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What Can You Do With a Menagerie of Mammal Genomes?

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What Can You Do With a Menagerie of Mammal Genomes?

To study extra about people, a big worldwide staff of scientists spent years monitoring down a number of the strangest creatures on Earth. They camped out on an Arctic ice floe to gather DNA from the one-tusked narwhal, netted a tiny bumblebee bat in a cave-rich area of Southeast Asia and ventured behind the scenes at a Caribbean zoo to attract blood from the slender-snouted solenondon, one of many world’s few venomous mammals.

Researchers in contrast the genomes of those mammals with these of a various assortment of others, together with an aardvark, a meerkat, a star-nosed mole and a human. In doing so, they have been capable of determine stretches of DNA which have barely modified over eons of mammalian evolution and are thus more likely to be important to human well being and functioning.

The genetic database they assembled consists of the entire genomes of 240 species, overlaying greater than 80 % of the planet’s mammalian households (and together with people). It may assist scientists reply all kinds of questions on different animals, resembling when and the way they developed and the organic foundation for a few of their uncommon skills.

“What amazingly cool issues can these species try this people can’t do?” mentioned Elinor Karlsson, a geneticist at UMass Chan Medical Faculty and the Broad Institute and a co-leader of what’s referred to as the Zoonomia Venture. “We at all times like to think about people as being essentially the most particular species. But it surely seems that we’re actually fairly boring in some ways.”

The Zoonomia information set has limitations. It comprises only one genome per species (aside from the home canine, which was sequenced twice), and 1000’s of mammals are lacking.

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However in a brand new bundle of papers, revealed in Science on Thursday, the Zoonomia staff showcased the ability of this type of multispecies information. And it’s just the start.

“Sequencing a number of genomes will not be trivial,” mentioned Michael G. Campana, a computational genomics scientist on the Smithsonian’s Nationwide Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, who was not a part of the challenge. “What’s actually necessary is definitely making use of those information.”

Listed here are a number of the issues that Zoonomia scientists are already doing with it:

To search for the underpinnings of remarkable animal skills, the scientists sought genetic sequences that had developed unusually rapidly in species that shared a sure trait, resembling the power to hibernate.

In a single evaluation, the researchers centered on deep hibernators, such because the fat-tailed dwarf lemur and the better mouse-eared bat, which may preserve low physique temperatures for days or even weeks at a time. The researchers discovered proof of “accelerated evolution” in a wide range of genes, together with one that’s identified to assist shield cells from temperature-related stress and one other that inhibits a mobile pathway associated to getting older.

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“Numerous hibernating species even have distinctive longevity,” Dr. Karlsson mentioned, main her to surprise: Do the adjustments in that gene contribute to their lengthy lives?

The researchers additionally explored the mammalian sense of odor. Animals have a big assortment of various olfactory receptors, every able to binding to sure odor-causing molecules; species with extra olfactory receptor genes typically have keener senses of odor.

When the Zoonomia staff tallied the variety of these genes in every species, the African savanna elephant took the highest spot, with 4,199. The nine-banded armadillo and Hoffmann’s two-toed sloth adopted, whereas the Central American agouti got here in fourth.

The agouti “seems to have top-of-the-line olfactory repertoires of any mammal, for completely unknown causes,” Dr. Karlsson mentioned. “It’s a reminder of how a lot variety there may be on the market that we don’t know something about.” (Canines, she famous, didn’t show to be “significantly particular” on this regard.)

Then again, cetaceans — a gaggle that features dolphins and whales — have a notably small variety of olfactory receptor genes, which is sensible given their watery habitats. “They impart in different methods,” mentioned Kerstin Lindblad-Toh, a geneticist on the Broad Institute and Uppsala College and the opposite chief of the Zoonomia Venture.

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Species with extra olfactory receptor genes additionally tended to have extra olfactory turbinals, bony buildings within the nasal cavity that assist olfaction. The outcomes recommend that “if sure traits are necessary, they evolve in a number of methods,” Dr. Lindblad-Toh mentioned.

She added, “I feel that one of many necessary issues with our information set is that it generates the genome sequencing for therefore many alternative species that folks can begin taking a look at their favourite traits.”

