Austin, TX
From the Archives: Learn 20,000 years of Austin history in 20 minutes
Out on the Austin speaking circuit, I often rely on stock speeches.
One audience favorite: “20,000 years of Austin history in 20 minutes.”
The title, at least, never fails to generate a laugh.
And those 20 minutes are usually followed by 40 minutes of sharp questions.
For the next few “From the Archives” columns, I thought it would be challenging to adapt that speech, built around 10 decisive moments in Austin history. After this introductory column, I’ll roll out each decisive moment, supported by material from our archives, over the course of 10 weeks.
10 decisive moments in Austin history
- The arrival of humans (20,000 years ago): Mike Collins and other archeological experts have dated prehistorical human activity in Central Texas to 20,000 years ago by interpreting artifacts recovered from the Gault Site north of Austin. Why did these Paleo-Indians, forebears of the Native Americans such as the Tonkawa, choose this area? The same reason others have done so since then: abundant food, water, shelter and materials that make life meaningful. Included at the Gault Site, for instance, are tiny art objects.
- The arrival of Europeans and Africans (500 years ago): Spaniard Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and an Arabic-speaking African named Esteban de Dorantes (Estevanico) were among 80 men shipwrecked on the Texas Gulf Coast. Four of them survived and spent the next years exploring the interior. Unlike what was accomplished in South Texas, the Spanish did not make a lasting impact on this part of Central Texas, although they briefly planted missions in the Austin area in 1730. Native Americans, including the Austin-area Tonkawa, still controlled most of the land that the Spanish, French, Mexicans and, later, Americans claimed in Texas until the mid-19th century.
- The arrival of Americans (200 years ago): Led by Stephen F. Austin, American colonists poured into Texas during the 1820s. Many brought along enslaved African Americans, although a few free Black families also immigrated. The colonists settled mainly in the Colorado and Brazos river basins. During the 1830s, they allied with a fair number of Tejanos in rebellion against the central government of Mexico, which led to Texas independence in 1836. Very soon after that, German, Czech and other immigrants took advantage of the newly available land as Native Americans were pushed to the west and north.
- Austin chosen as Republic of Texas capital (1839): A wilderness hamlet formerly named Waterloo, planted on a bluff above the Colorado River, Austin made an unlikely site for a national, much less a purportedly imperial capital. It lay deep within Native American territory without easy links to existing Texas population centers. Yet newcomers embraced its natural beauty, located on rolling prairies and clear creeks east of the “Colorado Mountains.” The urban grid laid out in 1839 still serves the needs of Central Austin nimbly today.
- Arrival of emancipation and railroads (1860-70s): Austin was not a center of slave trade, or for that matter, any trade, unlike Houston or Galveston, but more than 20% of its population was African American when the the Civil War began in 1861. After Texans learned of emancipation on June 19, 1865, many former enslaved people founded “freedom colonies” of independent African American landowners. Their descendants often are counted among the civil rights leaders of the 20th century. On Christmas Day in 1871, the railroad arrived from Houston, revolutionizing the local economy, culture and social life. Without railroads, Austin would not have become a city.
- The University of Texas founded (1883): Although only a few male students matriculated when classes began in temporary quarters, UT quickly became the second defining institution in Austin after government — itself to be represented by the city’s largest building in 1888, the domed Texas Capitol. Its faculty laid the intellectual foundation for the city’s future in science, engineering, technology, law, business, literature, music, movies and the arts. Just as promised in the Texas constitution, UT has become a global force in education, now complemented by a cluster of area colleges and universities.
- The Austin Dam collapses (1900): When the dam across the Colorado River, completed in 1893 out of giant granite blocks, collapsed during one of the city’s devastating floods, it changed the intended course of Austin development. Instead of a manufacturing and distribution center supported by cheap electricity, Austin became the “home city” or “city of homes,” as defined by the leafy neighborhoods — segregated from the 1920s to the 1960s — that surround downtown and what long remained its two major economic engines — government and the university.
- The federal government intervenes (1900s): Few people today recognize the huge impact made by several waves of federal intervention in the city. The feds planted military bases and training camps around Austin during the world wars. They funneled relief money through the capital city during the Great Depression, when federal funding helped pay for bridges, streets, state structures and the UT Tower, along with the Highland Lakes dams that provided crucial protection from the worst floods, while supplying water and electricity as well as recreational opportunities. Then after World War II, the feds turned over to UT a closed magnesium plant north of town that became a research center and the locus of Austin’s high tech boom.
