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Wisconsin family farms increasingly relying on off-farm employment to supplement income

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Wisconsin family farms increasingly relying on off-farm employment to supplement income


The economic relationship between Wisconsin family farms and the rural communities that surround them is changing.

UW-Madison agricultural and applied economics professor Steve Deller said that smaller farms are struggling to generate enough income to support themselves, so families are more often turning to off-farm employment to help pay the bills.

Deller said this represents a reversal from the historical dynamic of the farm, where the agricultural operations were supporting the rural communities around them.

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He joined WPR’s “Wisconsin Today” to share his latest research on the decline of family farms in the state and how nearby towns and villages support them.

The following was edited for clarity and brevity.

Kate Archer Kent: What kind of declines are you seeing in Wisconsin farms?

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Steve Deller: We’re seeing, basically, consolidation. Farms are getting bigger. It’s economies of scale. There was a period in the 1980s and 1990s where it kind of stabilized a little bit, but we’re seeing that pattern of further consolidation returning.

What they’re doing is, they’re selling the herds off to other, larger farms, furthering the consolidation. So the number of milking cows is actually relatively stable. It goes up and down a little bit, but what we’re seeing is that more and more of that herd is being concentrated in fewer, larger farms. 

KAK: How is this affecting jobs and the need for off-farm employment to support farms?

SD: The traditional thought is that, for a healthy rural economy, you have to have healthy agriculture. The flow of economic benefits goes from the farm to the rural communities. But when you start to look at the financing of the farm family or the farm household, the data is really suggesting something very, very different. 

Historically, someone would get a job off-farm primarily to get health insurance. Increasingly, that off-farm income is keeping the farm afloat. It’s keeping the family afloat, and because the family is now financially stable, because of that off-farm income, the farm is able to continue to operate.

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KAK: Are there enough reliable off-farm jobs available in surrounding rural communities?

SD: If you start to look at a reasonable commuting distance, it really kind of opens up a lot of opportunities. And when you get into many of these rural communities, there’s still labor shortages. We’ve been generating more jobs than we have people for years. So the opportunity for off-farm employment is actually pretty good, particularly if you’re willing to drive a little bit.

KAK: How should this trend influence public policy for these rural communities?

SD:  I think the takeaway from this research is that we have to think about the relationship between the farm and rural communities differently.

The policy implication is that, if you want to maintain a farming economy — maintain those family farms, those medium sized, intermediate sized farms — you have to make sure that there’s good-paying, off-farm employment that has good benefits.

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So the idea is that now we have to look at this more holistically, and we have to look at how farming and the local business community work together more.

KAK: What do we lose when we lose the small family farm?

SD: I think it’s part of our culture. I think it’s part of the way that we view ourselves. From a purely economic perspective — if I put my cold-hearted economist hat on — these really small farms don’t impact the local economy that much. But it’s a cultural dimension. It’s part of who we are. There’s pride in it. It’s part of our identity.

Also, if you look at things like farmers markets, a lot of the local foods are from these smaller farms. So if we want to maintain local food systems, in order for those farms to maintain, there has to be off-farm income.



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Wisconsin

Wisconsin shooter’s baby-faced accomplice breaks silence after being accused of plotting attack that killed two

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Wisconsin shooter’s baby-faced accomplice breaks silence after being accused of plotting attack that killed two


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The babyface California man accused of helping a Wisconsin teenager plan a school shooting that took the lives of a student and a teacher has broken his silence.

Alexander Paffendorf appeared by video in a collared shirt and tie in court on Friday to face the consequences of his actions, without detailing his role in the Abundant Life Christian School shooting on December 16.

He said he was ready for a hearing on whether a restraining order confiscating his guns and ammunition should remain in place, and expressed remorse for his actions.

Police have said Paffendorf admitted to federal agents that he had been messaging school shooter 15-year-old Natalie Rupnow about attacking a government building with a gun and explosives while she carried out the attack at the small Christian school.

Shortly afterwards, neighbors told CBS 8 they saw more than a dozen police cars enter the apartment complex where Paffendorf lives on Tuesday night and saw officers coming out of the building carrying what was described as a ‘black gun box.’

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Paffendorf has not been charged with any wrongdoing, but an attorney for the city of Carlsbad told Judge Devon Lomayesva that he was under criminal investigation.

A detective also told the judge the FBI is expected to conclude its investigation within two to three months – prompting Lomayesva to delay consideration on the restraining order.

He explained that it was in Paffendorf’s best interest to delay the hearing, as he is under criminal investigation but did not have an attorney present.

Alexander Paffendorf appeared by video in a collared shirt and tie in court on Friday to face the consequences of his actions

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He allegedly admitted to agents that he had been messaging 15-year-old Natalie Rupnow (pictured) about attacking a government building with a gun and explosives

He allegedly admitted to agents that he had been messaging 15-year-old Natalie Rupnow (pictured) about attacking a government building with a gun and explosives

The ruling keeps the order to confiscate Paffendorf’s weapons in effect through April 4, as police continue their investigation into the school shooting and Paffendorf’s role.

Authorities have previously said Rupnow entered Abundant Life Christian School with two handguns – but only used one to carry out the attack, which took the lives of 14-year-old student Rubi Patricia Vergara and 42-year-old teacher Erin Michelle West. 

