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Ancient Alaskan Site May Explain How First People Reached North America

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Ancient Alaskan Site May Explain How First People Reached North America


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A buried campsite in Alaska’s Tanana Valley is offering a sharper picture of what the first migrations into North America may have looked like, right down to campfires, stone flakes, and a mammoth tusk set in time. Researchers argue that the newly analyzed evidence from the Holzman archaeological site shows people were present in Interior Alaska about 14,000 years ago, and that their tool-making traditions hint at technological continuity with the later, famous Clovis culture farther south. 

The study, published in Quaternary International, doesn’t “solve” the peopling of the Americas on its own, but it strengthens a key section of the chain: what was happening in Alaska in the centuries just before Clovis appears across much of mid-continental North America. For a debate often dominated by big routes and big dates, Holzman brings the story back to the intimate scale of daily work – processing ivory, shaping stone, and returning to the same landscape across generations. 

Late Pleistocene extent of glaciation at 14 and 13 ka (Dalton et al., 20202023) with the Beringia landmass, and ancient archaeological sites >13 ka. Clovis sites from (Anderson and Miller, 2017).Ancient lakes at approximately 14 ka include Glacial Lake Atna at the 777 m asl level (Wiedmer et al., 2010) and in Beringia (Bond, 2019).

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A 14,000-Year-Old Campsite in the Tanana Valley

The Holzman site sits in Alaska’s middle Tanana Valley, a region archaeologists consider especially important because it preserves deeply layered, well-dated traces of Late Pleistocene life. In the paper, the authors describe multiple occupation layers, with the oldest (Component 5b) dated to roughly 14,000 years ago and containing a nearly complete mammoth tusk along with evidence of hearths and stone-working debris. 

Just above that, the team reports a later layer dated around 13,700 years ago that looks like a focused production episode: abundant quartz artifacts and a clear emphasis on mammoth ivory reduction. That layer also produced what the researchers describe as the earliest known ivory rod tools in the Americas, made with techniques that later become more visible in Clovis contexts, explains Phys.org.

Findings associated with the Holzman archaeological site

Findings associated with the Holzman archaeological site. (Wygal et al. Quaternary International (2026)

This matters because it places people with a sophisticated organic-technology tradition (ivory working doesn’t preserve as readily as stone) in eastern Beringia earlier than or alongside the first big expansions south of the ice sheets. In other words, Alaska is not just “a corridor people passed through,” but a place where key technologies may have been refined before dispersal.

 

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Why Mammoth Ivory Tools Are the Real Clue

Stone tools are the durable headline, but mammoth ivory is the more surprising thread. At Holzman, the authors link clusters of quartz flakes and working areas to the carving and shaping of ivory into rods and blanks – materials that would have been valuable, portable, and useful for composite hunting tools. 

Phys.org summarizes the connection the researchers are drawing: ivory rods made at Holzman (around 13,700 years ago) appear to use carving techniques later seen in Clovis contexts (around 13,000 years ago). That doesn’t mean “Clovis came from Alaska” in a simple, one-step way, but it does support the idea that some technological roots of later Paleoindian traditions could have been laid in the north during earlier movements through Beringia and Interior Alaska. 

This is also where the Tanana Valley’s broader record becomes important. The region has yielded multiple stratified sites with early dates, so Holzman is being presented as part of a wider cultural landscape, one that can connect Siberian-Beringian adaptations to later expansions deeper into North America.

Beringia (the Bering Land Bridge region) once linked Asia and North America during lower sea levels. (NOAA/Public domain)

Beringia (the Bering Land Bridge region) once linked Asia and North America during lower sea levels. (NOAA/Public domain)

The Route South: Land Corridor, Coastline, or Both?

Migration into the Americas is not about a single “path,” but timing can still rule routes in or out. The Holzman evidence supports the idea of a southward movement of ancestral Clovis-era populations sometime between 14,000 and 13,000 years ago, after reaching and circulating within eastern Beringia. 

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That interior story intersects with the long-running “ice-free corridor” debate. Ancient Origins has previously reported research suggesting the ice-free corridor may not have been viable for the earliest migrations until relatively late (around 13,800 years ago for full opening, in that report), which would imply that initial entry into the Americas could have relied more heavily on coastal or other alternatives, with interior pathways becoming more usable later. 

The Holzman paper itself emphasizes dispersal south of the continental ice sheets during the 14–13 ka window, but it also sits within a field where multiple routes – coastal, interior, and mixed strategies – are actively weighed against new archaeological and genetic data. Rather than closing the debate, Holzman adds weight to the idea that Interior Alaska was populated early enough to feed later expansions, at least once conditions allowed those movements. 

Top image: Illustrative Alaska image, Columbia Glacier, Columbia Bay, Valdez, Alaska.  Source: Frank Fichtmüller/Adobe Stock

By Gary Manners

References

Sahir, R., 2022. Ice Wall Blocked Americas Land Route Until 13,800 years Ago. Ancient Origins Available at: /news-history-archaeology/ice-wall-0016560

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Karasavvas, T. 2018. Ancient Infant DNA Rewrites the History of Humans Entering North America. Available at: /news-history-archaeology/ancient-infant-dna-rewrites-history-humans-entering-north-america-009383

Wygal, B. T., et al. 2026. Stone and mammoth ivory tool production, circulation, and human dispersals in the middle Tanana Valley, Alaska: Implications for the Pleistocene peopling of the Americas. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618225004306?via%3Dihub

Arnold, P., 2026. Ancient Alaskan site may help explain how the first people arrived in North America. Available at: https://phys.org/news/2026-02-ancient-alaskan-site-people-north.html





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Over $150K worth of drugs seized from man in Juneau, police say

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Over 0K worth of drugs seized from man in Juneau, police say


JUNEAU, Alaska (KTUU) – An Alaska drug task force seized roughly $162,000 worth of controlled substances during an operation in Juneau Thursday, according to the Juneau Police Department.