In February 1925, within the midst of a diphtheria outbreak, a relay of sled canine groups delivered an emergency provide of antitoxin to Nome, Alaska, which had been remoted by snow. Balto, one of many canine that ran the ultimate leg of the relay, turned well-known; when he died some years later, his taxidermied physique was placed on show on the Cleveland Museum of Pure Historical past.

A staff of Zoonomia researchers has now used a small piece of that taxidermied tissue to study extra in regards to the movie star sled canine and his canine contemporaries. “We noticed this as a bit of problem,” mentioned Kathleen Morrill, an writer of the Balto paper, who carried out the analysis as a graduate scholar at UMass Chan Medical Faculty and is now a senior scientist at Colossal Biosciences. “Right here is that this one particular person, actually famed. We don’t know so much about his biology. What can we are saying about his genome?”

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Balto, they discovered, was genetically “more healthy” than trendy purebred canine, with extra inherited genetic variation and fewer doubtlessly dangerous mutations. That discovering doubtless stems from the truth that sled canine are sometimes bred for bodily efficiency and could also be a mix of breeds.

Balto additionally had an assortment of genetic variants that weren’t current in wolves and have been uncommon or lacking in trendy purebred canine, the researchers discovered. Many variants have been in genes concerned in tissue growth and should have affected a wide range of traits necessary for sled canine, resembling pores and skin thickness and joint formation. Balto had two copies of those variants, one inherited from every mum or dad, which implies they have been in all probability not less than considerably widespread in different Alaskan sled canine on the time.

“We get this a lot clearer image of what he was like and what his inhabitants would have seemed like,” mentioned Katie Moon, a postdoctoral researcher on the College of California, Santa Cruz, and an writer of the paper. “And that image is of actually well-adapted working sled canine.”

Scientists have lengthy debated exactly how and when right this moment’s numerous assortment of mammals got here into being. Did the mammalian household tree department out solely after the extinction of the dinosaurs, some 66 million years in the past? Or did the method largely happen earlier than the disaster?

A brand new evaluation with the Zoonomia genomes means that the reply is each. Mammals first started to diversify about 102 million years in the past, when Earth’s continents have been fragmenting and sea ranges started rising. “This remoted the predecessors of the trendy lineages on totally different land plenty,” mentioned William Murphy, an evolutionary geneticist at Texas A&M College and an writer of the paper.

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However one other burst of diversification got here after the extinction of the dinosaurs, the researchers discovered, when the emergence of recent land and the disappearance of the reigning reptiles supplied mammals with new habitats, assets and alternatives.

“It’s a extremely landmark paper,” mentioned Scott Edwards, an evolutionary biologist at Harvard, who was not concerned within the analysis. “It’s in all probability the biggest of its sort when it comes to making an attempt to place mammals on a time scale.”

The Zoonomia bundle extra broadly is “a monumental set of labor,” he added. “It’s going to actually set the usual for our understanding of mammal evolution going ahead.”

Mammals typically inherit two copies of most genetic sequences, one from every mum or dad. Figuring out how carefully these sequences match can present perception into the dimensions of previous animal populations; lengthy stretches of matching DNA generally is a signal of inbreeding, as an example.

The genome of a single animal displays “how carefully associated its dad and mom have been, grandparents have been, going all the way in which again,” mentioned Aryn Wilder, a conservation geneticist on the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance.

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Dr. Wilder and her colleagues used the Zoonomia genomes to estimate the inhabitants sizes of various species all through historical past. In contrast with species that have been traditionally ample, these with small previous populations had extra doubtlessly dangerous genetic mutations and have been extra more likely to be categorised as threatened by the Worldwide Union for Conservation of Nature.

The researchers additionally analyzed the genomes of three species whose danger of extinction the I.U.C.N. thought-about to be unknown due to a scarcity of information: the killer whale, the Higher Galilee Mountains blind mole rat and the Java mouse-deer (which seems precisely as marketed). The outcomes prompt that the killer whale is perhaps at highest danger.

The method may present a fast solution to prioritize species for extra thorough, resource-intensive danger assessments, mentioned Beth Shapiro, a paleogeneticist on the College of California, Santa Cruz, and an writer of the examine. “It might be a comparatively easy solution to do conservation triage,” she mentioned.

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Three women — ages 41, 55 and 64 — share their secrets to better health and longevity

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Three women — ages 41, 55 and 64 — share their secrets to better health and longevity

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For an increasing number of women over 40, age really is just a number.

