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Four out of five cities and towns in Massachusetts added residents between 2023 and 2024, with the state’s population rising 1.9% since 2020, according to new Census Bureau estimates, offering a counterpoint to fears of decline.
While experts credit immigration for the growth, they caution it may be short-lived as federal policies grow more restrictive.
“When you look at statewide figures as longer term trends, immigration has been saving our butts,” said Peter Ciurczak, a senior research analyst at Boston Indicators.
In 2024, according to a summary by UMass Amherst based on Census Bureau data, approximately 90,000 international immigrants arrived in Massachusetts from abroad, compared to roughly 27,500 domestic migrants who left Massachusetts.
From July 1, 2023, to 2024, the state population increased by 69,603 people, representing an increase of just under 1%, the most significant rise in annual percentage the state has seen in over a decade.
The annual estimates of the resident population for cities and towns in Massachusetts from April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2024. Data is from the U.S. Census Bureau.
| City / Town | 2023 Population | 2024 Population | Number of residents gained | Percent Difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boston | 664,603 | 673,458 | 8,855 | 1.3% |
| Worcester | 209,211 | 211,286 | 2,075 | 1% |
| Cambridge | 119,315 | 121,186 | 1,871 | 1.6% |
| Woburn | 42,083 | 43,895 | 1,812 | 4.3% |
| Revere | 58,966 | 60,702 | 1,736 | 2.9% |
| Lynn | 101,868 | 103,489 | 1,621 | 1.6% |
| Stoneham | 23,098 | 24,550 | 1,452 | 6.3% |
| Newton | 89,261 | 90,700 | 1,439 | 1.6% |
| Lowell | 119,153 | 120,418 | 1,265 | 1.1% |
| Quincy | 102,304 | 103,434 | 1,130 | 1.1% |
Population growth is essential because it leads to increased federal appropriations for funding resources and greater representation in Congress.
However, with new federal immigration policies slowing down border crossings, cutting research grants that sponsor international students, and even revoking student visas outright, experts say that the next round of numbers in the fall should come as no surprise if they decline.
“It’s hard to say where we’re going to wind up,” said Ciurczak. “I think we’re in uncharted territory in terms of all of the potential impacts.”
Mark Melnik, director of economic and public policy research at UMass Donahue Institute, agrees, saying, “Immigration drives so much of the story in Massachusetts.”
Following the COVID-19 pandemic, policymakers expressed concerns that the state’s population was declining due to domestic outmigration, primarily among young adults, and a decrease in immigration resulting from COVID-19 restrictions.
Foreign-born workers have driven nearly 80% of the state’s labor force growth since the 1990s.
So the increase in outmigration and slowdown in immigration was a “double whammy,” said Melnik.
The annual estimates of the resident population for cities and towns in Massachusetts from April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2024. Data is from the U.S. Census Bureau.
| City or Town | 2023 Population | 2024 Population | Population Difference | Percent Difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Concord | 18,273 | 18,092 | -181 | -1.0% |
| Barnstable | 49,958 | 49,831 | -127 | -0.3% |
| Dennis | 14,962 | 14,862 | -100 | -0.7% |
| South Hadley | 18,104 | 18,031 | -73 | -0.4% |
| Pittsfield | 43,193 | 43,121 | -72 | -0.2% |
| Northampton | 31,384 | 31,315 | -69 | -0.2% |
| Amherst | 41,049 | 40,989 | -60 | -0.1% |
| Sandwich | 20,555 | 20,507 | -48 | -0.2% |
| Southampton | 6,223 | 6,181 | -42 | -0.7% |
| Easthampton | 16,057 | 16,020 | -37 | -0.2% |
The increase in population also comes with a caveat — some of the numbers may be skewed slightly due to the method the Census Bureau used to interpret the data.
The Census Bureau made revisions in December to improve the representation of humanitarian migrants by incorporating additional data in proportion to where immigrants have historically settled.
As a result, Massachusetts, a significant destination for immigrants, appeared to experience an increase in its total population.
There was no surprise in seeing that places that tend to host a lot of immigrants, such as Boston, Cambridge, and gateway cities, also experienced an uptick in population relative to other parts of the state.
But Melnik believes that once the numbers are revised, the total will decrease.
Massachusetts has a demographic problem, Melnik said. It has a relatively low birth rate and is an aging state. It is also a highly educated state, with the highest proportion of the population holding a college degree in the nation. The state also has the highest female labor force participation rates.
When all of this adds up, it means later family formations, smaller household sizes, and lower birth rates.
Immigration is a key part of replenishing the population and the labor market, Melnik said.
On a side note, demographic maps outlining the shift in populations by county in the state show that during the pandemic, people moved away from major cities into the western portions of the state and to the Cape and Islands.
That trend has since reversed course, Melnik said, and is back to levels seen before the pandemic.