- A distinctive Austin culture flourishes (1960s-2000s): While real wealth arrived for the first time with the tech boom, the city’s creative culture thrived, sequentially, in the fields of music, moviemaking, traditional arts, digital arts and innovative dining. Meanwhile, the political culture gelled during the 1970s as the new antiwar, youth, green, gay, Chicano and women’s movements joined the traditional labor and civil rights groups in a progressive coalition that survives, if uneasily, to this day.
- Austin character matures (now): Cultures were not the only things that evolved. Austin’s collective character, as observed during daily reporting on the scene, can be described as open (to difference, to change, to stasis), smart (not just in the bookish sense), kind (not merely its quickly multiplying nonprofits), fun (the party never stops) and alert (to the world as well as the community). This was not always the case and is still not always the case today. Yet it makes Austin more than just another big city.
Austin, TX
Day Trips: Gifts From All Over Texas • The Austin Chronicle
Holiday gift giving means it’s time for a road trip.
Maceo’s Spice & Import Company (maceospice.com) in Galveston is the perfect destination for the chefs and eaters on your list. Not only is the island city decorated for the holidays, but the 81-year-old specialty shop has an expansive selection of spices and hard-to-find imported foods. The house-made tomato gravy and pesto sauce are highly recommended. While you’re there, treat yourself to a muffaletta sandwich and a bowl of gumbo.
If someone on your holiday gift list is a New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival fan, head to Santo at the intersection of I-20 and U.S. 281. Kennedy’s Sausage Hometown Market (kennedyssausagehtm.com) makes the original Crawfish Monica Sauce (minus the crawfish) from Jazz Fest. The market sells other frozen foods that can be found nowhere else except maybe their other store in Stephenville.
At Santo you’re 16 miles south of Mineral Wells, so drive to the Crazy Water Company for a case of Texas’ original mineral water.
If you can’t make a road trip during the hectic days leading up to the holiday, then shop online. One of the pleasures of traveling Texas is finding the friendly voice of National Public Radio. Small radio stations were hit hard after the elimination of federal funding for public media. For instance, Marfa Public Radio lost a third of its funding. Consider making a gift to one of the 44 public stations in Texas in someone’s name. Or purchase a very cool T-shirt from Marfa Public Radio (marfapublicradio.org) as a way of making a donation.
Want a gift with staying power? Give a personalized brick to support the renovation of the historic Bolivar Point Lighthouse (bolivarpointlighthouse.org). The red brick with their name on it will be used as a paving stone at the lighthouse across the channel from Galveston.

Feliz Navidad, y’all.
1,784th in a series. Everywhere is a day trip from somewhere. Follow “Day Trips & Beyond,” a travel blog, at austinchronicle.com/day-trips.
This article appears in December 12 • 2025.
Austin, TX
Austin honors Black-led groups after yearlong training to tackle homelessness crisis
AUSTIN, Texas — Austin city leaders recognized nine Black-led grassroots organizations on Tuesday after the groups completed a yearlong training initiative designed to strengthen their work serving people experiencing homelessness.
Mayor Kirk Watson called homelessness a true humanitarian crisis in the city of Austin, telling attendees, “I want to say I’m proud to live in a city that cares as much about this issue as we do.” He later added, “We have to do better in Austin, Texas.”
The participating organizations work on the front lines of Austin’s homelessness crisis, including groups like The Pfaith House. Founder Kimberly Holiday said her organization focuses on supporting women and children facing some of the most difficult circumstances. “We have transitional housing in Pflugerville for women and children who are actively fleeing domestic violence and or experiencing chronic homelessness,” she said.
Other honored groups include
- Black Men’s Health Clinic
- Change 1
- The Healing Project
- Hungry Hill Foundation
- Indeed Transitional Outreach Ministry
- My Sister’s Keeper ATX
- Walking by Faith Prison Ministry
- We Can Now
The groups completed a yearlong capacity-building initiative led by the Ending Community Homelessness Coalition, funded by the City of Austin and Indeed, to expand the organizations’ impact. Holiday said the initiative has strengthened collaboration among providers. “I believe strongly that with the cohort we have created an ecosystem to be able to support one another and also an ecosystem for those that we serve,” she said.
ALSO| Texas professors, students express concerns to lawmakers over free speech at universities
KEYE
David Gray, director of Austin’s Homeless Strategies and Operations Department, said the city wanted to invest in the organizations’ growth. “We wanted to invest in them, cultivate their growth and professional development, and help their organizations continue to deliver extremely high impact in our Austin community,” he said.
