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The history of Connecticut’s spending cap, explained

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The history of Connecticut’s spending cap, explained


For more than 30 years, one of the single largest factors shaping Connecticut’s budget has been its spending cap.

Legislatures and governors have trimmed countless programs to stay under the cap, crafted several maneuvers to circumvent it, and — on some occasions — exceeded it in a very public and legal fashion.

Here’s what you need to know about the cap that some officials love, others hate, and everyone has voted to keep in place, at least through 2028.

The spending cap first was enacted as a companion to the new income tax in 1991.

Legislators, anticipating public outrage over the new broad-based state income tax, enacted a statutory system that capped most areas of state spending based on formulas tied to annual growth in household income and inflation. Officials can use which metric allows the most growth in any given year.

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And to assure voters these new controls were here to stay, lawmakers also endorsed a constitutional amendment mandating a cap on the 1992 election ballot.

A cap in statutory form could easily be repealed or revised simply with the passage of another law. But an amendment only can be removed or modified with another amendment.

More than 80% of Connecticut voters approved the constitutional amendment mandating a spending cap.

But the 1992 amendment didn’t spell out the full cap system. It set out the basics. General budget expenditures would be controlled in some way involving income growth and inflation. Payments on bonded debt would be cap exempt.

The amendment added that it would be up to the General Assembly to define the details by law.

By 1993, the General Assembly hadn’t yet implemented a new constitutional cap. That year, then-Attorney General Richard Blumenthal wrote in an opinion that legislators, having neglected to create a new system, had made the original, statutory cap into the constitutional cap by default.

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Legislators and governors have routinely struggled to live within the cap’s limits.

The original version of the spending cap allowed for the legislature and governor to legally exceed it if the governor declares a state of emergency and receives approval by a three-fifths vote from both the House and the Senate.

During the tenure of Gov. John G. Rowland, who served from 1995 until he resigned in 2004, the legislature used that mechanism multiple times to spend surplus dollars near the end of a fiscal year.

By the mid-2000s, growing pension costs and modest economic growth were making it harder to live with the cap.

In both 2005 and 2007, Gov. M. Jodi Rell and legislators launched new biennial budgets that legally exceeded the cap from the first day of the fiscal cycle. That tactic had not been used before and has not been used since.

This was done to bolster new initiatives for health care, social services and municipal aid.

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In 2015, then-Attorney General George Jepsen ruled that the statutory cap is unenforceable.

Jepsen disagreed with Blumenthal and ruled that the 1991 statutory cap did not carry the full weight of a constitutional amendment — rather, it was simply a law that could be repealed or amended at any time (such as, for example, by passing a budget that went over the spending cap’s limits.)

He said legislators can’t implement a spending cap amendment by default; rather, they must proactively implement one. The constitutional cap actually had never been fully established by the legislature.

In 2017, legislators passed a more stringent spending cap, and used a new tactic called “bond lock” to protect it from tampering.

As majority Democrats struggled to adopt a new state budget in what would become a nine-month-long struggle, Republicans would agree to help craft a bipartisan compromise.

One of the GOP’s conditions was a tighter series of fiscal guardrails. The new spending cap would eliminate an older exemption for aid to poor communities, and would phase out another exemption for contributions to pension funds.

But while Democrats and Republicans wanted to ensure future legislatures couldn’t easily repeal this new cap, neither side wanted to attempt another constitutional amendment.

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They found their solution in the billions of dollars Connecticut borrows annually by issuing bonds on Wall Street. The money is used to fund initiatives like road and highway projects, municipal school construction and capital projects at public colleges and universities.

Those bonds include covenants that spell out interest rates, how funds will be repaid, and other details. These covenants effectively are contracts between the state and its investors, and, typically, one legislature cannot simply revise a contract established by previous lawmakers.

Lawmakers wrote into those bond covenants that their new fiscal guardrails would remain in place and, with limited exceptions, not be adjusted for five years.

The guardrails were bond locked into place through June 30, 2023. Last February, the legislature unanimously voted to extend the guardrails with a 10-year provision that the legislature can abandon after five years by passing a resolution.

Keith M. Phaneuf and Gabby DeBenedictis are reporters for The Connecticut Mirror (https://ctmirror.org/ ). Copyright 2024 © The Connecticut Mirror.

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Gov. Lamont responds to President Trump’s decision to “undo” full SNAP benefits

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Gov. Lamont responds to President Trump’s decision to “undo” full SNAP benefits


As some states, including Connecticut, are issuing full SNAP benefits to recipients, the Trump administration is now saying those efforts need to be rolled back.

That’s according to a Department of Agriculture memo during the ongoing government shutdown.

As the government shutdown continues to drag on, the court battle over the lapse in federal funding of SNAP benefits remains front and center.

“There has been no other time in which SNAP benefits have been suspended due to government shutdown,” Brian Marks, a University of New Haven business professor, said.

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As it plays out, Connecticut is among the few states moving ahead with using state funds to give full SNAP payments to recipients for November. Marks says the move by Governor Ned Lamont is notable, as he’s seen as a fiscal moderate.

“Governor Lamont is being thoughtful and considerate about those who need and trying to transfer funds where he can and where he has the authority,” he said.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture says that needs to stop after the Supreme Court issued a pause on a federal district court order telling the Trump administration to fully fund SNAP.

In a memo issued late Saturday, the USDA says the extent states had sent full SNAP payments for this month was “unauthorized” and says they must “immediately undo” those steps. It says failure to comply could result in actions such as the USDA holding states financially responsible over sending the full payments and cancelling federal cost-sharing of SNAP with them.

