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Crystal Guzman is a scholar at School of the Atlantic.
In the USA, bringing visitor staff from different nations to work agricultural jobs is nothing new. In 1942, The Bracero Program was born out of fear about labor shortages in low-paying agricultural jobs throughout World Battle II. As an answer, a sequence of bi-lateral agreements between the USA and Mexico gave tens of millions of Mexican males short-term agricultural labor contracts. Moderately than confronting the deeper drawback of the annoying working situations and low wages, the band-aid answer was to convey keen staff from Mexico. From 1942 till the top of this system in 1964, staff signed 4.6 million contracts. Most of the time, the work was extremely strenuous, with staff going through exploitation and racial discrimination whereas growers profited from the infinite provide of low-cost labor.
Right here in Maine, the agricultural season has begun, and migrant staff are arriving to work on farms throughout the state as a part of the H-2A program.
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The H-2A Momentary Agricultural Employees Program is one other visitor employee program that’s extremely much like the Bracero Program. The H-2A program permits employers to rent staff from different nations (primarily Mexico) to work momentary or seasonal agricultural jobs so long as the employer can certify they weren’t capable of finding U.S. staff to finish the work and that hiring visitor staff won’t hurt the wages and dealing situations of staff in the USA. Whereas there are protections in place to keep away from exploitative practices throughout the program, the employers nonetheless maintain a lot energy over the visitor staff. H-2A visas are restricted to at least one employer, which means the employer holds all bargaining energy as they resolve whether or not the employee can keep in the USA, which staff can come to the USA, and whether or not the employee can proceed to come back to the U.S. sooner or later.
Centro de los Derechos del Migrante (Heart for Migrant Rights), a company that gives migrant staff authorized, instructional, and coverage assets, accomplished a research by which 100 H-2A visitor staff have been interviewed to be taught extra about their lives as braceros. Authors discovered experiences of wage theft, sexual harassment, discrimination, and well being and security violations by their employers.
Whether or not or not it’s The Bracero Program or the H-2A visa program, there’s a cycle of severely mistreating migrant staff on the expense of bountiful, low-cost labor. Moreover problems with maltreatment, there may be the extra systemic drawback of farms feeling stress to scale up and produce extra, which results in the necessity for extra labor. The prevalence of exploitation in agricultural labor, whereas disheartening, is no surprise given the truth that farmworkers have been overlooked of the Honest Labor Requirements Act and the Nationwide Labor Relations Act handed within the Thirties. The exclusion of farmworkers shows the deep-seated racism as farmworkers on the time of the New Deal have been primarily African-American, and Southern congressman needed to guard the plantation system run within the South.
In Maine, there have been makes an attempt by state consultant Thom Harnett to right a few of these wrongs via two payments he fought to get authorized. One invoice would have allowed farmworkers in Maine to prepare for the aim of collective bargaining, and the opposite would have made agricultural staff topic to state wage and hour legal guidelines, which means staff could be coated by state minimal wage necessities and could be paid time beyond regulation as staff in different sectors are. Sadly, neither invoice grew to become regulation. These payments might have been concrete steps towards higher defending migrant farmworkers in Maine, however there may be nonetheless a lot work to do.
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Because the folks that provide invaluable labor and assist Maine farmers develop meals, migrant farmworkers deserve the rights and protections that each different job receives.
Erik Stevenson was fouled making a 3-pointer and completed the four-point play with 3.5 seconds left to lift the Capital City Go-Go to a 96-93 win over the Maine Celtics on Sunday at the Portland Expo.
Stevenson finished with 36 points for Capital City. Ruben Nembhard Jr. added 13 points. 14 rebounds and seven assists, while Michael Foster Jr. had 14 points.
Ron Harper Jr. had 21 points and six rebounds for the Celtics. JD Davison added 11 points and 10 assists, while Baylor Scheierman finished with 16 points and six rebounds. Drew Peterson scored 18 for Maine.
This story was originally published in December 2022.
Jerry Galusha and his best friend, Doug Cooke, share a friendship that dates back to 1984, when they were living in Rangeley and were introduced by mutual friends.
Over the years, they have often gone fishing or deer hunting, activities they both have enjoyed immensely.
“The relationship that we have is just unbelievable,” Galusha said. “We’ve had some really amazing adventures.”
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This fall, Galusha was confronted with a heart-wrenching task. He would take Cooke into the woods, one last time, in search of a big buck.
The difference was that this time they would not be walking the tote roads and trails together. Instead, Galusha would be carrying Cooke’s cremains in his backpack.
Cooke died on Sept. 5 at age 61 after a long struggle with renal failure. Galusha said after 40 years of dialysis or living with a transplanted kidney, Cooke opted to cease treatment and enter hospice care when his third transplant failed.
Doctors had originally told Cooke he would be lucky to celebrate his 30th birthday. Thus, he tried all his life to avoid getting too emotionally attached to people. He seldom asked anyone for favors.
Cooke and Galusha hadn’t seen each other much in recent years as Galusha focused on raising a family. But in late August, Cooke left a voicemail for Galusha explaining that he planned to enter hospice care.
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Cooke told Galusha he didn’t need to do anything, but wanted him to know. He did not want to become a burden to anyone else.
