Florida
Florida Bill Highlights Homegrown Cannabis Controversy
Nearly half of states that have legalized cannabis do not permit home marijuana cultivation.
A Florida bill to allow the limited home cultivation of medical marijuana highlights a controversial aspect of the legalization era: in many jurisdictions that have legalized cannabis, it is still illegal for adults to grow their own weed at home.
Florida Republican state Sen. Joe Gruters filed the bill to legalize limited home cultivation of medical cannabis earlier this month. Under SB 546, registered medical marijuana patients aged 21 and older would be allowed to obtain a certificate from the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services permitting them to grow up to two cannabis plants at home for personal use.
“People want to have the ability to grow it themselves,” Gruters said, according to a report from Florida Politics. “If you have an ID card, why should we not allow that? It’s probably a good idea. We can still make it regulated and limit the amount.”
But cannabis policy reform advocates say that the bill is too restrictive because it limits home cultivation to two plants per household, regardless of the number of patients who live there.
“Two plants for multiple patients? The math is not mathing,” Chris Cano, executive director of the Suncoast Chapter of the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML), told the Florida Phoenix.
“Elected officials need to address the chronic debilitating conditions of medical cannabis patients in a serious manner,” Cano added. “Clearly, the good senator is no expert on the needs of a truly sick patient or the amount of cannabis one needs to consume when suffering.
Marijuana plants grow in a home garden.
While acknowledging that “any legislative conversation about home growing in Florida is a welcome development,” long-time cannabis activist Steve DeAngelo says that “SB 546 as currently drafted needs more work.”
An accomplished home and commercial grower, DeAngelo was recently named global ambassador of Blimburn Seeds, a Barcelona-based company that supplies cannabis seeds to gardeners in the U.S. With the experience of talking to thousands of cannabis patients and growing an untold number of plants over the years, he says that Florida’s bill is simply not a viable option for most patients.
“The two-plant limit ignores both patient needs and agricultural realities. Inevitably, no matter the skill of the gardener, some plants fail– and the yield from a two-plant harvest is unlikely to be sufficient to last most patients the twelve weeks it will take to grow their next crop,” DeAngelo says in a virtual interview. “And what about elderly couples (or others) who both need cannabis? Their allotted amount of cannabis would be cut in half, just because they live in the same residence.”
Consumers Want To Grow Their Own Weed
Public opinion research shows strong support for legalizing home cultivation among cannabis consumers. A survey conducted by The Harris Poll last year on behalf of Barcelona-based Royal Queen Seeds found that 81% of cannabis consumers agree all Americans should have the right to grow marijuana at home. Just over a quarter (26%) of cannabis consumers said that they had grown cannabis at home, while a fifth (21%) of those who haven’t grown at home said they would like to try.
The survey revealed different reasons that consumers choose to grow their own cannabis, including a third (34%) of home cultivators who said they feel safer consuming homegrown marijuana over commercially available products. Nearly half said growing their own weed gives them a sense of confidence (49%), joy (48%) or pride (46%), or that they do so simply because it is fun (47%). Nearly as many said home growing is more cost-effective than purchasing at dispensaries (43%), while 39% said the quality of the cannabis flower they grow at home is better than store-bought weed.
Opponents of legalizing home cannabis cultivation argue that allowing citizens to grow weed will help fuel the underground cannabis market that persists despite the legalization of regulated sales. Others believe allowing personal cultivation poses a threat to children who may be able to gain access to home gardens.
Cannabis activist Steve DeAngelo
DeAngelo, however, says that cannabis cultivation should have never been outlawed in the first place.
“The right to grow is a natural right. And when I talk about natural rights, I’m talking about the kinds of things that Thomas Jefferson talked about in the Declaration of Independence,” he says. “That we are endowed by our creator with certain unalienable rights. Natural rights pre-existed any government, and any good government, any decent government, is created to protect those natural rights. Mother nature gave us the right to grow cannabis and nobody, no government, no person, no corporation, has the right to take that away from us.”
But in nearly half of the states with legal marijuana, medical cannabis patients do not have the option of growing their medicine at home.
“Out of 38 states that have legalized cannabis for medical or adult-use purposes, 17 of them entirely prohibit home growing,” DeAngelo says. “And this includes places like Illinois and New Jersey and Florida, where massive amounts of cannabis are being grown by large businesses, in Florida in particular. And yet, home growers are subject to ridiculous penalties.”
“Whatever you do in the privacy of your own home is your own business,” he continues. “And if there’s evidence that people are putting cannabis into the stream of commerce without appropriate licensure, then that is a civil matter, and they should be civilly sanctioned for doing business without an appropriate license. But nobody should ever be prosecuted criminally for growing cannabis in their own home.”
Florida
House ethics panel finds Florida congresswoman Cherfilus-McCormick committed 25 violations
WASHINGTON — The House Ethics Committee found Friday that Democratic Rep. Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick of Florida had committed numerous violations of House rules and ethics standards, a ruling that could add weight to Republicans’ push to expel her from Congress.
After meeting for over seven hours Thursday night, an ethics panel composed of four Democrats and four Republicans found that Cherfilus-McCormick had committed 25 ethics violations. The panel said it would recommend a punishment in the coming weeks.
The allegations center around her receipt of millions of dollars from her family’s health care business after the state of Florida made an overpayment of roughly $5 million in disaster relief funds. Cherfilus-McCormick is accused of using that money to fund her 2022 congressional campaign through a network of businesses and family members.
The congresswoman, who is running for a fourth term representing a southeastern Florida district, has denied wrongdoing, and her attorney stridently criticized Thursday’s public hearing — the first open proceeding in nearly 15 years. But the ruling from the Ethics Committee could fuel a potential vote on her expulsion and divide a Democratic Caucus that is trying to make a comeback to power in the November elections.