Governor Lamont responded to the memo saying the state didn’t need to take back SNAP funds saying in a statement:

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“No, Connecticut does not need to take back SNAP benefits already sent to the 360,000 people who depend on them for food and who should have never been caught in the middle of this political fight. We continue to assess what impact this memo may have, but those who received their benefits should not worry about losing them. We have their back.”

Connecticut Republican Party chairman Ben Proto released a statement pushing for the government to reopen saying in part:

“It’s time for the Democrats to come to their senses, including Ned Lamont and other Democrat governors and to push their Democrat senators to vote for the continuing resolution and fund the government and SNAP & WIC and then sit down and negotiate a new budget. To paraphrase President Obama, it is irresponsible for the Democrats to threaten default, to threaten an economic shutdown, to suggest America not pay its bills to keep struggling families from being able to purchase groceries just to try to blackmail a president into giving them some concessions. The financial and economic problems the people of CT face are from the failed economic policies of CT Democrats and Senators Blumenthal and Murphy’s total failure to protect their constituents.”

Professor Marks says as the debate continues, SNAP recipients will remain caught in the middle.

“It’s clear our elective federal representatives need to come forward and figure out a way to eliminate the shutdown and get this government moving again,” he said.

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Late fumble recovery clinches UConn’s 37-34 come-from-behind win over the visiting Duke

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Late fumble recovery clinches UConn’s 37-34 come-from-behind win over the visiting Duke


The hard lessons from earlier in the 2025 season set the stage for the most memorable win for the UConn football team.

Three losses by a total of 13 points stood between the Huskies and an undefeated record heading into Saturday’s clash with ACC title-contending Duke at Rentschler Field. A touchdown in the final two minutes and a game-clinching fumble recovery lifted UConn to a 37-34 win over Duke in front of the Huskies’ largest home crowd since 2013.

“It is the culmination of the lessons we learned this year from the close games that we have had. I think it is a testament to the will of our young men, the trust that they have in each other,” UConn coach Jim Mora said. “They could easily have played that game and said enough is enough, especially late in the fourth quarter. I think if we hadn’t had the failures we had in the two-minute drives earlier in the year, maybe we would have had the success we had tonight.”

UConn quarterback Joe Fagnano was 6 for 7 on the drive that ended with a 19-yard touchdown pass to Skyler Bell with 1:58 left. After a review, Fagnano’s two-point conversion run was good to put the Huskies up 37-34.

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Duke was driving to try to force overtime, but UConn’s Bryun Parham stripped Duke quarterback Darian Mensah of the ball and Trent Jones recovered to secure UConn’s second win over an ACC team this season.

“I just knew I had to make it and just do my job,” Parham said. “I had to make the play. It was surreal. I’ve always wanted to make a play like that.”

Duke scored on its first two drives in the second half. Nate Sheppard had a 3-yard scoring run. The Blue Devils took the lead as Mensah rolled out and found Landen King in the corner of the end zone on fourth-and-goal from the 1.

UConn converted on a fake punt to set up a 3-yard scoring run by Cam Edwards with 10:48 remaining to put UConn ahead 29-28.

Fagnano threw for 311 yards and three touchdowns for UConn (7-3). Bell finished with 11 catches for 87 yards and two scores, and Reymello Murphy added 110 yards receiving.

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Bell’s biggest celebration came when the defense made its biggest play of the 2025 season.

“I was jumping for joy, I almost had a cramp,” said Bell, who went over 1,000 yards receiving early in the game and set the program record for touchdown catches in a season. “I was jumping (like) crazy. The defense came up big.”

Mensah threw for 222 yards with three touchdowns and two interceptions for Duke (5-4). Sheppard rushed for 100 yards and two scores. However, Duke coach Manny Diaz pointed to the mistakes that were too much to overcome.

“The quarterback (Fagnano) is the real deal,” Diaz said. “”We were well aware of that. It was a loss that in all three phases that we made too many mistakes.”

UConn’s defense came up with a pair of interceptions in the first half — both leading to Chris Freeman field goals as the Huskies led 20-14 at halftime.

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The takeaway

Duke: The Blue Devils are minus-nine in turnover margin in their four losses this season.

UConn: Fagnano has not thrown an interception this season. He did have his pass picked off on a two-point play with 10:48 left to play. It does not count as an interception since it happened on a special teams conversion attempt.

Up next

Duke: Hosts Virginia on Saturday.

UConn: Hosts Air Force on Saturday.

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Beloved Waterfront Restaurant To Close, Owners Announce Unexpectedly: CT News

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Beloved Waterfront Restaurant To Close, Owners Announce Unexpectedly: CT News


On the weekend, we present some of the top stories and headlines from all across Connecticut. You can also find your local Patch and catch up on those stories by clicking here.

“We are deeply grateful for your support and loyalty throughout the years. Thank you from the bottom of our hearts,” the restaurant said.>>>Read More.


“I want to reaffirm our department’s unwavering commitment to protecting the welfare of all members of our community…” the police chief said.>>>Read More.


Police, schools, and state DCF investigating after a parent reported their child was given “medicine” that made them drowsy.>>>Read More.

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The teacher sued the school district in Connecticut after being disciplined for having a crucifix in her classroom. A judge has made a ruling in the case.>>>Read More.


According to the warrant, a family member suspected that the accused was “siphoning” money from the man and then $137,000 was noticed as a balance on two credit cards.>>>Read More.


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