News
2024 Was the Most Intense Year for Tornadoes in a Decade
In late April, a slow-moving storm over Texas and Oklahoma spawned an outbreak of 39 tornadoes. That event was just a fraction of the more than 400 tornadoes reported that month, the highest monthly count in 10 years. And the storms kept coming.
Through November, there were more than 1,700 tornadoes reported nationwide, preliminary data shows. At least 53 people had been killed across 17 states.
Monthly accumulated tornadoes
Not only were there more tornadoes reported, but 2024 is also on track to be one of the costliest years ever in terms of damage caused by severe storms, according to the National Center for Environmental Information. Severe weather and four tornado outbreaks from April to May in the central and southern United States alone cost $14 billion.
We will not know the final count of this year’s tornadoes until next year — the data through November does not yet include tornadoes like the rare one that touched down in Santa Cruz., Calif., on Saturday. That’s because confirming and categorizing a tornado takes time. After each reported event, researchers investigate the damage to classify the tornado strength based on 28 indicators such as the characteristics of the affected buildings and trees. Researchers rate the tornadoes using the Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF) from 0 to 5.
But 2024 could end with not only the most tornadoes in the last decade, but one of the highest counts since data collection began in 1950. Researchers suggest that the increase may be linked to climate change, although tornadoes are influenced by many factors, so different patterns cannot be attributed to a single cause.
The year’s worst storms
In May, a mobile radar vehicle operated by researchers from the University of Illinois measured winds ranging 309 to 318 miles per hour in a subvortex of a tornado in the outskirts of Greenfield, Iowa. The event, an EF4, was among the strongest ever recorded.
NASA tracked the line of destruction of the tornado over 44 miles.
Image by Vexcel Graysky, May 28, 2024.
NOAA estimated the damage caused by the Greenfield tornado to be about $31 million. While most tornadoes this year were not as deadly or destructive, there were at least three more EF4 storms, described by NOAA as devastating events with winds ranging from 166 to 200 miles per hour. These violent tornadoes caused severe damage in Elkhorn-Blair, Neb., and in Love and Osage Counties in Oklahoma.
Here are the footprints of 1,644 buildings in the United States that were destroyed or severely damaged by tornadoes this year, according to data from FEMA and Vexcel, a private company that uses aerial imagery to analyze natural disasters.
While losses from tornadoes occur on a regular basis every year, extreme events such as hurricanes can also produce tornadoes with great destructive capacity. In October, more than 40 tornadoes were reported in Florida during Hurricane Milton, three of them category EF3. According to the The Southeast Regional Climate Center, EF3 tornadoes spawned by hurricanes had not occurred in Florida since 1972.
A vulnerable region
Tornado detection systems have improved, especially since the 1990s, allowing scientists to count tornadoes that might have gone undetected in previous years, said John Allen, a climate scientist focused on historic climatology and analysis of risk at Michigan State University. That plays a role in the historical trend showing more tornadoes in recent decades.
Confirmed tornadoes in each county from 2002-22 compared with 1981-2001
Change in tornado activity
While this year’s worst storms were concentrated in the Midwest, many counties across the South have seen an increase in tornado activity in the past 20 years, compared with the prior two decades. These same counties’ demographic conditions, including low incomes and large mobile home populations, make them especially vulnerable to major disasters.
“It only takes an EF1 to do significant damage to a home, an EF2 would throw it all over the place,” Dr. Allen said.
Prof. Tyler Fricker, who researches tornadoes at the University of Louisiana, Monroe, said we will inevitably see more losses in the region.
“When you combine more intense tornadoes on average with more vulnerable people on average, you get these high levels of impact — casualties or property loss,” Dr. Fricker said.
“If you have enough money, you can protect yourself,” he added. “You can build out safe rooms. You can do things. That’s not the case for the average person in the Mid-South and Southeast.”
