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Louisiana bears the burden of upstream runoff. Why doesn’t it push for solutions?

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Louisiana bears the burden of upstream runoff. Why doesn’t it push for solutions?


CYPREMORT POINT, La. — Thomas Olander has watched his shrimp catch shrink over the last 15 years. It’s not just the abundance of Louisiana shrimp; Olander said that the average size of the crustacean has also shrunk.

Credit: Darrell Hoemann, Investigate Midwest; ROSCOSMOS/NASA. Graphic: Annie Ropeik, Ag & Water Desk

A farmer in Illinois sprays emerging corn in June 2020; The Mississippi River empties into the Gulf of Mexico in South Louisiana in an undated image taken from the International Space Station.

In the past, shrimpers could expect the crustaceans to grow throughout the spring season, which starts in May in Louisiana waters and generally runs through July. “Since we’ve been dealing with this ‘dead zone,’” said Olander. “We’re not seeing that growth no more.”

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The dead zone is a stretch along the shallows of the Gulf of Mexico where algae blooms choke off oxygen in the water.

This month, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) estimated that this summer’s dead zone would reach 5,827 square miles – an area roughly the size of Connecticut. That’s up from approximately 3,058 square miles in 2023.

These massive algae blooms are caused by nutrients that run off of farms up and down the Mississippi River Basin, which stretches from Northern Minnesota to the Gulf of Mexico.

Fertilizer that helps crops grow contains high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. These nutrients run off the fields during rainstorms at the end of the growing season and end up in waterways leading to the Mississippi River.

In 1996, the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico came to national attention through local reporting. The Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia Task Force was established in the fall of 1997 – a collaboration of state, federal and tribal agencies – and asked the group to create and implement an action plan.

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A preliminary goal is to reduce both nitrogen and phosphorus by 20% by 2025. But despite some progress, the task force has not yet met its goals.

The U.S. Geological Survey showed that in May 2024, while nitrogen loads in the lower Mississippi River were 7% lower than baseline measurements, phosphorus loads increased by 22%.

The 2025 target is simply not a priority for the task force, said Doug Daigle, a research scientist at Louisiana State University and coordinator of the Louisiana Hypoxia Working Group. He added that neither the task force nor Louisiana attempted to raise funds from Congress to implement programs that would reduce nutrient pollution.

“It’s a problem with the task force, not just Louisiana. There has not been an organized attempt to garner more funding for the action plan,” said Daigle.

Where is the Clean Water Act?

The task force’s action plan is hindered by a lack of enforceable limits on nitrogen and phosphorus, according to the Tulane Institute on Water Resources Law and Policy. Instead, it focuses on voluntary state efforts and guidelines.

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In a presentation to the Louisiana Governor’s Advisory Commission on Coastal Restoration, Protection and Conservation in early June, Daigle said the state has been a passive and largely silent member of the task force.

Credit: David Kovaluk for St. Louis Public Radio

David Kovaluk for St. Louis Public Radio

Credit: David Kovaluk for St. Louis Public Radio

Daigle said the 176-page strategy is not technically a strategy because it doesn’t have any targets or goals. He added that the state has missed years of opportunity to reduce the dead zone.

To address the sheer quantity of nutrient pollution from the upriver basin states, Tulane lawyers suggest that Louisiana could petition the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for greater enforcement under the Clean Water Act.

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One section of the law allows for the government to set specific, maximum amounts of daily pollutants for bodies of water deemed to be impaired. Louisiana could petition the EPA to declare sections of the Mississippi River or the Gulf of Mexico as impaired, which would allow for the creation of an enforceable limit on nutrients entering the river upstream.

Louisiana could also petition the EPA administrator to convene an interstate water management conference to address pollution upriver. While the Gulf Hypoxia Task Force currently acts as a mediary between states, it lacks the enforcement power that the Clean Water Act could provide.

But the state has so far not done any of this. Louisiana Gov. Jeff Landry’s office did not respond when asked if Landry has any plans to petition the EPA or address the growth of the dead zone.

In 2016, the Gulf Restoration Network sued then-EPA administrator Lisa P. Jackson for the agency’s “hands-off approach” to dealing with nitrogen and phosphorus pollution under the Clean Water Act. This lawsuit followed a petition submitted by several environmental non-profits in 2008 that demanded numeric water quality standards be set for the nutrients.

But ultimately, the Eastern District of Louisiana court ruled that the EPA could continue a voluntary approach to nutrient reduction.

