Inside the historic Printers Building in downtown Worcester, hundreds of edible mushrooms are proliferating in a former storage room.

Oyster, shiitake and lion’s mane species grow out of sawdust “fruiting” blocks under humidity tents, soon to make their way to people’s plates.

Betting big on the urban mushroom enterprise is the Southeast Asian Coalition of Central Massachusetts. The project, which has received thousands in grant money, aims to combat food insecurity while providing a source of income for the Worcester-based nonprofit that serves Laotian, Cambodian and Vietnamese immigrants and refugees.

Tuyet Tran, the organization’s executive director, is a Vietnam refugee herself. In their native country, her mother was a farmer.

• Read more: A Mass chef’s devotion to mushroom foraging

“I’ve always loved growing things, growing vegetables,” Tran said. “We consider food, especially herbs, as medicine. It comes naturally to us. The idea for the mushrooms really expanded from that notion.”

The coalition’s venture was among two mushroom-centric projects selected in a recent round of grant funding from the Massachusetts Department of Agricultural Resources. The other is at East Boston’s Eastie Farm, an urban agriculture nonprofit working in food security and climate justice.

In both cases, the community organizations wanted to bolster their food offerings to the populations they serve, while also turning a profit by selling the rest to local restaurants and farmers markets.

“There is a lot of interest in mushrooms,” said Kannan Thiruvengadam, Eastie Farm’s director. “They’ve always been of interest to people who do foraging and permaculture because it naturally grows in forests, as long as you know what to harvest and how to harvest it.”

Not all mushrooms are edible, and some are actually poisonous. Others are the psychedelic kind that Massachusetts voters rejected on the November 2024 ballot.

A joke among mushrooms foragers, Thiruvengadam laughed, is that “you can taste any mushroom once.”

‘I want it to grow into a social enterprise’

The fungi-growing catalyst for both Eastie Farm and the Southeast Asian Coalition of Central Massachusetts was the same: the COVID pandemic made them want to boost food security efforts in the face of deep social and health inequities laid bare.

In Worcester, Tran said food is an incredibly important part of their mission, particularly because of the prominence of refugee and homeless populations.

They were already well-connected with local farms and seasonal produce, but the organization wanted to provide a self-sustaining, year round offering. Tran herself had been learning about edible mushrooms at home during the pandemic.

“We wanted to grow mushrooms because it’s part of the diet of Asian folks,” she said.

The coalition’s website tells visitors, “No, we’re not turning people into zombies and, no, we’re not dabbling in the psychedelic arts. What we’re doing is far more magical: growing nutrient-packed mushrooms to nourish our communities and fight food insecurity.”

Mushrooms are said to have powerful health benefits, including anti-cancer and immune-boosting properties. And because of their ultraviolet light exposure, whether it be sunlight or indoor light, they’re a good source of Vitamin D.

Different mushrooms are known for different benefits. Lion’s mane, for example, is touted for brain health, while reishi is known for anti-stress and relaxation effects.

The endeavor started with a $120,000 grant from the Health Foundation of Central Massachusetts, outfitting an old storage room with water, lights, shelving and growing equipment inside the Portland Street building that houses the Southeast Asian Coalition of Central Massachusetts.

Between September and December, they harvested more than 800 pounds of mushrooms. Tran said it’s been quite a learning process, but a welcome — and fun — one.

“I had no idea how hard it was to grow mushrooms,” she said. “You really have to control the environment. The humidity, the temperature, the water misting.”

The mushrooms, which are grown organically, are distributed to families, shelters, senior centers and temples. The goal is to also sell them to local restaurants and farmers markets to make a small profit for the organization.

“We want to be able to sell some, to make some money back, to pay the water and electricity bill,” Tran said. “We can grow a lot. It’s all part of the plan. You start small and move up to higher volume. I want it to grow into a social enterprise.”

Tran hopes a workforce development opportunity will come from it, especially if they get a commercial kitchen for high-volume processing and mushroom drying.

‘Food, farming and education’

At Eastie Farm, $40,000 from the Department of Agricultural Resources will support a build-out of a mushroom production center. It certainly helps that two top staff members are “super excited about mushrooms,” Thiruvengadam said.

Eastie Farm has sites around East Boston where they invite neighbors to grow food together, pick up produce boxes and learn more about the natural environment.

East Boston has the highest percentage of immigrants of any Boston neighborhood. And it’s also one of the most vulnerable communities in the state in terms of pollution and climate change impacts.

In 2022, Eastie Farm debuted a zero-emissions, geothermal greenhouse, thought to be the first of its kind in Massachusetts. Climate resilience is at the core of the organization’s mission, Thiruvengadam said.

“What we’re trying to do here is empower ourselves so we can not only prepare for what is to come, but also address the needs of our people today,” he said. “Food, farming and education.”

During COVID, Eastie Farm rented kitchens that were closed and served more than 5,000 hot meals every week at the height of the pandemic.

The nutrient-rich mushrooms will be a piece of the farm’s ongoing food security efforts. They’ll be used in meals and CSA boxes, and likely make their way to restaurants at market-rate price.