The C.D.C. identifies communities in need of support before, during and after natural disasters through a measure called social vulnerability, which is based on indicators such as poverty, overcrowding and unemployment. Most counties in Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana and Mississippi are both at high risk by this measure and have experienced an increase in tornadoes in the last 20 years, relative to the 1980s and 1990s.
County risk vs. change in tornado activity
In the states with the most tornadoes this year, most counties have better prepared infrastructure for these kinds of events.
Source: C.D.C. and NOAA
Note: Change in tornado activity compares tornado counts from 2002-22 with 1981-2001.
Stephen M. Strader of Villanova University, who has published an analysis of the social vulnerabilities in the Mid-South region and their relationship to environmental disasters, said the most vulnerable populations may face a tough year ahead. While two major hurricanes had the biggest impact on the region this year, La Niña will influence weather patterns in 2025 in ways that could cause more tornadoes specifically in the vulnerable areas in the South.
Although not completely definitive, NOAA studies suggest that EF2 tornadoes, which are strong enough to blow away roofs, are more likely to occur in the southeastern United States in La Niña years.
“Unfortunately, a La Niña favors bigger outbreaks in the southeast U.S.,” Dr. Strader said. “So this time next year we might be telling a different story.”
Sources and methodology
Damage costs estimates of tornado-involved storms as reported by NOAA as of Nov. 22.
Building footprints and aerial imagery are provided by Vexcel. The first map shows preliminary tornado reports from January through October 2024, the latest available data from NOAA.
Historical tornado records range from 1950 to 2023 and include all EF category tornadoes as reported by NOAA. The historical activity change map counts tornadoes in each county from 1981 to 2001, and that number is subtracted from the total number of tornadoes recorded in each county from 2002 to 2022 to get the change in the most recent 20 years compared to the previous 20.
The Social Vulnerability index is based on 15 variables from the U.S. Census and is available from the C.D.C..
News
Bobby Cox, One of Baseball’s Top Managers, Dies at 84
Bobby Cox, the Baseball Hall of Fame manager who led the Atlanta Braves to five National League pennants and a World Series championship in the 1990s and was ranked No. 4 for career victories among major league managers, died on Saturday in Marietta, Ga. He was 84.
The team announced the death but provided no further details. Cox had a stroke in 2019 that impaired the use of his right arm.
Cox himself was a major league player whose career consisted of two seasons, mostly at third base, with the Yankees in 1968 and 1969. He batted .225 overall in 220 games and was hampered by knee problems.
He found his niche as a manager, mostly for the Braves in two stints surrounding a stretch with the Toronto Blue Jays. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2014 as “one of the most successful managers in history” for steering the Braves to dominance in the 1990s.
Cox’s 2,504 victories in 29 seasons have been exceeded only by three others: Connie Mack, with 3,731, managing the Philadelphia Athletics for 50 years, followed by John McGraw with 2,763 and Tony La Russa with 2,728. Cox was voted manager of the year four times by the Baseball Writers’ Association of America.
Cox’s Braves boasted strong pitching, most notably from the Hall of Famers Tom Glavine, Greg Maddux and John Smoltz. His Atlanta teams won division championships 14 consecutive times, from 1991 to 2005, a players’ strike having curtailed the 1994 season.
But they didn’t capture his lone World Series championship until 1995, when they defeated the Cleveland Indians in six games, with the clincher coming on a 1-0 victory behind Glavine’s one-hitter and David Justice’s sixth-inning home run.
The Braves were bested in the Series by the Minnesota Twins in 1991, the Blue Jays in 1992 and the Yankees in 1996 and 1999.
After the Braves captured the 1995 Series title, Cox expressed resentment over frequent references in previous years to his never having reached baseball’s pinnacle.
“That’s all they ever talk about,” he told The New York Times. “Fran Tarkenton never won a Super Bowl. He’s one of the greatest quarterbacks ever. He talks about having a little luck occasionally, too.”
Cox regarded himself as a players’ manager and was well liked by his teams.