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In 2019, when the most recent version of Louisiana’s nutrient reduction and management strategy was released, Mark Davis, director of the Tulane Institute on Water Resources Law and Policy, submitted recommendations for improvements to the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (LDEQ).

Davis wrote that it has become clear that neither the EPA nor the task force would be implementing numeric targets any time soon. Those specific, enforceable limits would not be forthcoming “until Louisiana makes their development a priority and focuses the issue on upstream states and the federal government,” he wrote.

“They did not make a dent,” Davis said.

‘The solution to pollution is not distribution’

As Louisiana works to review its Nutrient Reduction and Management Strategy, some critics say that the state focuses too heavily on plans to redirect the flow of the Mississippi River.

The Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority (CPRA) highlights the benefits that would come from plans to reconnect the river to land across the coast.

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“CPRA is constructing diversions with the main purpose of building and sustaining Louisiana’s coastal wetlands,” said Angelina Freeman, a research scientist at CPRA who was a member of the Louisiana Nutrient Reduction and Management Strategy interagency team.

She explains that by redirecting the river’s flow, nutrients that would have otherwise fueled the dead zone would instead nourish the state’s recovering wetlands.

The Mississippi River drains water from 41% of the country into the Gulf of Mexico at the delta, seen in southern Louisiana on June 7, 2024. Aerial support provided by SouthWings.

La’Shance Perry

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The Mississippi River drains water from 41% of the country into the Gulf of Mexico at the delta, seen in southern Louisiana on June 7, 2024. Aerial support provided by SouthWings.

A few man-made diversions are already up and running, such as the Caernarvon and Davis Pond Diversions. Davis Pond is restoring wetlands in the upper Barataria Basin on the west side of the Mississippi River near Luling, in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana, while Caernarvon delivers sediments and nutrients to Breton Sound on the river’s east bank in Plaquemines Parish.

The 2023 Louisiana Coastal Master Plan calls for redirecting sediments and nutrients into Barataria Bay on a massive scale through the largest single restoration project in U.S. history. The Mid-Barataria Sediment Diversion would build and nourish up to 27 square miles of coastal wetlands over the next 50 years.

But to Daigle, centering the state’s nutrient reduction and management strategy around sediment diversions such as the yet-to-be-built Mid-Barataria is a mistake.

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Scientists with the Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium lower an instrument into the “dead zone” in the Gulf of Mexico to measure water quality in 2023.

Cassandra Glaspie

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Louisiana State University

Scientists with the Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium lower an instrument into the “dead zone” in the Gulf of Mexico to measure water quality in 2023.

“Until [the diversions] are built and operating they don’t do anything, good or bad,” he added. “Talking about them doesn’t accomplish anything. Having them in a plan doesn’t accomplish anything.”

“The solution to pollution is not distribution,” said Nancy Rabalais, a professor at Louisiana State University who, for years, led Gulf research cruises to monitor the size of the dead zone.

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Rabalais and fellow LSU researcher R. Eugene Turner published a separate June 2024 dead zone forecast that was less dire than the above-average estimate released by NOAA. Their prediction looks at the potential effects of warmer water on oxygen levels.

They emphasize that their reduced forecast is “solely due to ocean warming, not to a decline in nitrate loading from the Mississippi River.”

Cutting down on nutrients within Louisiana

While the vast majority of nutrients that create the dead zone every summer come from agriculture in the states upriver from Louisiana, there is still a significant input of runoff from farmland within the state itself.

In 2022, the LDEQ published a report on long-term nitrogen and phosphorus trends at ambient water quality monitoring stations across the state. They found that nutrient concentrations are decreasing at the majority of testing locations.

Following these trends, Louisiana received a recent influx of funding to further reduce nutrient runoff within the state from the Gulf of Mexico Division of the EPA.

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Earlier this year, the Gulf of Mexico Alliance received a grant to help farmers in northeast Louisiana adopt practices to prevent excessive runoff from entering the Bayou Lafourche watershed, and ultimately the Red River and Atchafalaya Basin.

The Atchafalaya River siphons off 30% of the Mississippi River’s flow. The Atchafalaya has a growing delta system, such as at the Wax Lake Outlet, but excess nutrients still escape to the Gulf of Mexico, expanding the dead zone to the west.

In Morehouse Parish, farmers are being taught how to limit their contribution to nutrient runoff that would reach the Gulf through the Mississippi-Atchafalaya Basin. The grant will fund new farming techniques, including the subsidizing of cover crops to reduce runoff, which may also increase soil productivity and cash crop yields.

