Health
Can A.I.-Driven Voice Analysis Help Identify Mental Disorders?
This text is a part of a restricted sequence on synthetic intelligence’s potential to unravel on a regular basis issues.
Think about a check as fast and straightforward as having your temperature taken or your blood stress measured that would reliably determine an nervousness dysfunction or predict an impending depressive relapse.
Well being care suppliers have many instruments to gauge a affected person’s bodily situation, but no dependable biomarkers — goal indicators of medical states noticed from exterior the affected person — for assessing psychological well being.
However some synthetic intelligence researchers now imagine that the sound of your voice may be the important thing to understanding your psychological state — and A.I. is completely suited to detect such adjustments, that are tough, if not unattainable, to understand in any other case. The result’s a set of apps and on-line instruments designed to trace your psychological standing, in addition to packages that ship real-time psychological well being assessments to telehealth and call-center suppliers.
Psychologists have lengthy recognized that sure psychological well being points might be detected by listening not solely to what an individual says however how they are saying it, mentioned Maria Espinola, a psychologist and assistant professor on the College of Cincinnati School of Drugs.
With depressed sufferers, Dr. Espinola mentioned, “their speech is usually extra monotone, flatter and softer. Additionally they have a lowered pitch vary and decrease quantity. They take extra pauses. They cease extra usually.”
Sufferers with nervousness really feel extra pressure of their our bodies, which might additionally change the way in which their voice sounds, she mentioned. “They have an inclination to talk quicker. They’ve extra problem respiration.”
Right this moment, these kinds of vocal options are being leveraged by machine studying researchers to foretell despair and nervousness, in addition to different psychological sicknesses like schizophrenia and post-traumatic stress dysfunction. The usage of deep-learning algorithms can uncover further patterns and traits, as captured briefly voice recordings, that may not be evident even to skilled specialists.
“The expertise that we’re utilizing now can extract options that may be significant that even the human ear can’t choose up on,” mentioned Kate Bentley, an assistant professor at Harvard Medical College and a medical psychologist at Massachusetts Common Hospital.
“There’s a whole lot of pleasure round discovering organic or extra goal indicators of psychiatric diagnoses that transcend the extra subjective types of evaluation which are historically used, like clinician-rated interviews or self-report measures,” she mentioned. Different clues that researchers are monitoring embrace adjustments in exercise ranges, sleep patterns and social media information.
These technological advances come at a time when the necessity for psychological well being care is especially acute: In keeping with a report from the Nationwide Alliance on Psychological Sickness, one in 5 adults in the US skilled psychological sickness in 2020. And the numbers proceed to climb.
Though A.I. expertise can’t tackle the shortage of certified psychological well being care suppliers — there will not be practically sufficient to fulfill the nation’s wants, mentioned Dr. Bentley — there’s hope that it could decrease the obstacles to receiving an accurate prognosis, help clinicians in figuring out sufferers who could also be hesitant to hunt care and facilitate self-monitoring between visits.
“Lots can occur in between appointments, and expertise can actually provide us the potential to enhance monitoring and evaluation in a extra steady method,” Dr. Bentley mentioned.
To check this new expertise, I started by downloading the Psychological Health app from Sonde Well being, a well being expertise firm, to see whether or not my emotions of malaise had been an indication of one thing critical or if I used to be merely languishing. Described as “a voice-powered psychological health monitoring and journaling product,” the free app invited me to report my first check-in, a 30-second verbal journal entry, which might rank my psychological well being on a scale of 1 to 100.
A minute later I had my rating: a not-great 52. “Pay Consideration” the app warned.
The app flagged that the extent of liveliness detected in my voice was notably low. Did I sound monotonic just because I had been making an attempt to talk quietly? Ought to I heed the app’s strategies to enhance my psychological health by going for a stroll or decluttering my house? (The primary query may point out one of many app’s attainable flaws: As a shopper, it may be tough to know why your vocal ranges fluctuate.)
Later, feeling jittery between interviews, I examined one other voice-analysis program, this one centered on detecting nervousness ranges. The StressWaves Take a look at is a free on-line device from Cigna, the well being care and insurance coverage conglomerate, developed in collaboration with the A.I. specialist Ellipsis Well being to guage stress ranges utilizing 60-second samples of recorded speech.
“What retains you awake at night time?” was the web site’s immediate. After I spent a minute recounting my persistent worries, this system scored my recording and despatched me an e mail pronouncement: “Your stress stage is average.” In contrast to the Sonde app, Cigna’s e mail supplied no useful self-improvement suggestions.