Cherfilus-McCormick also faces federal charges for allegedly stealing the $5 million in COVID-19 disaster relief funds and using it for purchases like a 3-carat yellow diamond ring. Her brother, former chief of staff and accountant were also charged in the alleged scheme. She pleaded not guilty to those charges, and her attorney indicated Thursday that the trial is expected to start in the coming months.
Florida
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Florida
Audubon Florida leader has built reputation for working across party lines | The Invading Sea
By Issabella Gutierrez
As a child growing up in rural Florida, Julie Wraithmell once stood at the foot of a tall pine tree and watched a woman climb 50 feet into the air to occupy an abandoned eagle’s nest. The woman, Doris Mager, stayed there for a week to raise money for raptor rehabilitation. For young Julie, the “nest-in” became a blueprint for a life in conservation.
In Florida’s often unpredictable environmental policy landscape, Wraithmell has built a reputation for working across party lines.
Today, as the vice president and executive director of Audubon Florida, the state office of the National Audubon Society, she leads the organization’s statewide science and advocacy efforts from her office in Tallahassee. She spends the legislative session in committee hearings and meetings with lawmakers, agency officials and conservation leaders.
Over two decades, she has evolved from a field biologist and self-described “bird nerd” into an influential environmental leader in Florida, navigating a political landscape that can be as unpredictable as any treetop.
A native Floridian, Wraithmell earned a bachelor’s degree in biology from Duke University and a master’s degree in science from Florida State University.
She began her career in 1997 as a biologist at the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, where she worked for eight years and helped launch the Great Florida Birding Trail, a 2,000-mile network connecting more than 500 wildlife-viewing sites.
Wraithmell now oversees 80 Audubon Florida staff members and 45 chapters statewide. Beyond lobbying, she directs habitat restoration strategies and coordinates policy teams focused on land conservation and water quality.
Renée Wilson, a senior communications coordinator at Audubon Florida, described Wraithmell as a “getter-donner” who remains “cool as a cucumber” even when tension runs high in the Capitol.
“She’s not a micromanager,” Wilson said. “She gives you the direction you need, and she’s there if you need a course correction, but she really empowers the staff to follow their passions.”

Her leadership was tested in 2024 and 2025, when proposals surfaced to add golf courses to state parks and to swap protected land at the Guana River Wildlife Management Area for development. Audubon Florida helped generate tens of thousands of public comments and coordinated bipartisan opposition that led to the withdrawal of both proposals.
Elizabeth Alvi, senior director of policy for Audubon Florida, said Wraithmell’s leadership in these sensitive moments is defined by a refusal to be pulled off course by short-term pressure. She added that Wraithmell is widely respected by lawmakers across the aisle.
“People know that when she speaks, it is grounded in science and aligned with a clear organizational priority, not opportunistic positioning,” Alvi said. “That discipline earns respect in the Capitol because it’s consistent and thoughtful.”
Wraithmell often quotes a mentor who told her that advocacy requires “weaving back and forth across the political aisle like sloppy drunks.”
“You might find yourself fighting a legislator over a road project one year, but you have to be ready to partner with that same person on a land conservation bill the next,” Wraithmell said. Holding onto professional grudges, she said, is a luxury the environment cannot afford.
That pragmatism shapes her push for stable funding for Florida Forever, the state’s land acquisition program that has preserved more than 1 million acres. While funding has fluctuated in recent years, she said unstable funding could impede critical habitat purchases as development pressures increase.

In 2010, Wraithmell led Audubon’s response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, advocating for restoration settlement funds to be directed toward coastal bird habitat recovery. Her efforts earned her the Charles H. Callison Award in 2015, the highest honor from the National Audubon Society.
Wraithmell does not shy away from the topic of climate change.
“The ocean is coming for us,” Wraithmell said. “Whether you call it climate change, sea-level rise or flooding, we are seeing the impacts on our shorebirds and our coastal communities right now.”
Under her leadership, Audubon Florida has expanded coastal resilience efforts, including protecting nesting grounds threatened by rising sea levels and promoting nature-based solutions such as wetland restoration and living shorelines. Alvi said many people underestimate how difficult it is to align science, policy timing and organizational reputation simultaneously.
“The most significant win will likely be institutional strength: a conservation movement in Florida that is more strategic, more science-driven and more disciplined in its public engagement,” Alvi said.
When asked to summarize Florida’s environmental story in a single place, Wraithmell pointed to the Everglades. She described it as an ecosystem shaped by historical “screw-ups,” from ditching and draining to the exploitation of birds.
“It’s a site of people coming together and saying, ‘Whoop, we screwed up. Now what are we going to do about it?’” Wraithmell said. “With billions of dollars in investment, we are seeing results.”
Despite the rapid pace of development across Florida, Wraithmell remains optimistic about the future, pointing to volunteers, students, and local advocates who make up the Audubon Florida network.
“Watching kind of the creative magic that they get up to together,” Wraithmell said. “That is what gives me hope for the next decade.”
The little girl watching from the ground is gone. Now, Julie Wraithmell is the one in the treetop, asking young Floridians to climb with her and protect wild Florida.
Issabella M. Gutierrez is a junior majoring in multimedia journalism at Florida Atlantic University. Banner photo: A great egret flies over the Florida Everglades (iStock image).
Sign up for The Invading Sea newsletter by visiting here. To support The Invading Sea, click here to make a donation. If you are interested in submitting an opinion piece to The Invading Sea, email Editor Nathan Crabbe.
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