“His body was telling him that he’s had enough,” Galusha said. “He couldn’t golf. He couldn’t play his guitar. He hadn’t been hunting in years.”
The late Doug Cooke of Rangeley is shown with a buck he shot many years ago. Cooke’s best friend, Jerry Galusha, is honoring Cooke’s last wishes by taking his ashes on hunting and fishing excursions. Credit: Courtesy of Jerry Galusha
Galusha couldn’t let it end like that. In spite of Cooke’s reluctance to have his old friend see him in such poor health, he went to visit him.
But as Cooke faced his own mortality, he asked one favor of Galusha.
“He said, ‘Promise me one thing, could you please, just one time, take me in to Upper Dam to go fishing before you dump my ashes?’” Galusha said.
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The dam separates Mooselookmeguntic (Cupsuptic) Lake and Richardson Lake north of Rangeley. It was a favorite spot of theirs, one Cooke introduced to Galusha, who grew up in New York.
“He really loved the wilderness and Rangeley,” Galusha said of Cooke, who was a Vermont native.
Galusha immediately said yes but, knowing how much Cooke also enjoyed hunting, he didn’t feel as though the fishing trip was enough to adequately honor his friend.
“I said, I’m going to take you for the whole deer season, every time I go,” Galusha said. “He looked at me and started crying and said, ‘That would be so awesome.’
“It was hard. We cried and hugged each other,” he said.
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When Galusha went deer hunting near his home in Rangeley during the third week of November — a week the two buddies often spent together over the years — he tried his best to make it like old times.
Galusha spared no effort. He carried the cardboard urn containing Cooke’s cremains inside a camouflage can, which was wrapped with a photo showing Cooke posing with a nice buck he had harvested many years earlier.
He also packed Cooke’s blaze orange hat and vest, along with his grunt tube, compass, doe bleat can, deer scents and a set of rattling antlers.
Galusha chronicled the events of each hunting day by posting to Cooke’s Facebook page, complete with observations, recollections and photos.
Lots of deer were seen and there was one encounter with a buck, but after missing initially, Galusha refused to take a bad shot as the deer was partially obscured by undergrowth.
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“I just did what Doug would have done. He’s not going to shoot and I wasn’t going to shoot,” Galusha said.
He spoke reverently about Cooke’s resilience through the years in the face of his constant battle with health problems, which included not only kidney failure, dialysis and transplants, but four hip replacements and, eventually, a heart attack.
Jerry Galusha carried the cremains of his best friend, Doug Cooke, along with several items of Cooke’s hunting gear, on hunts this fall. Credit: Courtesy of Jerry Galusha
The arrival of muzzleloader season provided one more week to hunt. On Friday, Dec. 2, Galusha walked more than 3 miles along a gated road to an area where he had seen deer a week earlier.
That got him off the beaten track, away from other potential hunters, something Cooke would have appreciated.
“He wasn’t afraid to go do stuff,” Galusha said. “It might take us a little bit longer, but he didn’t care.”
Galusha, who still often refers to Cooke in the present tense, said he vocalized some of his reflections while in the woods. He saw eagles, which he thought might be Cooke keeping an eye on him.
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“I talked to him a lot,” Galusha said, who also enjoyed telling the handful of hunters he encountered that he was not out alone, rather with his friend.
He then explained the story of his promise to Cooke and reverently removed the urn from his pack to show them.
When Galusha finally saw the buck, it wasn’t quite close enough. He uses one of Cooke’s favorite tactics to coax the deer closer.
Galusha tried the grunt tube, and then the doe bleat can, but the deer didn’t seem to hear it. Then, he blew harder on the grunt tube and finally got the buck’s attention.
“I irked one right in, that’s what Doug would say,” said Galusha, recalling Cooke’s affection for using the alternating calls.
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The spikehorn turned and walked directly at Galusha, who shot it.
“I cried,” he said of the moment, recalling that Cooke had been there when he shot his first antlered deer, also a spikehorn.
During the long drag back to his truck, Galusha had plenty of time to think about how much Cooke would have enjoyed the hunt — and watching him make the drag.
At one point, a crew of loggers had approached.
“I was pointing to the sky saying, ‘We got it done,’ shaking my hand,” Galusha said. “A guy came up behind me and said, ‘You all set?’ and I’m like, yup.”
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Cooke and Galusha had lived together for 10 years at one point, but they also had gone long periods without talking with each other. Even so, whenever they were reunited it was as if they had never been apart.
The last few visits were difficult. Cooke’s health was failing, but Galusha just wanted to be there for his buddy.
“It was emotional,” said Galusha, who was present when Cooke died. “I held his hand to his last breath.”
Next spring, hopefully when the fish are biting and the bugs aren’t, Galusha will grant Cooke — who he described as a fabulous fisherman — his final wish by taking him fishing at Upper Dam, just like they used to do.
“I’m thinking maybe around his birthday [July 19]. It might be sooner, depending on how buggy it is,” said Galusha, who expects to make more than one excursion with Cooke.
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Galusha said he will know when it’s time to say goodbye.
“I really don’t want to let him go, but I promised him I would, so I will,” he said.
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