“I can get on a player, and have, as good as anybody in the world,” he told The Times during the 1999 World Series. “But certainly, when we leave, we understand each other, and it hasn’t been printed and nobody knows about it. At least most of the cases.”
Robert Joe Cox was born on May 21, 1941, in Tulsa, Okla., and grew up in Selma, Calif., near Fresno. His father, J.T. Cox, was an electrician for a pump company, and his mother, Willie Mae (Hendrix) Cox, was a store clerk.
Bobby played for his high school baseball team, and the Los Angeles Dodgers’ organization signed him in 1959 as an amateur free agent. He remained in the minor leagues until the Yankees obtained him in a December 1967 trade from the Braves’ organization. He debuted in the major leagues the following year.
Cox managed in the Yankee farm system from 1971 to 1976. He then became the Yankees’ first-base coach under the manager, Billy Martin, in 1977 when the team defeated the Dodgers in the World Series.
He replaced Dave Bristol as the manager of the floundering Braves in 1978. The Braves’ only winning season under Cox came in 1980, when they were 81-80. He was fired after the strike-shortened 1981 season.
He had better success managing the Blue Jays, which had entered the American League as a 1977 expansion team. He took them to 99-62 record in 1985, though they lost to the Kansas City Royals in the seven-game league championship series after taking a 3-to-1 game lead.
Cox was fired afterward, then served as the Braves’ general manager from 1985 to 1990. During that tenure, he drafted third baseman Chipper Jones, another future Hall of Famer, and traded for Smoltz.
Cox replaced Russ Nixon as the Braves’ manager in June 1990 while remaining as general manager. John Schuerholz took over the front office after that season, and they proved to be a highly successful tandem.
While 1995 was a triumphant season for Cox, he was in the news in connection with a troubling family matter in May of that year. His wife, Pamela, called the police to their home after they had argued the night following a game. The police said she told an officer that her husband had hit her in the face. Cox was arrested on a battery charge, then quickly released on $1,000 bail.
The next day, at a news conference arranged by the Braves, Pamela Cox retracted the allegation. Under a court arrangement, Cox enrolled in anger-management counseling, and his wife attended a program for battered women. Early in September, upon completion of those obligations, the charge against Cox was dismissed.
He and his wife, Pamela (Boswell) Cox, had three daughters. He also had five children from an earlier marriage, to Mary Xavier, that ended in divorce. A complete list of survivors was not immediately available.
Cox retired as the Braves’ manager following the 2010 season but continued to serve as an adviser. He also became an executive with a bank in the Rome, Ga., area.
Apart from the wins-losses column, Cox set a record for an arcane statistic, having been ejected from 162 games long before managerial challenges of most questionable calls could be settled by video replays, avoiding chest-to-chest arguments.
Most of the time, Cox was protecting his players from ejections by shouldering their anger, and there were evidently no hard feelings on the part of the umps.
“The umpires have the utmost respect for Bobby Cox,” the umpire Richie Garcia told The Associated Press in 2007. “What happens one night isn’t carried over to the next.”
As the umpire Bob Davidson put it, “If I was a ballplayer, I’d want to play for Bobby Cox.”
News
Bobby Cox, Hall of Fame manager of Atlanta Braves, dies at age 84
Former Atlanta Braves manager Bobby Cox waves to the crowd as he is introduced at a ceremony to open the Braves’ new stadium before a baseball game against the San Diego Padres, April 14, 2017, in Atlanta.
John Bazemore/AP
hide caption
toggle caption
John Bazemore/AP
ATLANTA — Bobby Cox, the folksy manager of the Atlanta Braves whose teams ruled the National League during the 1990s and gave the city its first major title as well as World Series trips that fell short, has died. He was 84.
The Atlanta Braves announced Cox’s death Saturday; details weren’t immediately available. Cox had a stroke in 2019.
“Bobby was the best manager to ever wear a Braves uniform. He led our team to 14 straight division titles, five National League pennants, and the unforgettable World Series title in 1995. His Braves managerial legacy will never be matched,” the Braves said in a statement.