Ciurczak said people move for opportunities. People are moving to Massachusetts to improve their lives, their families, and their economic situations. And Massachusetts has a lot going for it, especially in the knowledge economy and schools.
Concerns over slowing or declining population growth are troublesome, he said.
“It’s hard to say population growth isn’t beneficial generally, and … to our economy and our culture and to the diaspora of citizens who come here,” Ciurczak said.
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Norman Rockwell painted Stockbridge so often that the real Main Street now looks like one of his canvases come to life. That is the trick these Massachusetts towns pull off. A whaling-era cobblestone lane on Nantucket and a Revolutionary common in Concord do the same thing in different accents. Each one packs its best landmarks into a few blocks you can cover on foot. The eight New England streets here all sit under 50,000 residents and earn their reputation the honest way.
Fewer than 2,000 people live in Stockbridge, yet its Main Street may be the most recognizable in the state. Credit Norman Rockwell, who lived here and painted the view down the street so many times it lodged in the national memory. The white clapboard buildings, the old inns, and the big shade trees are all still right where he left them, and people still use them.
The Red Lion Inn has welcomed guests on this corner since 1773, and its long front porch is the street’s anchor in every sense. A short walk away, the Norman Rockwell Museum holds the largest collection of his work and even his relocated studio. Naumkeag adds a Gilded Age cottage with terraced gardens climbing the hillside. Come December, the town recreates Rockwell’s famous “Main Street at Christmas” scene with vintage cars parked along the curb, which is about as close as a real place gets to stepping into a painting.
Edith Wharton built her dream house just outside Lenox, and the writer’s eye for proportion seems to have rubbed off on the whole town. The center is small enough to park once and walk, with bookshops, cafes, and galleries shoulder to shoulder under the trees. Under 10,000 people live here, and the place wears its Berkshire elegance lightly.
The Mount, Wharton’s 1902 estate, runs as a house museum and public garden and hosts readings and outdoor events all summer. Ventfort Hall, a Jacobean-style mansion built for a sister of J.P. Morgan, fills in more of the Gilded Age story. Just up the road, Tanglewood draws crowds every July and August as the summer home of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, so a quiet shopping street can be ten minutes from a world-famous concert lawn. Few towns this size balance that kind of culture against that little traffic.
On April 19, 1775, the shot heard round the world was fired a short walk from where Concord shoppers now buy their morning coffee. That is the strange gift of this town. Its pretty village center sits below 20,000 residents, and its old houses, churches, and civic buildings look calm until you remember what happened among them.
Minute Man National Historical Park preserves the battle road and the fields where colonial militia turned back British regulars. Old North Bridge marks the spot itself, with Daniel Chester French’s Minute Man statue standing guard. Concord also raised more than its share of writers, and Louisa May Alcott’s Orchard House, where she wrote “Little Women,” still opens for tours. Two miles south, Walden Pond holds the woods Thoreau made famous, an easy swim or walk that closes the loop between the town’s history and its quieter ideas.
The streets in Marblehead’s Old Town were laid out for foot traffic and fishing nets, not cars, so they bend and narrow and dead-end at the water. The town tops 20,000 residents now, but the historic core feels far older and more intimate. Washington Street and the lanes around it run past brick sidewalks and preserved houses, with the harbor flashing into view between rooftops.
The Jeremiah Lee Mansion, a grand Georgian house built in 1768 for the wealthiest merchant in colonial Massachusetts, still keeps its original hand-painted English wallpaper. Old Burial Hill rises above town with weathered colonial gravestones and one of the best harbor views around. Abbot Hall, the brick town hall with the clock tower, houses the original “Spirit of ’76” painting. Walk the waterfront and the reason for the whole town becomes obvious. Marblehead grew up facing the sea, and it never turned away.
Federal-era sea captains built their fortunes at the mouth of the Merrimack, and their three-story brick blocks still line the streets of downtown Newburyport. The Main Street feeling here spreads across several streets rather than one. Under 20,000 residents keep the center humming, with shops and restaurants filling old facades right down to the riverbank.
Market Square and State Street form the heart of it, a tight grid of brick that survived a great fire and a wave of 1970s urban renewal to come out the other side intact. The Custom House Maritime Museum, set in a granite 1835 building, tells the port’s seafaring story. Waterfront Park gives you a bench and a view of the boats. A few miles out on Plum Island, the Parker River refuge at Joppa Flats turns the same trip into prime birdwatching, so a downtown afternoon can end with herons instead of storefronts.
A plain red fishing shack on a granite pier may be the most painted building in America, and it sits right in Rockport’s harbor. Locals call it Motif No. 1, after an art teacher who got tired of seeing his students paint it. The town runs under 10,000 residents and folds its best parts into a few tight blocks by the water.
