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Wisconsin family farms increasingly relying on off-farm employment to supplement income

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Wisconsin family farms increasingly relying on off-farm employment to supplement income


The economic relationship between Wisconsin family farms and the rural communities that surround them is changing.

UW-Madison agricultural and applied economics professor Steve Deller said that smaller farms are struggling to generate enough income to support themselves, so families are more often turning to off-farm employment to help pay the bills.

Deller said this represents a reversal from the historical dynamic of the farm, where the agricultural operations were supporting the rural communities around them.

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He joined WPR’s “Wisconsin Today” to share his latest research on the decline of family farms in the state and how nearby towns and villages support them.

The following was edited for clarity and brevity.

Kate Archer Kent: What kind of declines are you seeing in Wisconsin farms?

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Steve Deller: We’re seeing, basically, consolidation. Farms are getting bigger. It’s economies of scale. There was a period in the 1980s and 1990s where it kind of stabilized a little bit, but we’re seeing that pattern of further consolidation returning.

What they’re doing is, they’re selling the herds off to other, larger farms, furthering the consolidation. So the number of milking cows is actually relatively stable. It goes up and down a little bit, but what we’re seeing is that more and more of that herd is being concentrated in fewer, larger farms. 

KAK: How is this affecting jobs and the need for off-farm employment to support farms?

SD: The traditional thought is that, for a healthy rural economy, you have to have healthy agriculture. The flow of economic benefits goes from the farm to the rural communities. But when you start to look at the financing of the farm family or the farm household, the data is really suggesting something very, very different. 

Historically, someone would get a job off-farm primarily to get health insurance. Increasingly, that off-farm income is keeping the farm afloat. It’s keeping the family afloat, and because the family is now financially stable, because of that off-farm income, the farm is able to continue to operate.

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KAK: Are there enough reliable off-farm jobs available in surrounding rural communities?

SD: If you start to look at a reasonable commuting distance, it really kind of opens up a lot of opportunities. And when you get into many of these rural communities, there’s still labor shortages. We’ve been generating more jobs than we have people for years. So the opportunity for off-farm employment is actually pretty good, particularly if you’re willing to drive a little bit.

KAK: How should this trend influence public policy for these rural communities?

SD:  I think the takeaway from this research is that we have to think about the relationship between the farm and rural communities differently.

The policy implication is that, if you want to maintain a farming economy — maintain those family farms, those medium sized, intermediate sized farms — you have to make sure that there’s good-paying, off-farm employment that has good benefits.

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So the idea is that now we have to look at this more holistically, and we have to look at how farming and the local business community work together more.

KAK: What do we lose when we lose the small family farm?

SD: I think it’s part of our culture. I think it’s part of the way that we view ourselves. From a purely economic perspective — if I put my cold-hearted economist hat on — these really small farms don’t impact the local economy that much. But it’s a cultural dimension. It’s part of who we are. There’s pride in it. It’s part of our identity.

Also, if you look at things like farmers markets, a lot of the local foods are from these smaller farms. So if we want to maintain local food systems, in order for those farms to maintain, there has to be off-farm income.



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Wisconsin defense lawyers argue conviction in Oshkosh boat crash should be overturned

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Wisconsin defense lawyers argue conviction in Oshkosh boat crash should be overturned


OSHKOSH (WLUK) — The state defense lawyers association argues the judge made a mistake in allowing a Winnebago County jury to hear the case against Jason Lindemann, who crashed his power boat into a cruise boat.

Lindemann was sentenced to five months in jail and three years on probation and ordered to perform 150 hours of community service as a result of the July 9, 2022, crash between his powerboat and the On The Loos paddlewheel cruise boat. He was also ordered to pay $11,702.79 in restitution. The crash injured more than a dozen people.

Lindemann has appealed, claiming he drove his boat like “every boater does” and that the evidence doesn’t support the convictions. Prosecutors replied it believes Lindemann’s conviction should be upheld. Lindemann’s reply brief due is due April 14, then the appeals court will review the case and issue a ruling. That’s expected to take several months.

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Surveillance video of a July 9, 2022, boat crash on the Fox River in Oshkosh. (Courtesy Winnebago County Sheriff’s Office)

On Tuesday, the Wisconsin Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers filed what’s known as a ‘friend of the court’ brief, offering its input on the issue of jury selection.

Brief from the Wisconsin Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers arguing for Jason Lindemann’s conviction in an Oshkosh boat crash to be overturned.

Click here to view the PDF file

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It noted the extensive publicity on case, from the day of the crash, onwards.

“WACDL submits that a careful analysis of precedent, and a realistic assessment of the pretrial publicity at issue, require that prejudice be presumed. Lindemann’s community was sufficiently against him that drawing his jury from Winnebago County violated his due process rights. The circuit court thus erred in denying his request for a change of venue, and reversal is warranted,” wrote attorney Megan Sanders.

The brief also argues the judge’s faith in voir dire — the juror screening and selection process — was “unfounded,” given the case’s publicity.

It argues the convictions should be overturned.

