wyoming rescue teams recover trail runner’s body from Colorado peak


Search and rescue personnel from Wyoming’s Teton Range used their specialized helicopter to pick a deceased trail runner’s body off a Front Range mountain Thursday. 

The 31-year-old Boulder man’s body had remained on the steep, loose western face of Arikaree Peak since Aug. 28. 

Colorado rescue teams made two attempts at recovering the man’s body in the days following his fall, but called off the effort due to extreme safety risks to their own personnel. 

RELATED  Colorado hiker’s body deemed “too dangerous” to recover

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Those Colorado teams contacted Teton County Search and Rescue early last week. A Teton crew joined a pair of Jenny Lake Climbing Rangers from Grand Teton National Park and flew in TCSAR’s Airbus A-Star helicopter to Granby on Wednesday. 

Thursday, with guidance from the Grand County Search and Rescue, the copter lowered crew members onto the mountain with a longer cable.

The western side of Arikaree Peak where a 31-year-old Boulder man fell to his death in late August. Colorado search and rescue teams declined to recover the man’s body due to safety concerns. A Wyoming team with a key ability to drop rescuers against an extremely steep slope was able to recover the man’s body Thursday.

Grand County Sheriff’s Office

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“They are able to deploy up to 450 feet of line below their helicopter and safely transport live loads,” Grand County Search and Rescue Field Director Greg Foley told CBS News Colorado. “The line length for this recovery was 250 feet.”

Foley explained that 250 feet was the maximum amount of cable on the U.S. military’s Blackhawk helicopter which attempted to place rescuers on the mountainside in earlier attempts. High winds complicated the mission that day. The A-Star’s narrower rotor radius also allowed it to safely move closer to the mountain.  

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Teton County Search and Rescue’s A-Star helicopter hovers at Granby Airport while lifting team members to 13,164-foot Arikaree Peak on Thursday. 

Grand County Sheriff’s Office/Facebook


Foley added that 250 feet is “standard configuration for hoist rescues in Colorado.”

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“This was a unique rescue for us for many reasons,” said TCSAR Chief Advisor Cody Lockhart in a social media post. “This was the first time we have been called down to Colorado and there were a lot of individuals and agencies involved in the rescue effort. This was also a tough rescue for us to assist with, from both a technical level and the heavy nature of the job. We are grateful that we were able to help get this man off the mountain and home to his family.”  

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Search and rescue personnel from Wyoming return to the tarmac at Granby Airport on Thursday after recovering the body of a Boulder trail runner who fell near the Continental Divide in late August. 

Grand County Sheriff’s Office/Facebook


“TCSAR’s ability to insert rescuers by longline was key to making this recovery safe and quick for rescuers,” added Dale Atkins of Alpine Rescue Team, another team involved in the initial attempts to retrieve the body. “Ironically, this technique was something that some Colorado SAR teams did way back in the 1980s, but by the 1990s an increase in regulations and changes in attitudes lead to the practice going away. When it went away, our search and rescue tool box got smaller. For this recovery on Arikaree Peak, it was terrific that Grand County could bring in the TSCAR and Grand Teton NP crews to assist and get this man off the mountain.”

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Smoke settles into Sheridan County as Elk Fire continues to grow

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Smoke settles into Sheridan County as Elk Fire continues to grow


DAYTON, Wyoming — On Sunday, Sheridan County was covered in a thick layer of smoke as the Elk Fire continues to grow to nearly 73,000 acres and is 0% contained.

But most of the smoke isn’t from the Elk Fire, it’s coming from Idaho and could help firefighters efforts.

MTN News

“That is actually coming from fires further to the west than the Elk Fire. We expect that if this smoke stays in the area, it will actually dampen fire activity, which is really good and allows our crews to get some work done around structures and in other areas of the fire,” said Kristie Thompson, the Public Information Officer for the Elk Fire. “It’s going to continue (to be) a dry, hot, warm trend with relatively low humidity and no precipitation in the near term future.”

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Thompson said it is a tough fire to battle.