It may not be possible to stop the passage of time — but certain healthy habits can help slow down biological age, experts say.

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“As we age, our abilities to perform certain physical and cognitive tasks decline, while our risks for disease and ultimately death increase,” Chris Mirabile, CEO and founder of NOVOS, a longevity supplements company in New York, told Fox News Digital.

“Although these changes are correlated with chronological age, biological age is a more accurate predictor, because it looks at individuals and how well – or poorly – they are aging.”

TO LIVE LONGER, DO THESE 5 THINGS EVERY DAY, SAYS A BRAIN HEALTH EXPERT

If a 40-year-old woman has a biological age of 35, it implies that she is biologically in the same place as an average 35-year-old, Mirabile said – which means a significant reduction in risk for disease and death, plus an increased capacity for activities associated with a high quality of life.

Left to right, Julie Gibson Clark, Amy Hardison and Lil Eskey shared the lifestyle habits that help them slow down biological aging. (James Lee; Amy Hardison; Lil Eskey)

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For Women’s Health Month, three mothers at three different stages of life shared how they are defying age through simple lifestyle practices and interventions.

The women all participated in a six-month-long trial of NOVOS Core and Boost, supplements that are designed to slow down the aging process. Over the course of the study, they took three epigenetic tests, which analyzed DNA via a small blood sample to measure their “pace of aging.”

Lil Eskey, 41 years old, still has young kids

Lil Eskey, 41, is a stay-at-home mom and former fitness instructor in Phoenix, Arizona.

Growing up, she frequently had allergies and a constant sore throat. 

“The way that my mom handled it was to put me on antibiotics so many times when I was a kid,” she told Fox News Digital. 

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Lil Eskey with son

Lil Eskey, 41, pictured with her son, is a stay-at-home mom and former fitness instructor in Phoenix, Arizona. Maintaining a more youthful energy level is important to Eskey, as she is still raising young children. (Lil Eskey)

“I also had gut issues most of my life, so my path into health and wellness stemmed from trying to figure out what was going on with my body.”

Prioritizing her sleep is the biggest thing Eskey does for her health, she told Fox News Digital. 

“Good sleep is so underrated,” she said.

FASTING-LIKE DIET COULD SLOW THE AGING PROCESS, STUDY SUGGESTS: ‘LIVING LONGER AND HEALTHIER’

“Having a consistent bedtime and wake-up time is so important for overall wellness. Everything works so much better when you’re well-rested, including any stressors in your life or anything going on with the mind.”

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Eskey also tries to incorporate movement into her life wherever possible. 

“When my son goes to preschool, I pull him on a bike trailer. The same goes for anything that’s a few miles away, like grocery shopping.”

“I want to be completely present for my kids and maintain a level of energy and vitality in life.”

After dinner, the family often goes out on bike rides or jumps on the trampoline. 

“We do anything to make it fun,” she said.

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When it comes to mental health, Eskey has made the decision not to use social media.

Lil Eskey hiking

Pictured on a hike, Eskey said she incorporates movement into her life wherever possible.  (Lil Eskey)

“I hear about anything that’s super important, and I’ll check the news occasionally to see what information I need, but to me, social media just seems like an additional stressor on the body,” she said. 

Eskey and her family often experiment with different health practices, she said. 

“I listen to different podcasts on health and fitness to hear about new science or new ideas, and then we’ll test it out to see what works,” she said. 

BLOOD TEST MAY PREDICT THE ORGANS IN THE BODY THAT ARE AGING FASTER THAN NORMAL, SAYS STANFORD STUDY

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“For example, I realized I feel way better when I have a couple of hours between having my last meal and going to bed.”

She’s also experimented with using a continuous glucose monitor to track her blood sugar.

“We’re always just doing different experimental things to see what makes the biggest change,” Eskey said.

Woman sleeping

Prioritizing her sleep is the biggest thing Eskey does for her health, she told Fox News Digital. “Good sleep is so underrated,” she said. (Photo Illustration by Ute Grabowsky/Photothek via Getty Images)

She has also been using anti-aging supplements from NOVOS. During the course of the study, Eskey’s biological pace of aging was reduced from .99 to .77.

“The time we’re here on this earth doesn’t always have to reflect the cumulative stress on our bodies. Rather, it’s stress that causes aging,” she said. 