“We’re doing exactly what we hope and wish everyone north of us would be doing,” said Joey Breaux, assistant commissioner of the Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry. He added that the farmers in Morehouse Parish have been very receptive to the new program.

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Thomas Olander, on his boat in Cypremort Point, Louisiana, shows off the nets his family uses to catch shrimp in Vermilion Bay.

La’Shance Perry

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Thomas Olander, on his boat in Cypremort Point, Louisiana, shows off the nets his family uses to catch shrimp in Vermilion Bay.

The $1.4 million grant will run through 2026 with the specific goal of reducing the Gulf of Mexico’s dead zone.

The funds will go to help farmers plant cover crops in between growing seasons to reduce soil erosion and prevent nutrients from running off into the river. The farmers will also receive instruction in no-till management, which calls for crops to be planted in narrow rows within the untilled seedbeds of previous crops. Keeping the soil intact increases organic matter and productivity while reducing the need for excess fertilizer.

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Olander, the shrimper, said that he wishes the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries would support his industry’s losses in the way that they are for farmers. “They are really keeping their farmers going,” he added. “Call me a farmer of the sea; I’ll take that title if they would help us.”

What to expect from the next dead zone tour

On July 21, the R/V Pelican will set sail to take stock of this summer’s dead zone. NOAA will fund a six-day tour of the traditional hypoxic area to the west of the Mississippi River, where the Atchafalaya River also dumps nutrient runoff into the Gulf of Mexico.

This year, the cruise will be extended for four extra days to tour the area east of the Mississippi River. This portion of the cruise will be funded by a grant distributed by the Gulf of Mexico Alliance from the Bipartisan Infrastructure Bill.

And that tour may bring new scientific research to be considered before Louisiana issues its five-year update to the state nutrient reduction strategy.

“This strategy is up for revision,” said Daigle, “I think it needs a total revision, not just tweaking.”

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This story is part of the series Farm to Trouble from the Mississippi River Basin Ag & Water Desk, an independent reporting collaborative.





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Neuty, the beloved Bucktown nutria rat that charmed Louisiana, has died

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Neuty, the beloved Bucktown nutria rat that charmed Louisiana, has died


Neuty, the iconic Bucktown nutria visits the state capitol, with Myra Lacoste, Denny Lacoste, Lieutenant Governor Billy Nungesser, Dennis Lacoste Sr., and Louisiana state Senator J. Cameron Henry Jr. Neuty was an orphan, rescued by the Lacostes. In March 2023, LDWF agents attempted to confiscate the illegal pet.  



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Louisiana State Police arrest 18-year-old in Vidalia crash t…

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Louisiana State Police arrest 18-year-old in Vidalia crash t…


VIDALIA, La. — Louisiana State Police arrested 18-year-old Gregory Steele early Sunday morning on two counts of vehicular homicide, one count of underage operating a motor vehicle while intoxicated, one count vehicular negligent injuring and one count careless operation, according to Concordia Parish Jail records.

Steele, 18, a white male, was arrested in connection with an accident that occurred at approximately 1:54 a.m. on Sunday morning on Minorca Road in Vidalia. Two passengers in the vehicle were killed. Steele and another passenger were able to escape the vehicle.



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On this Mother’s Day, three Louisiana mothers grieve the deaths of eight of their children, seven killed by their own father | CNN

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On this Mother’s Day, three Louisiana mothers grieve the deaths of eight of their children, seven killed by their own father | CNN


Christina Snow bends down and whispers something in her daughter’s ear as the 11-year-old lies in a white casket, eyes closed as if she were simply asleep.

On the morning before Mother’s Day, Sariahh Snow’s small, lifeless body is one of eight – all children – lined in open white caskets along the front of a church hall in Shreveport, Louisiana.

Except for the low murmur of church organ music drifting through the sanctuary, Snow’s muffled sobs momentarily silence an audience of hundreds who have gathered to grieve alongside the three mothers whose children were all fatally shot by the same man: the father of seven of the eight killed and an uncle to the eighth.

The shocking act of violence, which also left two of the mothers seriously wounded, marked the nation’s deadliest mass shooting in more than two years, a catastrophe so staggering it forced an already grief-stricken country to once again confront the deadly collision of a mental health crisis and America’s unrelenting access to guns.

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“This is not a Shreveport mourning,” Congressman Cleo Fields said in his tribute. “This is a nation mourning.”