Main Street leads to Bearskin Neck, a skinny peninsula crammed with galleries, candy shops, and lobster shacks that ends with the open Atlantic. Front Beach puts sand and water within a short stroll of the shops. The Shalin Liu Performance Center, opened in 2010, built a concert hall with a wall of glass behind the stage, so the ocean becomes the backdrop for a string quartet. You can wander from a storefront to a harbor view to a gallery without ever breaking stride.
Great Barrington wired the first downtown in the world lit entirely by alternating current, back in 1886, and the place has kept that forward lean ever since. Under 10,000 residents fill a center that feels genuinely busy, with restaurants, bookstores, and galleries spread along Main Street and Railroad Street. It looks like an old Berkshire town and behaves like a young one.
The Mahaiwe Performing Arts Center, a restored 1905 theater, books films, concerts, and live broadcasts year-round. The Housatonic River Walk threads a half-mile greenway along the water right behind Main Street, the work of volunteers who spent decades clearing a once-polluted bank. Just outside town, Monument Mountain offers a short climb to a quartzite ridge and a long view over the Housatonic River valley, the same trail Herman Melville and Nathaniel Hawthorne hiked together in 1850.
Whaling money built Nantucket’s Main Street, and the cobblestones laid to keep wagon wheels out of the mud are still there to rattle your suitcase. The island stays well under 50,000 year-round residents even at the height of summer. Brick sidewalks, weathered shingles, and window boxes give the downtown the texture of an old port rather than a new outdoor mall.
The Whaling Museum, set in an 1847 candle factory, explains how a small island once lit the lamps of the world, right down to a full sperm whale skeleton. Brant Point Lighthouse marks the harbor entrance and ranks among the most photographed beacons in New England. Straight Wharf keeps the working waterfront within steps of the shops, and the Oldest House, built in 1686, anchors the streetscape in the island’s first century. Every detail down to the gray shingles seems to point back to the same seafaring story.
What ties these eight together is not a shared look but a shared honesty. Stockbridge and Lenox lean on Berkshire culture, Concord carries the weight of 1775, and Great Barrington keeps reinventing itself. Marblehead, Newburyport, Rockport, and Nantucket all grew up facing salt water and never lost the habit. The best Main Streets here are not stage sets. They are working downtowns that happen to be worth a long, slow look.
No single person in Massachusetts bears more responsibility for denying voters the right to cast a ballot than inept Attorney General Andrea Campbell.
No rent control? Blame Campbell.
No state income tax cut? Blame Campbell.
No audit of the state Legislature? Blame Campbell.
Again and again Campbell has screwed up or worse, been complicit, leaving Bay State voters without the ability to exercise their right to decide important issues.
No amount of fawning pieces in the Boston Globe or publicity-seeking lawsuits against President Trump can cover up that fact.
She is a disaster. Unfortunately we have to suffer through another four years of her bonehead decision-making because Republicans in Massachusetts are just as inept at fielding viable candidates.
Massachusetts voters had the best chance in two decades this fall to establish rent control with a referendum question capping rent increases at 5%. Polls showed the ballot question with a solid advantage.
But Campbell, a liberal Democrat, allowed language on the question giving exemptions from the rent limits to religious institutions, which in Massachusetts violates the Constitution. The Supreme Judicial Court voted unanimously to kick the referendum question off the ballot.
This was not a case of political decision-making on Campbell’s part, since Democrats favored the rent control question. It was purely a rookie botch job, and a huge one at that, which will have major ramifications for renters, who will now be denied a much needed break from astronomical increases.
A simple reading of the Constitution should have caused Campbell to flag the question, and get the rent control advocates to strike the religious exemption. She admitted after she “got it wrong” — which is of no help to the renters in this state.
Apparently following the law, as Martin Short’s synchronized swimmer character would say, is not the Attorney General’s strong suit.
A similar error — or possibly an insidious political move — on Campbell’s part also blocked voters from getting a chance at lowering the state income tax from 5% to 4%.
The referendum question clearly had majority support, but was strongly opposed by Democrats like Campbell who argued it would have led to unconscionable cuts in social service programs to make up for the lost tax revenue.
Campbell okayed fatally flawed language in the ballot question which again caused the SJC to punt it off the ballot. This one may not have been just a simple mistake, but a possible deliberate act by Campbell to poison the question.
Politics again played a role in Campbell’s moves around a 72% voter-approved legislative audit by Auditor Diana DiZoglio. By not enforcing the new law, Campbell is flagrantly keeping DiZoglio from auditing the books of the despised, free-spending Legislature.
Campbell — rather than do her job — will not represent DiZoglio in her efforts to secure the audit, but authorized her to seek outside counsel, which will cost millions.
So on one hand saying she’ll enforce the law, she’s done everything she can to block it.
So what does Campbell do exactly? She has sued the Trump administration 50 times already, on a pace to exceed even Gov. Maura Healey’s lawsuits against Trump back when she was AG.
And she rarely ventures outside her Dartmouth, Mass. manse. Far from being the people’s lawyer, she stands against the people’s will.
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