Around 3 p.m. Thursday, investigators with the Southeast Alaska Cities Against Drugs (SEACAD) approached 50-year-old Juneau resident Jermiah Pond in the Nugget Mall parking lot while he was sitting in his car, according to JPD.

A probation search of the car revealed a container holding about 7.3 gross grams of a substance that tested presumptively positive for methamphetamine, as well as about 1.21 gross grams of a substance that tested presumptively positive for fentanyl.

As part of the investigation, investigators executed a search warrant at Pond’s residence, during which they found about 46.63 gross grams of ketamine, 293.56 gross grams of fentanyl, 25.84 gross grams of methamphetamine and 25.5 gross grams of MDMA.

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In all, it amounted to just less than a pound of drugs worth $162,500.

Investigators also seized $102,640 in cash and multiple recreational vehicles believed to be associated with the investigation.

Pond was lodged on charges of second-degree misconduct involving a controlled substance, two counts of third-degree misconduct involving a controlled substance, five counts of fourth-degree misconduct involving a substance and an outstanding felony probation warrant.

See a spelling or grammar error? Report it to web@ktuu.com

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Sand Point teen found 3 days after going missing in lake

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Sand Point teen found 3 days after going missing in lake


SAND POINT, Alaska (KTUU) – A teenage boy who was last seen Monday when the canoe he was in tipped over has been found by a dive team in a lake near Sand Point, according to a person familiar with the situation.

Alaska’s News Source confirmed with the person, who is close to the search efforts, that the dive team found 15-year-old Kaipo Kaminanga deceased Thursday in Red Cove Lake, located a short drive from the town of Sand Point on the Aleutian Island chain.

Kaminanga was last seen canoeing with three other friends on Monday when the boat tipped over.

A search and rescue operation ensued shortly after.

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Alaska Dive Search Rescue and Recovery Team posted on Facebook Thursday night that they were able to “locate and recover” Kaminanga at around 5 p.m. Thursday.

“We are glad we could bring closure to his family, friends and community,” the post said.

This is a breaking news story and will be updated when more details become available.

See a spelling or grammar error? Report it to web@ktuu.com

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Opinion: Homework for Alaska: Sales tax or income tax?

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Opinion: Homework for Alaska: Sales tax or income tax?


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This is a tax tutorial for gubernatorial candidates, for legislators who will report to work next year and for the Alaska public.

Think of it as homework, with more than eight months to complete the assignment that is not due until the November election. The homework is intended to inform, not settle the debate over a state sales tax or state income tax — or neither, which is the preferred option for many Alaskans.

But for those Alaskans willing to consider a tax as a personal responsibility to help fund schools, roads, public safety, child care, state troopers, prisons, foster care and everything else necessary for healthy and productive lives, someday they will need to decide on a state income tax or a state sales tax after they accept the checkbook reality that oil and Permanent Fund earnings are not enough.

This homework assignment is intended to get people thinking with facts, not emotions. Electing the right candidates will be the first test.

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Alaskans have until the next election because nothing will change this year. It will take a new political alignment led by a reality-based governor to organize support in the Legislature and among the public.

But next year, maybe, with the right elected leadership, Alaskans can debate a state sales tax or personal income tax. Plus, of course, corporate taxes and oil production taxes, but those are for another school day.

One of the biggest arguments in favor of a state sales tax is that visitors would pay it. Yes, they would, but not as much as many Alaskans think.

Air travel is exempt from sales taxes. So are cruise ship tickets. That’s federal law, which means much of what tourists spend on their Alaska vacation is beyond the reach of a state sales tax.

Cutting further into potential revenues, state and federal law exempts flightseeing tours from sales tax, which is a particularly costly exemption when you think about how much visitors spend on airplane and helicopter tours.

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That leaves sales tax supporters collecting from tourists on T-shirts, gifts for grandchildren, artwork, postcards, hotels, Airbnb, car rentals and restaurant meals. Still a substantial take for taxes, but far short of total tourism spending.

An argument against a state sales tax is that more than 100 cities and boroughs already depend on local sales taxes to pay for schools and other public services. Try to imagine what a state tax piled on top of a local tax would do to kill shopping in Homer, already at 7.85%, or Kodiak, Wrangell and Cordova, all at 7%, and all the other municipalities.

Supporters of an income tax say it would share the responsibility burden with nonresidents who earn income in Alaska and then return home to spend their money.

Almost one in four workers in Alaska in 2024 were nonresidents, as reported by the state Department of Labor in January. That doesn’t include federal employees, active-duty military or self-employed people.

Nonresidents earned roughly $3.8 billion, or about 17% of every dollar covered in the report.

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However, many of those nonresident workers are lower-wage and seasonal, employed in the seafood processing and tourism industries, unlikely to pay much in income taxes. But a tax could be structured so that they pay something, which is fair.

Meanwhile, higher-wage workers in oil and gas, mining, construction and airlines (freight and passenger service) would pay taxes on their income earned in Alaska, which also is fair.

It comes down to what would direct more of the tax burden to nonresidents: a tax on income or on visitor spending. Wages or wasabi-crusted salmon dinners.

Larry Persily is a longtime Alaska journalist, with breaks for federal, state and municipal public policy work in Alaska and Washington, D.C. He lives in Anchorage and is publisher of the Wrangell Sentinel weekly newspaper.

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