“We’re going to be living with this fire for a while. There’s a very good chance that you will see smoke, perhaps even if it kind of calms down activity-wise, that you will see smoke until we have a good cover of snow up on the mountain,” Thompson said.

As of Sunday afternoon, Dayton residents were still on a “Set” status. So, they don’t need to evacuate, but do need to be prepared.

“Dayton is currently still in a ‘set’ status, so it’s one above ‘ready’,” Dayton County Sheriff Levi Dominguez said. “It’s certainly fluid, dynamic in what we’re doing with the evacuation statuses within the communities here in the town of Dayton and the rest of the communities surrounding it.”

As a crew of nearly 600 are tirelessly fighting the flames, other volunteers and community members are coming together to help ranchers save their livelihoods. Sunday morning, a line of large livestock semi-trailer trucks went to help get grazing cattle down from the mountain.

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“This is obviously something huge that’s happened into our community and the outpouring support that neighbors have been showing neighbors has been greatly appreciated,” Dominguez said.

Mayor of Dayton, Clifford Reed, grew up in the area and said he is devastated from the loss this fire brings.

“It breaks my heart to see this,” Reed said. “It has impacted us greatly as a community, not only the town of Dayton, but there’s homes that are up against the face of the mountain.”

According to Reed, the fire came close to the water plant for the town.

“Our water plant is literally along the river up in the mouth of the Tonga River Canyon. And that fire came down within a few hundred yards of that facility. And of course, we were worried about evacuating,” Reed said.

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Two homes have been lost in the Elk Fire.

“I personally can’t imagine coming back to see your houses, a pile of nails and ashes. I mean, it would literally be heartbreaking, disheartening and wondering what are you going to do now?” Reed said. “I thank them (firefighters) for their willingness to give to this community and and put their lives in danger many times.”





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Elk Fire Now At 74,000 Acres And Still Out Of Control, But Some Signs…

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Elk Fire Now At 74,000 Acres And Still Out Of Control, But Some Signs…


People in the potential path of an out-of-control wildfire that’s scorching its way across northwest Sheridan County may not be able to get to church services Sunday, but are doing plenty of praying.

It’s the same prayers they’ve been offering up for a week since the Elk Fire that began with a lightning strike southeast of Dayton blew up overnight last Sunday — and has continued to blow up since. After starting Saturday at more than 62,000 acres, the fire was last estimated Saturday afternoon at 76,000 acres and adjusted to 72,998 Sunday morning.

For those who’ve evacuated or been told to be ready to leave their homes, there’s a feeling of helplessness and fear at having to watch the flames and smoke advance without being able to do anything.

Chad Flanagan, a lifelong Dayton resident, told Cowboy State Daily on Saturday that it’s simply “heartbreaking” to see the face of the Bighorn Mountains that used to stand over the town like a protector instead glow orange with wildfire.

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Others haven’t been so lucky.

The Sheridan County Sheriff’s Office reports it’s confirmed at least two primary residences in the Horseshoe subdivision have burned, while the list of areas that have been evacuated has grown almost as fast as the fire.

There are some inspiring stories of hope emerging from the area as well.

A stunning photograph shared by the Wyoming Department of Transportation from a worker at Burgess Junction on the southwest side of the fire shows the successful efforts of firefighters to save a home. It stands unscathed as an island surrounded by a sea of black.

In the wake of the fire’s spread, some people have returned expecting to find their homes destroyed only to find miracles instead.

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Laura Eaton, who lives on a ranch in Wolf south of Dayton, posted about her family’s miracle to Facebook.

“The fire moved an incredible distance last night and blew through the mountains and foothills around the ranch in about three or four hours,” she wrote.

Blown by “insanely high” winds that gusted more than 60 mph, she said the fire was about 2 miles north of the ranch at about 10 p.m. Friday, then by 7 a.m. was “already about 4-5 miles south of us, (and) the ranch is about 6 miles long … along the mountains.”

She expected the worst when returning Saturday.

“Driving into the ranch, it looks really bad,” she wrote. “The majority of the lower elevations seem unaffected, but the face of the mountains, South and North Red Canyons and the hill along Gentry Field by the race track have been hit hard.