Gray said the cohort received professional development training from Austin Community College, one-on-one coaching from local business leaders, and lessons on mental health and wellness. “When you have a diversity of providers who are out there each and every day engaging with people, that creates more entry points for folks to come into our homeless response system,” he said.
Holiday said the training helped her turn long-term goals into a reality. “I feel very strongly that it created the infrastructure that I needed to take my vision to action, and we are changing lives.”
City officials say the organizations are now better equipped to reach more people and deliver more support where it’s needed most.
Austin, TX
Supreme Court declines to hear appeal on Texas book ban case that allows officials to remove objectionable books from libraries
AUSTIN, Texas (AP) — The U.S. Supreme Court on Monday declined to hear an appeal on a Texas free speech case that allowed local officials to remove books deemed objectionable from public libraries.
The case stemmed from a 2022 lawsuit by a group of residents in rural Llano County over the removal from the public library of more than a dozen books dealing with sex, race and gender themes, as well as humorously touching on topics such as flatulence.
WATCH: The fight against book bans by public school librarians shown in new documentary
A lower federal appeals court had ruled that removing the books did not violate Constitutional free speech protections.
The case had been closely watched by publishers and librarians across the country. The Supreme Court’s decision to not consider the case was criticized by free speech rights groups.
The Texas case has already been used to ban books in other areas of the country, said Elly Brinkley, staff attorney for U.S. Free Expression Programs at PEN America.
“Leaving the Fifth Circuit’s ruling in place erodes the most elemental principles of free speech and allows state and local governments to exert ideological control over the people with impunity. The government has no place telling people what they can and cannot read,” Brinkley said.
Sam Helmick, president of the American Library Association, said the Supreme Court’s decision not to consider the case “threatens to transform government libraries into centers for indoctrination instead of protecting them as centers of open inquiry, undermining the First Amendment right to read unfettered by viewpoint-based censorship.”
The Texas case began when a group of residents asked the county library commission to remove the group of books from circulation. The local commission ordered librarians to comply and a separate group of residents sued to keep the books on the shelves.
Llano County, about 75 miles (120 kilometers) northwest of the Texas capital of Austin, has a population of about 20,000. It is mostly white and conservative, with deep ties to agriculture and deer hunting.
The book titles originally ordered removed included, “Caste: The Origins of Our Discontent” by Isabel Wilkerson; “They Called Themselves the K.K.K: The Birth of an American Terrorist Group,” by Susan Campbell Bartoletti; “In the Night Kitchen” by Maurice Sendak; “It’s Perfectly Normal: Changing Bodies, Growing Up, Sex and Sexual Health” by Robie H. Harris; and “Being Jazz: My Life as a (Transgender) Teen” by Jazz Jennings.
Other titles include “Larry the Farting Leprechaun” by Jane Bexley and “My Butt is So Noisy!” by Dawn McMillan.
A federal judge ordered the county to restore some of the books in 2023, but that decision was reversed earlier this year by the 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, which covers Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi.
The county at one point briefly considered closing its public libraries rather than return the books to the shelves after the federal judge’s initial order.
In its order on May 23, the appeals court’s majority opinion said the decision to remove a book from the library shelf is not a book ban.
“No one is banning (or burning books). If a disappointed patron can’t find a book in the library, he can order it online, buy it from a bookstore or borrow it from a friend,” the appeals court opinion said.
Llano County Judge Ron Cunningham, the ranking official in the county, did not immediately respond to an email to his office seeking comment.
Hillel Italie contributed from New York City.
A free press is a cornerstone of a healthy democracy.
Support trusted journalism and civil dialogue.
-
Alaska5 days agoHowling Mat-Su winds leave thousands without power
-
Politics1 week agoTrump rips Somali community as federal agents reportedly eye Minnesota enforcement sweep
-
Ohio7 days ago
Who do the Ohio State Buckeyes hire as the next offensive coordinator?
-
News1 week agoTrump threatens strikes on any country he claims makes drugs for US
-
World1 week agoHonduras election council member accuses colleague of ‘intimidation’
-
Texas5 days agoTexas Tech football vs BYU live updates, start time, TV channel for Big 12 title
-
Iowa4 days agoMatt Campbell reportedly bringing longtime Iowa State staffer to Penn State as 1st hire
-
Miami, FL4 days agoUrban Meyer, Brady Quinn get in heated exchange during Alabama, Notre Dame, Miami CFP discussion