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“It’s more important now than ever, with all the toxins and stressors we’re facing.”

Maintaining a more youthful energy level is important to Eskey, as she is still raising young children, she said.

Lil Eskey

“The biggest thing is being able to keep up with my kids and be totally active,” Eskey said.  (Lil Eskey)

“The biggest thing is being able to keep up with my kids and be totally active,” she said. 

“When my kids want to play at the park, it’s important to me that I’m not just sitting on the bench watching them. I want to be completely present for my kids and maintain a level of energy and vitality in life.”

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Julie Gibson Clark, 55 years old, focuses on movement

A recruiter who lives in Phoenix, Arizona, Julie Gibson Clark said she focuses on seven key areas to help slow down biological aging.

The first is movement, both strength and cardio. “I focus on full-body strength training twice per week and a mix of zone 2 and Vo2Max training the rest of the week,” she told Fox News Digital.

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In her diet, Clark focuses heavily on veggies.

“I mix cooked greens and veggies, about 1 pound total every day,” she said. “I started small (about 4 ounces) and added about 1 ounce per week.”

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Clark also prioritizes 90 to 100 grams of healthy protein each day: a mix of vegan protein, collagen and healthy, pasture-raised meats and eggs.

Julie Gibson Clark

Julie Gibson Clark, a recruiter who lives in Phoenix, Arizona, said she focuses on seven key areas to help slow down biological aging. (Julie Gibson Clark)

Sleep is also a big priority for Clark. “It’s hard to perform well at anything without proper sleep,” she told Fox News Digital.

Saunas and cold showers are another part of Clark’s regular routine. “This is my natural antidepressant and helps with focus during the day,” she said. “For anyone struggling with low mood or stressful times, I highly recommend trying this.”

Clark also began meditating in 2019, which she described as “a game-changer for stress and sleep.” 

“I like to think of longevity practices like a braid with three strands — exercise, eating right and prioritizing sleep.”

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“Twenty minutes every afternoon improves my sleep and allows me to recalibrate stress levels during the day,” she said.

Clark also takes NOVOS supplements, which she credits with increasing her energy levels and slowing her pace of aging by 8%, according to the study results.

Julie Gibson Clark

“When you start moving, you’ll likely be more motivated to eat well, and your sleep will be better. When you sleep, it’s easier to stay on track with your diet and fitness plans,” Clark said. “They all work together.” (James Lee)

“I like to think of longevity practices like a braid with three strands — exercise, eating right and prioritizing sleep,” she told Fox News Digital. “And there’s an extra colorful strand in there: supplements. Each of these works together to help the others.”

She added, “When you start moving, you’ll likely be more motivated to eat well, and your sleep will be better. When you sleep, it’s easier to stay on track with your diet and fitness plans. They all work together.”

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Clark said she adheres to the motto, “It’s not the years in your life, but the life in your years.”

“I want all the years I have to be full of mobility, vibrance and vitality.”

Amy Hardison, 64 years old, makes exercising fun

A writer and grandmother of 11 in Mesa, Arizona, Amy Hardison has always had consistent health and exercise habits.

“I have exercised aerobically an hour a day, six days a week for 50 years and have rarely missed a day,” she told Fox News Digital. 

“I always listen to an audiobook while exercising, making it even more fun.”

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Amy Hardison

Amy Hardison’s favorite exercises include swimming and working out on the elliptical. “I love working out at home — other people love going to a gym and having a trainer. Do whatever works for you and then do it consistently,” she advised. (Amy Hardison)

Hardison’s favorite exercises include swimming and working out on the elliptical. 

“I love working out at home — other people love going to a gym and having a trainer. Do whatever works for you and then do it consistently,” she advised.

Regarding nutrition and exercise, Hardison’s philosophy is to find something you love that you can stick with long-term. 

“Aging will take you places you have never been.”

“Some people totally cut out sugar from their diet, often because they tend to eat too much once they start,” she said. “Others, like me, eat small amounts each day.”

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Hardison had never been into vitamins and supplements until she got involved in the NOVOS study.

“I really liked that the study included bloodwork at the beginning, middle and end of the year-long trial,” she said. 

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“My bloodwork revealed that at the beginning of the study, I was aging at .86 biological years for every chronological year.  At the end of the study, I was aging at .74. That is compelling empirical data.”