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“There is an effective solution for the due process problem at issue here. Case law supports it, Lindemann sought it, and the State — after explaining its concerns about proceeding in Winnebago County — declined to contest his request. Under these circumstances, and with no cogent rationale for keeping the case in Oshkosh, the circuit court erred in denying Lindemann’s motion for a change of venue,” the brief states.



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John Blackwell’s Wisconsin teammates comment on his departure

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John Blackwell’s Wisconsin teammates comment on his departure


A pair of John Blackwell’s former teammates wasted no time expressing how they felt about his departure.

The Wisconsin Badgers men’s basketball squad took a huge hit on April 6 when its star point guard announced he’d be entering the transfer portal.

Blackwell posted a farewell message that received mixed reactions, but both Nolan Winter and Austin Rapp expressed their gratitude for getting to play alongside the Michigan native.

“My brother!! Coming into college with you, it’s meant everything to do it by your side. Through all the ups and downs we went through, I won’t forget a second of any of it… go do what you do JB. For life,” Winter wrote.

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Rapp added, “Gonna miss big bro, appreciate this year with you John Blackwell.”

Winter has been with the Badgers since the 2023-24 season, the same year Blackwell joined the program. Rapp, the Portland transfer, only was able to spend one year with Wisconsin’s guard who averaged just shy of 20 points per game.

Badgers fans are still awaiting decisions from Winter and Rapp, though neither has indicated they’ll be continuing their collegiate careers elsewhere.

Contact/Follow @TheBadgersWire on X (formerly Twitter) and like our page on Facebook to follow ongoing coverage of Wisconsin Badgers news, notes and opinion.





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DPI report highlights difficulties retaining teachers in Wisconsin

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DPI report highlights difficulties retaining teachers in Wisconsin


Nearly one-third of people who complete teacher training never enter the classroom in Wisconsin, and nearly half of the people who do become teachers leave the profession within eight years.

That’s according to a new report from the state Department of Public Instruction that uses data from the 2023-24 school year. It highlighted ongoing challenges with retention even as overall staffing levels at schools remain relatively stable.

The report showed the number of teachers in Wisconsin has remained steady at 64,354 in the 2022-23 school year and 63,956 in the 2023-24 school year. But it also highlighted challenges retaining mid-career teachers due to compensation declines over the last decade and a half.

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State Superintendent Jill Underly attended a roundtable in Green Bay Monday with K-12 leaders and educators from northeast Wisconsin to talk about ways to boost teacher recruitment and retention in Wisconsin. 

When districts lose educators, Underly said it results in larger class sizes, fewer courses being offered, less individual support for students and a loss of experience in the teaching labor market. 

“We have to focus on keeping great educators in our classrooms,” she said. “They need to feel supported, they need to feel connected and they have to have opportunities to grow.”

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Of the more than 5,256 people who completed a teaching training program in the state in 2023-24, around 30 percent, or 1,688, did not become teachers in Wisconsin. 

For those who entered the teaching profession, only 52.6 percent were still working in Wisconsin classrooms by their eighth year on the job, the report says. For special education teachers, the retention rate was only 43.2 percent. 

Underly and others who spoke during the roundtable said compensation is a major reason teachers are either leaving the profession or leaving the state.

According to the report, the total compensation for people entering their 15th year of teaching in 2024 was 22 percent less than it was in 2010 when adjusting for inflation. For teachers entering their 30th year, it was 13 percent less.

In inflation-adjusted dollars, the median teacher compensation in the state in 2010, including salary and benefits, was $110,722. By 2024, that number fell to $88,106.

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Underly said low pay means some teachers have to work second jobs to stay in the profession.

“We’re asking a lot of these individuals to work multiple jobs when a job like teaching is so important and so highly valued in our communities,” Underly said. “We’re burning these individuals out, so they do make these choices five (to) eight years in. That’s when we’re losing them.”

Kewaunee School District Superintendent Scott Fritz and Green Bay Area Public School District Superintendent Vicki Bayer participate in an educator workforce roundtable on Monday, April 6, 2026. Joe Schulz/WPR

Andrea Huggett, a middle school math teacher in the Green Bay Area Public School District, said compensation is a major factor. She said she’s “absolutely” been tempted to leave teaching because she could make more money in another profession.

“I’m not in it for the compensation. I’m in it to make a difference,” she said. “But that is a huge factor in my day-to-day life. I have a family, I have a home, I have a mortgage, I have insurance that’s costing more each year, and it’s a big factor in a lot of people’s decisions.”

Mai Vang, director of recruitment and talent development for the Green Bay Area Public School District, said compensation is one of the harder problems for districts to address and is not something that “one person or one school district” would be able to solve. 

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Underly said Wisconsin’s “public schools are severely underfunded,” limiting the ability of districts to address the compensation issue. She said the most recent state budget did not include any new general aid to school districts, which requires schools to do more with less. 

“That really puts the burden on the school district, which then puts the burden on local taxpayers to have to pass a referendum,” she said.

Kewaunee School District Superintendent Scott Fritz said his district has not passed an operational referendum but has had to make budget cuts in recent years to try to ensure teachers receive fair compensation.

“We made that choice because we want to continue to have funding so that we can pay our teachers a competitive rate,” he said. “I can’t compete with where Green Bay is at, but I want to be able to compete with school districts our size.”



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