“Most of what we do really comes from what we hear in the community and what the youth express to us as interest,” Thiruvengadam said. “The mushroom farm will be a space for young people to learn how things work and what does nature grow. How to process safely, how to cook and consume, how to do new things.”

Wanna get away?

It appears that many Bay Staters want to as Massachusetts remains stuck in the basement for one-way U-Haul customer moves — with southern states leading the way in attracting residents.

Massachusetts was again ranked the second worst state for one-way U-Haul movers last year, coming in 49th on the U-Haul Growth Index. California ranked last, 50th, for the fifth year in a row.

While the Bay State is in the bottom two states, a state agency spokesperson told the Herald there are signs that the out-migration trend is “reversing” — and added that Gov. Maura Healey’s administration “aims to build on this momentum by continuing our work to make Massachusetts more affordable and grow our economy.”

U-Haul growth states are ranked by their net gain — or loss — of U-Haul customers over the past year. This stat is calculated by comparing each state’s one-way arrivals that originated in other states, with its one-way departures that were destined for other states.

The Bay State’s one-way arrival percentage last year was 48% and its departure percentage was 52%.

The U-Haul 49th state ranking for Massachusetts compares to the 2015 ranking of 36th place — when the arrival percentage was 49.9% and the departure percentage was 50.1%.

The top U-Haul growth states last year were southern states: South Carolina, Texas, North Carolina, Florida and Tennessee.

“State-to-state transactions from the past year reaffirm customer tendencies that have been pronounced for some time,” said John Taylor, U-Haul international president. “Migration to the Southeast and Southwest continues as families gauge their cost of living, job opportunities, quality of life and other factors that go into relocating to a new state.

“Out-migration remains prevalent for a number of markets across the Northeast, Midwest and West Coast — and particularly California,” Taylor added.

Looking at year-over-year changes, U-Haul arrivals into Massachusetts fell 3.5% while departures fell 4%, as overall moving traffic slowed last year.

“U-Haul’s 2024 report saw departures from Massachusetts decline at a faster rate than arrivals to Massachusetts,” a spokesperson for the Massachusetts Executive Office of Economic Development said in a statement.

Some of the leading growth cities in Massachusetts include: Boston, Quincy, Wilmington, Fall River, Plymouth, Fitchburg, Leominster, Hyannis, East Falmouth, Kingston, Franklin, Ayer, Upton and Westfield.

The bottom 10 states on the U-Haul list are: California, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Louisiana, Michigan, Maryland, and Connecticut.

“While U-Haul rankings may not correlate directly to population or economic growth, the U-Haul Growth Index is an effective gauge of how well states and cities are attracting and maintaining residents,” U-Haul wrote about the rankings.

This report comes in the wake of data from the Census Bureau that shows Massachusetts continues to lose a significant number of residents to out-migration.

While Census Bureau population estimates show an increase of 18,481 people in 2023, that was largely thanks to an influx of 50,000 new foreign immigrants.

In 2023, an estimated 184,534 individuals over a year old left Massachusetts for other states, while 145,021 relocated here from other states. On net, the Bay State lost 39,513 domestic residents.

“During the COVID-19 pandemic, Massachusetts experienced an increase in domestic net outmigration consistent with an overall national trend of heightened migration during the pandemic,” a spokesperson for the Massachusetts Executive Office of Economic Development said in a statement. “Recent data, including from the Census Bureau and U-Haul, show that this trend is reversing.

“U-Haul’s 2024 report saw departures from Massachusetts decline at a faster rate than arrivals to Massachusetts,” the spokesperson added. “Data released in December by the Census Bureau show Massachusetts’ population grew by 1%, equal to the national growth rate, and that domestic outmigration in 2024 has declined by 50% from the 2022 level and is now on par with pre-pandemic levels.”

In 2023, the destination states that welcomed the greatest net number of Bay Staters were Florida, Maine, New Hampshire, New York, and South Carolina. Massachusetts lost net residents to every other New England state including Connecticut, a state known for its high cost structure and taxes.

Florida has consistently been one of the states to which Massachusetts loses the greatest number of individuals. From 2010 to 2023 (excluding 2020), Massachusetts experienced a net loss of 90,372 people to Florida — a figure exceeded only by New Hampshire, which saw a net gain of 98,879 relocating Bay Staters. Maine was also a popular destination, with a net total of 62,557 residents relocating there during that period.

“Migration numbers continue to be a major cause for concern for state policymakers, especially as more reliable data from the IRS, using tax returns, shows that more high-income and young filers (26–34) are leaving, bringing their wealth and future tax dollars with them,” Pioneer Institute wrote.

“Recent polls of both important demographics find no easing of this trend,” the research group added. “To make Massachusetts more competitive and attractive to current and potential residents and employers, Massachusetts needs to do more to lower its overall cost structure. Affordability solutions from growing the housing supply, easing tax burdens, and improving public transportation must be considered.”

Originally Published: January 4, 2025 at 6:18 PM EST