Although Hardison does what she can to stay physically healthy and mentally sharp, she acknowledges that there is a limit to what she can control. 

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Amy Hardison with husband_hiking

“Life is to be lived and enjoyed,” said Hardison, pictured hiking with her husband. (Amy Hardison)

“There is even a limit to how much I am willing to invest in longevity,” she said. “Life is to be lived and enjoyed.”

“Aging will take you places you have never been,” Hardison continued. 

“There is so much to learn and experience. Embrace the normal and natural decline with humor and perspective. Thank your body for taking you on the journey.”

A biohacker’s 5 quick tips for healthy aging

Melanie Avalon, health influencer, entrepreneur and host of The Intermittent Fasting Podcast and “The Melanie Avalon Biohacking Podcast,” agreed that women can take proactive steps to slow their pace of aging.

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“The ever-growing online bloodwork and genetic platforms allow women access to personal data, providing a deeper view of their aging on a cellular level, including monitoring their biological age, which may differ from their chronological age,” she told Fox News Digital. 

“Women can then make dietary and lifestyle choices to optimize these markers.”

1. Optimize sleep

One of the biggest issues aging women experience is restless sleep, often characterized by tossing, turning and hot flashes, according to Avalon.

Woman sleeping

One of the biggest issues aging women experience is restless sleep, often characterized by tossing, turning and hot flashes, according to Avalon. (iStock)

“Women can implement a ‘sleep sanctuary’ to best support a restorative night, including sticking to a consistent wind-down routine and sleep schedule, in a cool, dark environment,” she advised.

Using a cooling mattress, avoiding late-night blue light exposure, and finding the optimal sleep position are some ways women can achieve better sleep quality, Avalon advised.

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2. Seek hormonal support as needed

“Women often dread the perimenopausal years for their seemingly inevitable rollercoaster of hormonal issues,” Avalon said.

“Women can support healthy hormonal levels and natural transitions into the menopausal years by nourishing their bodies with micronutrient-rich whole foods, getting ample sleep, addressing stress levels, and reducing their exposure to toxins.”

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For some women, hormone replacement therapy may be an option.

“Many women may find that the benefits outweigh the risks,” Avalon noted.

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3. Optimize muscle mass

Maintaining muscle mass is crucial for healthy aging, according to Avalon. 

“Declines in muscle mass and strength are intrinsically tied to mortality, playing a causative role in falls and metabolic issues,” she said. 

Woman lifting weights

The maintenance of muscle mass is crucial for healthy aging, according to one expert. (iStock)

“Aging typically leads to reduced muscle protein synthesis,” Avalon noted.

“Women should pay careful attention to getting ample protein as they age, with a particular focus on the amino acid leucine, which stimulates muscle protein synthesis.” 

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Aging women should aim for a gram of protein per pound of body weight, Avalon recommended. 

“Women can also engage in strength training to further support muscle growth and maintenance,” she added.

4. Monitor essential markers

“Aging women should embrace the agency to take their health into their own hands,” Avalon said.

Cholesterol test

Women should work with conventional doctors to regularly check key health metrics, such as blood pressure, blood sugar levels, cholesterol and bone density, along with other markers of disease, an expert advised. (iStock)

She recommends working with conventional doctors to regularly check key health metrics, such as blood pressure, blood sugar levels, cholesterol and bone density, along with other markers of disease.

5. Achieve proper glycemic control

Poor glycemic control is linked to a myriad of degenerative diseases, from prediabetes and diabetes to cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline, according to Avalon. 

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“Aging women can implement an unprocessed, whole-food-based diet, low to moderate in carbs, depending on their tolerance,” she said. 

Women can also opt to wear a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) to monitor their blood sugar levels.

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Heart attacks more likely during presidential elections and other stressful times, study shows

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Heart attacks more likely during presidential elections and other stressful times, study shows

Your genes could put you at a higher risk of heart attack during very stressful times.

Research from Massachusetts General Hospital found that people who have specific genetic traits, paired with anxiety or depression, are at a “significantly higher heart attack risk” during periods of social or political stress, such as presidential elections, winter holidays or even the Super Bowl.

The study, presented at the American College of Cardiology’s annual scientific session in April, was the first to examine stress sensitivity based on genetics as a driver of acute coronary syndromes (ACS).