Now remembered as the “Eternal 8,” Jayla Elkins, 3; Shayla Elkins, 5; Kayla Pugh, 6; Layla Pugh, 7; Mar’Kaydon Pugh, 10; Sariahh Snow, 11; Khedarrion Snow, 6; and Braylon Snow, 5, were killed in the April 19 shooting.

As grieving attendees lined up to pay respects to the children, one woman shut her eyes after peering at one of the children, Kayla, who wore a white dress, her fingernails carefully painted pink. Just behind her body stood a photograph from when she was still alive, her sweet, wide eyes impossible to reconcile with the stillness of the tiny body in the casket.

Inside the funeral pamphlet, Kayla is described by her family as “K-Mae,” a sweetheart with a big smile who never asked for much, but when she did, melted hearts. She loved “going to school, playing with her sisters, brothers, and cousins, and being outside running, jumping and even wrestling with those she loved.”

The seven other entries read as sweetly. Sarriah was described as “sunshine,” a creative, smart, and loving girl. Khedarrion loved helping his family and adored his principal. Braylon was sweet and gentle. Mar’Kaydon, or “K-Bug,” was a cheerful child who loved telling his grandmother what he learned at school every day. Jayla, also known as her family’s “little J-Bae,” taught her family “more about unconditional love, strength and resilience than words could ever express.” Shayla was warm and quiet. Layla adored her siblings and cousins so much she “would stand up for them no matter how big the other person was.”

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It’s a tragedy that sends chills racing down your spine and leaves a lump in your throat. Throughout the hall, people clung tightly to one another, wiping away each other’s tears. Children filled the pews — sweet, innocent and suddenly feeling even more precious to everyone there.

The Saturday funeral service was carried by the reverberating melody of gospel music that rattled through the hall like waves, sending prayer hands into the air and tears spilling from the eyes of loved ones and strangers alike.

But there were smiles too; and white, pink, blue, and purple bloomed in the crowd of black funereal clothes, woven among bright dresses, pressed shirts, ribbons and flowers.

“Lord, we ask right now a special prayer for Summer Grove School. Lord God, we pray for Lynnwood Public Charter School,” Pastor Al George said during his tribute, praying for the two schools the children had attended.

“We pray for all of those teachers, those principals; Lord, they need you right now. Those students need you right now. They’re going to school and see empty desks; Lord God, they need you right now.”

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Some of the funeral attendees were family, friends and teachers, and many were complete strangers – people who drove more than 12 hours just to stand witness to the unimaginable loss of children they had never met.

“I had to get here,” Kelvin Gadson told CNN. He had arrived a day earlier, having driven from South Carolina, and attended an open viewing of the caskets at a funeral home – the first time the mothers were able to see their children’s bodies.

But Gadson wasn’t just there to honor the children lost. He came for the children still here, the ones now carrying images no child should ever have to carry. With him were two costumes: Minnie and Mickey Mouse. The kids could pose with them as a distraction from what they’d just witnessed.

“They come out scared. But I’m really here because this violence has to stop. It’s killing our children, our precious babies,” Gadson, the founder of Giving a Child a Dream Foundation, told CNN. “My mission is about preventing gun violence.”

Little ones who came out of the casket viewing with their parents wore expressions of confusion and shock after witnessing eight bodies that didn’t look so different from their own.

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One of the children was Micheal Thomas.

“I’m kind of scared of funerals. I’m scared of the dead bodies, and they were pretty kids,” the 10-year-old said, sounding wiser than his years. “They were little. I wish I knew them, we would’ve been playing basketball, football, it would’ve been so fun.”

His friends at school don’t talk about the children as much as he does, he said. Then he points to his little brother, who hides behind his legs and clings tightly to him. “I care because imagine that was your kid. If it was my brother, I would be dying; I would be down bad.”

One day, he said, he will meet them in heaven and tell them, “Hey! How you doing? I’m doing good. You broke my heart, but I was talking about you.”

He hasn’t cried about seeing their bodies but he knows he will. The tears “don’t want to come,” but when they do, he promised he won’t push them back.

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Plastic trucks and ribbon-wrapped dolls

Days after the shooting stunned Shreveport, a whirlwind of police lights, camera crews and grieving relatives swarmed the neighborhood where the killings unfolded, the streets vibrating with sirens, the air shrouded in questions and disbelief.

But today, the home sits almost unbearably silent.