Cox took over a last-place team in June 1990 and led the Braves to a worst-to-first finish in 1991, losing the World Series to the Minnesota Twins in seven games. That was the start of what was to be a record 14 consecutive division titles, a feat no professional team in any sport had accomplished.
He managed the Braves for 25 years and led Atlanta to its only World Series title in 1995, retired after the 2010 season and was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2014.
“Bobby was a favorite among all in the baseball community, especially those who played for him. His wealth of knowledge on player development and the intricacies of managing the game were rewarded with the sport’s ultimate prize in 2014 — enshrinement into the Baseball Hall of Fame,” the Braves said.
As of Saturday, Cox ranks fourth all-time with 2,504 wins, fifth with 4,508 games, first with 15 division titles including a record 14 in a row, first with 16 playoff appearances and fourth with 67 playoff victories.
Only Connie Mack, John McGraw and Tony La Russa had more regular-season wins than Cox. His 158 regular-season ejections also was the most among managers.
“He is the Atlanta Braves,” catcher Brian McCann said in 2019. “He’s the best.”
McCann described Cox as an “icon” and “one of the best human beings any of us have ever met.”
The Braves retired Cox’s No. 6 jersey in 2011, when he joined the team’s Hall of Fame.
Cox spent 29 seasons as a major league manager, including four with Toronto. He managed 16 postseason teams. He brought an old-school approach to the dugout. He always wore spikes and stirrups, and his fatherly demeanor inspired loyalty from his players.
News
The New Harvard Trend? Getting Punched in the Face.
Her opponent at the Babson fight night was her Harvard teammate Muskaan Sandhu, 18, a freshman, who had sparred before. No one likes getting hit, Ms. Sandhu said, but she liked learning that she could take a punch.
It made her feel she could do anything. “After the fight, I never felt so capable in my life,” she said.
Modern life — lived on screens or amid the constant distraction of screens — can feel isolating. She sees boxing as a way to engage with people. “You feel really human,” she said. “You feel a connection with the person you’re fighting. Like we’re in this together.”
Mr. Lake said he intended for Harvard’s club to join the National Collegiate Boxing Association, a nonprofit that provides structure and safety rules. The N.C.B.A. represents about 840 athletes, an 18 percent increase from a year ago, said the group’s president, George Chamberlain, who coaches the University of Iowa’s boxing club.
The well-attended fight night at Babson, which also included boxers from Brandeis University, reflected the growing interest.
Before it began, a volunteer passed out waiver documents. Most of the boxers immediately flipped to the end and signed. Mr. Jiang, of Harvard, appeared to be the only one who read it.
He was a mixed martial arts fan who resolved to try a combat sport in college. “I like the technique side of it,” Mr. Jiang said of boxing, “the science behind the sport.”
His fight plan, he explained, was to control the action with his jab and occasionally throw the right hand, to maintain good defense and try to tire out his opponent.
It seemed a solid strategy — though, as the heavyweight Mike Tyson famously noted, everyone has a plan until they get punched in the face.
-
Cleveland, OH5 minutes ago10 Takeaways from Cavs Game 4 win over Pistons: Cleveland shows they can match Detroit’s physicality
-
Austin, TX11 minutes agoLetter to the editor from Texas emeritus professor on Dell donation
-
Alabama17 minutes agoAlabama mom sentenced to life for hiring hitman to kill her child’s father over custody dispute
-
Alaska23 minutes agoAlaska Republicans reelect Carmela Warfield as party chair
-
Arizona29 minutes agoWhere to watch New York Mets vs Arizona Diamondbacks: TV channel, start time, streaming for May 10
-
Arkansas35 minutes agoArkansas’ data race | Arkansas Democrat Gazette
-
California41 minutes agoAfter exile, California tribes could help run their ancestral redwoods again
-
Connecticut53 minutes ago
Alicia (Plikaitis) Helen Junghans Obituary