Police then received a call at 10.57am, and officers arrived just seconds later.

By 11.05, officers found Rupnow wounded as they recovered her weapon. 

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She was later pronounced dead on the way to the hospital as fire department workers cared for at least six other victims, whose injuries ranged from minor to life-threatening.

A motive for the shooting still remains unclear, with police saying they do not know whether anyone was specifically targeted in the attack as some have suggested.

Police, along with the FBI, are now scouring online records and other resources, as well as speaking with the shooter’s parents and classmates in an attempt to determine a motive for the shooting.

Authorities were also seen raiding the Rupnows’ Wisconsin home following the tragedy.

The school shooting also took the life of 14-year-old Rubi Patricia Vergara
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Rupnow shot and killed 14-year-old student Rubi Patricia Vergara and 42-year-old teacher Erin Michelle West before turning the gun on herself on December 16

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A motive for the shooting at Abundant Life Christian School (pictured) remains unclear

A motive for the shooting at Abundant Life Christian School (pictured) remains unclear

Investigators are trying to determine whether Rupnow’s parents, Jeff and Melissa, had any involvement or contributed to Natalie’s actions.

Online court records show no criminal cases against her father, Jeffrey Rupnow, or her mother, Mellissa Rupnow. 

They are divorced and shared custody of their daughter, but she primarily lived with her father, according to court documents. Divorce records indicate that Rupnow was in therapy in 2022, but don’t say why.

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Wisconsin lands commitment from Miami transfer cornerback

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Wisconsin lands commitment from Miami transfer cornerback


Wisconsin landed a commitment from Miami transfer cornerback D’Yoni Hill on Sunday.

Hill recently wrapped up a visit to the program. He chose the Badgers over other reported contenders West Virginia, Missouri, Kansas State and Oklahoma State, and joins the program with one year of eligibility remaining.

Tracking Wisconsin football’s transfer portal offers, visits and commitments

Hill appeared in 11 games (five starts) for Miami in 2024, finishing the campaign with 33 tackles, one tackle for loss and one pass deflection. He spent just one year with the Hurricanes after beginning his career at Marshall.

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The former class of 2022 recruit excelled as a sophomore with the Thundering Herd in 2023, totaling 55 tackles, one tackle for loss, one interception and 10 pass deflections. Those tallies aided his jump to the Power Four, which then led to his move to Madison.

Hill is currently listed as a three-star transfer recruit by 247Sports, ranked as the No. 535 overall player in the portal and No. 59 cornerback.

https://twitter.com/DBU_Hill/status/1876019512526725342

Hill fills Wisconsin’s important roster need at boundary cornerback after most of its room departed during the winter transfer window, including rising star freshman Xavier Lucas (pending his official departure). With an unknown surrounding Ricardo Hallman’s NFL draft decision, the Badgers needed to land several impact transfers.

They first did so by adding Jacksonville State transfer Geimere Latimer on Dec. 24 and now have done so with Hill. Both additions project to start immediately for a new-look defensive unit.

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Hill is Wisconsin’s 19th transfer commitment overall (18 scholarship players, one walk-on). He may not be the final addition at the position. For more on Wisconsin’s remaining top targets, bookmark our transfer portal offer, visit and commitment tracker.

Contact/Follow @TheBadgersWire on X (formerly Twitter), and like our page on Facebook to follow ongoing coverage of Wisconsin Badgers news, notes, and opinion.





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Lake-effect snow headed to southeastern Wisconsin, with up to 6 inches possible in Racine and Kenosha

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Lake-effect snow headed to southeastern Wisconsin, with up to 6 inches possible in Racine and Kenosha


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Lake-effect snow is expected to blanket communities along Lake Michigan Sunday night into Monday morning, with up to four or six inches possible in Racine and Kenosha.

Downtown Milwaukee could get an inch or two of snow because of its proximity to the lake, potentially creating headaches for Monday morning commuters. Snow is expected to begin after 6 p.m. Sunday.

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“The accumulations you see, we’re a lot more confident on what’s going to happen on the eastern edge of the counties than on the western edge,” National Weather Service meteorologist Benjamin Sheppard said.

Counties in northeastern Wisconsin could also get smaller amounts of snow, between a half-inch and two inches. Higher amounts are possible right along the lake.

That broad range accounts for the fact that some areas might not experience the snow band at all, explained Phil Kurimski, meteorologist at the NWS’ Green Bay office.

“Whoever gets in the band will see heavier totals,” he said.

Part of forecasting snowfall is computing a snow-to-liquid ratio, or how much water the snow is equivalent to. Milwaukee typically sees a 14-to-1 ratio, but tomorrow’s snow could be up to 20-to-1, Sheppard said.

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“The reason why lake-effect snow tends to produce some of those larger accumulations is it tends to have a higher ratio, meaning that snow is lighter and fluffier and occupies more space,” he said.

Sheppard said it’s important to drive carefully in these conditions, including leaving plenty of space between yourself and the vehicle in front of you.

If your community sees higher than expected accumulations, it could be a good idea to avoid commuting and work remotely if you have that option, he said.

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“Once you travel west, out of that lake-effect zone, you find yourself in no trouble at all,” Sheppard said.

Temperatures will remain chilly in Wisconsin this week, around the mid-20s, with gusty winds that could make it feel colder.



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