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These syndromes include heart attacks and other “serious conditions where the heart is suddenly deprived of blood supply,” a press release noted.

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Of 18,428 Mass General Brigham Biobank participants, 1,890 developed ACS between 2000 and 2020. 

People with high stress sensitivity, anxiety or depression are at a “significantly higher heart attack risk” during periods of social or political stress, the study found. (Lorenzo Bevilaqua/ABC via Getty Images; iStock)

The researchers measured the participants’ stress sensitivity by measuring their neuroticism polygenic risk score (nPRS).

Stressful periods — including five days after presidential elections and 10 days surrounding Christmas Day — made up 3.2% of the observed timeline.

A total of 71 ACS cases took place during stressful periods, compared to 1,819 during control periods.

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People with high genetic stress sensitivity had a 36% higher risk of ACS, the researchers found.

Those with high genetic stress who also developed anxiety or depression had three times the risk.

woman holds her heart in pain

People with above median nPRS, or high genetic stress sensitivity, had a 36% higher risk of ACS, a new study found. (iStock)

“High nPRS, indicating elevated genetic susceptibility to stress, mediates ACS risk during periods of socio-political stress,” the study authors wrote as a conclusion. “A multifaceted approach to [cardiovascular disease] prevention may benefit.”

In an interview with Fox News Digital, lead study author Shady Abohashem, M.D., instructor of cardiovascular imaging at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, said that while the numbers are “striking,” the results overall are not surprising, since anxiety and depression alone have been associated with a substantial risk for heart attack regardless of genetics.

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ANGER CAN INCREASE HEART ATTACK RISK, STUDY FINDS: ‘CHRONIC INSULT TO ARTERIES’

“So, if you have both conditions, you would expect to have a substantial increase in your risk,” he said.

Through scientific analysis, Abohashem and his fellow researchers found that about 25% of ACS cases were due to anxiety and depression.

man depressed looks out the window

About a quarter of ACS developments in this study were due to anxiety and depression, the researcher told Fox News Digital. (iStock)

The impact of genetic susceptibility on heart attack risk could be an important factor for cardiologists and general care physicians to consider, Abohashem said.

He suggested implementing these screenings into cardiovascular risk assessments to help identify those people at most risk.

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“The mind-heart connection is strong, and this study highlights that not only our bodies, but also our minds, need rest and care.”

“Based on that identification, we could develop targeted intervention, or maybe preventive strategies, that could help us protect those people from developing heart attacks in the future,” he added.

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The researchers are currently working on a study to discover how lifestyle modifications can benefit people with a high genetic risk for stress.

As 2024 is an election year, Abohashem advised Americans to manage stress through effective outlets like exercise or yoga.

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Shady Abohashem, MD, headshot

Shady Abohashem, M.D., instructor of cardiovascular imaging at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, was the lead author of the new study and shared insights with Fox News Digital. (ACC (American College of Cardiology))

Dr. Laxmi Mehta, an American Heart Association medical expert and cardiology director at The Ohio State University, commented on the study in a statement sent to Fox News Digital.

“This is an interesting study that further supports the data of the mind-heart connection,” said Mehta, who was not involved in the research. “It highlights the importance of mental health and its impact on overall health, including the heart.”

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Mehta did note that the “retrospective nature” of the study “limits the ability to show a direct causal relationship between mental health conditions” such as depression and anxiety.

The study “reinforces whole-person preventative care,” the cardiologist emphasized.

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man has heart problems while hiking

A doctor stressed the importance of a medical focus on the “mind-heart connection.” (iStock)

“The mind-heart connection is strong, and this study highlights that not only our bodies, but also our minds, need rest and care,” she said. 

“The public needs to be aware of the impact social and political stress has on us, that it is OK to take a break from these stressors, and also that it is good to learn more about interventions like yoga, exercise and mindfulness.”

The expert encouraged doctors to advise their patients on the American Heart Association’s “Life’s Essential 8,” which are key measures to maintaining cardiovascular health.

These eight steps include eating better, being more active, quitting nicotine products, getting healthy sleep, managing weight, controlling cholesterol, managing blood sugar and maintaining healthy blood pressure.

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This 30 Plants a Week Hack Helped One Woman Lose 227 lbs — How It Can Work for You

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This 30 Plants a Week Hack Helped One Woman Lose 227 lbs — How It Can Work for You



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