The main road leading to the Cedar Grove house where the children were killed is under construction. Jagged pieces of cement push through the dirt as orange and white caution cones warn drivers of danger. While less than half a mile away, innocent children received no warning at all before encountering the worst danger imaginable.

Eight balloons sway weakly in the wind above a makeshift memorial – eight crosses staked into the damp ground, covered in handwritten messages. Toys cover the lawn: stuffed animals, plastic trucks, dolls still wrapped in ribbons, left behind for children who will never come outside to claim them.

Besides the permanent stain the massacre has left on the neighborhood, it remains, in many ways, still beautiful — homes resting in the midst of lush green grass, children playing on porches, and neighbors blasting Michael Jackson as a family gathers around a table outside.

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A young girl sits slouched in a chair, chin in her hands, bored. It is a neighborhood that, in quieter moments, feels almost like childhood nostalgia made real — fragile, ordinary, and proof of how quickly innocence can be shattered.

In front of the memorial, a small gray cat sits in the rain before wandering to the front door of the gray and white home, curling near the entrance where blood had been spattered just weeks earlier. The gunman was identified as 31-year-old Shamar Elkins. Shreveport Police Cpl. Chris Bordelon told CNN affiliate KSLA the shootings were “domestic in nature.”

As the shooting unfolded, some of the children tried to escape out the back, a state representative said at an earlier news conference. Bullet holes could be seen in the back door of one of the homes.

Every now and then, a car slows to a crawl before pulling over beside the memorial, the people inside sitting silently behind fogged windows, perhaps reminiscing, perhaps praying, perhaps simply trying to make sense of a loss too enormous to truly understand.

Not far from the now empty home, stripped of the laughter and the innocent chaos of excited children that once filled every room and hallway with life, the three mothers, dressed in all white, sit side by side before the eight caskets.

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Keosha Pugh — sister of Shaneiqua Pugh, the gunman’s wife — walked into the funeral leaning on a cane, a painful reminder of the injuries she suffered after jumping from a roof with her daughter, Mar’Kianna, while fleeing the gunfire. The fall shattered her pelvis and hip. Shaneiqua Pugh escaped physically unharmed, but Snow was shot in the face during the attack.

All three mothers carried the visible weight of trauma throughout the service. Their legs trembled beneath them, their hands and heads shook with anxiety, and at times Snow, in tears, curled into the arms of friends and loved ones.

Prayers were recited over the bodies of their babies after horse-drawn carriages carried the children slowly into the cemetery as mourners followed behind, some arms carrying flowers and others carrying young children.

Roses were gently laid across the caskets before eight white doves were released into the sky, their wings unfurling into the clouds — a cruel irony beside the eight young lives below, cut short before their stories ever had the chance to unfurl at all.

Among the mourners was Dollie Sims, who had met the children when their father brought them to her community programs. She recalls being struck by how deeply loved they were. When she learned of their killing, she said she was stunned and retraumatized.

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“This was reliving the gun violence of my son, who was shot 15 times walking down the street. This is surreal, and as a parent, I think all of us out here are just devastated because what makes this situation so traumatic is that it was by their father, who struggled with mental illness,” Sims said, donning a white fur coat and dress as she waited for the family to arrive at the cemetery.

Her son, who survived, was 19 years old at the time of the shooting.

“This should open the eyes to Shreveport, Louisiana, and Louisiana period, about gun violence and its seriousness, and what we need to do to help this situation to make it safer … We need to advocate and support other families and show up and try to find a way to make it better to keep the next family safe.”

Sims believes the full impact of the tragedy has not fully hit the mothers who have not yet been given time to grieve, she said.

“Mother’s Day is just going to be the beginning of them realizing that those babies aren’t there anymore.”

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A few blocks away from the cemetery, Sharon Pouncy had up a folding table beside the road to sell Mother’s Day gift baskets. She lost her own child years ago, she said, after he became sick.

“I want these mamas to know that every mother is holding them in their hearts today,” Pouncy said from the driver’s seat of her truck. She’s wearing a Minnie Mouse shirt – unbeknownst to her, the character is a favorite of the children she had come to honor.

“We know your pain. Once you feel that loss, it never really goes away, you just …” She pauses, and a sad smile flickers across her face. “Well, you just find a way to live with it forever.”

At the same time three mothers lay their babies into the earth; another mother, years into her own journey of grief, finds herself thinking of her baby too.

A man pulls over and points to a basket he’s interested in buying. A card pokes out from a pile of teddy bears: “I love you, Mom.”

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