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“Driving up the ranch road and seeing all black around the hollow where the main part of the ranch is located, I was preparing for the worst. I was pretty sure it had all been wiped out.”

A WYDOT worker at Burgess Junction made a morning run Saturday to check the road conditions of what can be access and took this photo of a ranch house saved from wildfire from Sand Turn. (WYDOT District 4)

The Miracle

Instead, like that WYDOT worker, she found her home had been spared.

“Amazingly, all of the buildings have been spared,” she wrote, adding how grateful the family is to the firefighters working to protect people and property. “Of course, we have so many individuals who have put in the hours on the ground to be thankful for.”

But there’s another reason for the miracle of the Elk Fire not burning the ranch to the ground, Eaton wrote.

“Even with all the effort put into prevention and actively fighting the fire, with the conditions last night, I feel like the only reason we were spared is because of all the positive energy that has been sent our way,” she posted. “So thank you, all of you, for your love and prayers.”

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Also devastated at how the fire is impacting where he calls home is country music star Ian Munsick, who grew up in the area.

“That’s my childhood right there,” Munsick told Cowboy State Daily on Saturday. “And when I write music, those are the mountains that inspired me the most.”

Munsick has been heartsick seeing the homes and towns he loves threatened by fire. That prompted him to start a GoFundMe campaign, The Elk Fire Relief Fund, to help all the rural fire departments involved in fighting the fire.

He even kicked it off with a little donation of his own — $15,000 from himself and $15,000 from his wife, Caroline.

“We have to do our part in helping them, because we physically couldn’t be there helping,” Munsick said. “It’s been pretty crazy to see the small community just rally behind this. And we have raised quite a bit of money in the last 12 hours, which is pretty cool to see.”

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The fund has already exceeded the initial goal of $50,000 and had topped $76,000 by Sunday morning. Munsick was pleased, but not surprised to see the fund grow so quickly.

That’s just the Wyoming that he knows and loves, where there’s always a cowboy ready to lend a hand.

In this photo shared to her Facebook post about returning to her ranch after the Elk Fire moved through, Laura Eaton describes and shows how the fire didn't get their buildings.
In this photo shared to her Facebook post about returning to her ranch after the Elk Fire moved through, Laura Eaton describes and shows how the fire didn’t get their buildings. (Laura Eaton photo via Facebook)

Still Growing

Now at nearly 73,000 acres, the fire remains “extremely active,” the Rocky Mountain Incident Management Team in charge of battling the Elk Fire reports Sunday morning.

The weather also isn’t helping, with a cold front bringing dry winds and low humidity, which is blowing the fire in multiple directions. And there isn’t much relief on the way from the weather.

“Sunday is the beginning of a warming and drying trend as high pressure builds over the region,” the update says, although it’s expected to be less windy.

There are nearly 600 people working to build breaks and lines around the fire, as well as clear out or burn any fuels within where safe to do so.

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No new evacuations were ordered overnight Saturday, and none were lifted. Those area ordered to leave are:

• The area within Eaton’s Ranch Road to the intersection of Beckton Road, then south to Big Goose Road and west to Rapid Creek.

• Little Horn Canyon

• Eaton’s Ranch.

• Tongue River Canyon.

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• Pass Creek and Twin Creek roads west of Parkman.

• All homes from X-X Ranch north to the Montana state line.

• Tongue River Canyon west of Dayton where the road turns to dirt.

• The Horseshoe subdivision.

• Homes west of Beckton Road from Dayton south to the intersection of Beckton and Eaton • Ranch roads.

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• Eagle Ridge subdivision and homes directly east of U.S. Highway 14 up the mountain.

Along with Dayton now on “set” status, so are:

• South of Twin Creek Road from Parkman north of Amsden Road; also west of Highway 343, including along Smith Creek and Columbus Creek roads.

• Homes east of Tongue Canyon and Amsden roads.

The best and most current information about the Elk Fire is being posted to the U.S. Forest Service-Bighorn National Forest and Sheridan County Government Facebook pages.

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Greg Johnson can be reached at greg@cowboystatedaily.com.



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