Different applied sciences add a probably useful layer of human interplay, like Kintsugi, an organization based mostly in Berkeley, Calif., that raised $20 million in Collection A funding earlier this month. Kintsugi is known as for the Japanese observe of mending damaged pottery with veins of gold.
Based by Grace Chang and Rima Seiilova-Olson, who bonded over the shared previous expertise of struggling to entry psychological well being care, Kintsugi develops expertise for telehealth and call-center suppliers that may assist them determine sufferers who may profit from additional assist.
By utilizing Kintsugi’s voice-analysis program, a nurse may be prompted, for instance, to take an additional minute to ask a harried mum or dad with a colicky toddler about his personal well-being.
One concern with the event of these kinds of machine studying applied sciences is the problem of bias — making certain the packages work equitably for all sufferers, no matter age, gender, ethnicity, nationality and different demographic standards.
“For machine studying fashions to work effectively, you really want to have a really massive and various and sturdy set of information,” Ms. Chang mentioned, noting that Kintsugi used voice recordings from around the globe, in many various languages, to protect towards this downside specifically.
One other main concern on this nascent subject is privateness — notably voice information, which can be utilized to determine people, Dr. Bentley mentioned.
And even when sufferers do comply with be recorded, the query of consent is typically twofold. Along with assessing a affected person’s psychological well being, some voice-analysis packages use the recordings to develop and refine their very own algorithms.
One other problem, Dr. Bentley mentioned, is customers’ potential distrust of machine studying and so-called black field algorithms, which work in ways in which even the builders themselves can’t absolutely clarify, notably which options they use to make predictions.
“There’s creating the algorithm, and there’s understanding the algorithm,” mentioned Dr. Alexander S. Younger, the interim director of the Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Habits and the chair of psychiatry on the College of California, Los Angeles, echoing the issues that many researchers have about A.I. and machine studying normally: that little, if any, human oversight is current throughout this system’s coaching section.
For now, Dr. Younger stays cautiously optimistic in regards to the potential of voice-analysis applied sciences, particularly as instruments for sufferers to observe themselves.
“I do imagine you may mannequin individuals’s psychological well being standing or approximate their psychological well being standing in a normal method,” he mentioned. “Folks like to have the ability to self-monitor their statuses, notably with continual sicknesses.”
However earlier than automated voice-analysis applied sciences enter mainstream use, some are calling for rigorous investigations of their accuracy.
“We actually want extra validation of not solely voice expertise, however A.I. and machine studying fashions constructed on different information streams,” Dr. Bentley mentioned. “And we have to obtain that validation from large-scale, well-designed consultant research.”
Till then, A.I.-driven voice-analysis expertise stays a promising however unproven device, one that will finally be an on a regular basis methodology to take the temperature of our psychological well-being.
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Health
Many families take patients off life support too soon after traumatic brain injuries: study
Many patients who died after traumatic brain injuries may have survived and recovered if their families had waited to take them off life support, a new study found.
Researchers from Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and other universities analyzed “potential clinical outcomes” for patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) who were removed from life support, according to a press release.
The study included 1,392 patients who were treated in 18 trauma centers across the U.S. over a 7½-year period.
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Using a mathematical model, the researchers compared patients for whom life support was withdrawn to similar patients who were kept on life support.
Among the group for whom life support was not withdrawn, more than 40% recovered at least some independence, according to a press release.
The researchers also discovered that the notion of remaining in a vegetative state was an “unlikely outcome” six months after injury.
When designing the study, the team didn’t know what to expect, according to study author Yelena Bodien, PhD, of the Department of Neurology’s Center for neurotechnology and neurorecovery at Massachusetts General Hospital.
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“Our anecdotal experience was that some families are told their loved ones had no chance for recovery, they would never walk, talk, work or have a meaningful relationship again — yet they chose not to discontinue life support and their loved one made a remarkable recovery,” she told Fox News Digital.
“On the other hand, clinicians are under a lot of pressure to make early prognoses and do not want to commit someone to a life that would never be acceptable to them, so it could be that those patients who died after life support was withdrawn would have had very significant impairments otherwise.”
“I think there are two stories here,” said Bodien.
“One is that some patients with traumatic brain injury who died because life support was withdrawn may have recovered, but the other is that many would have died even if life support was continued.”
A patient’s prognosis after severe traumatic brain injury is highly uncertain, she noted. “Sometimes patients with the most devastating injuries survive and make meaningful recoveries.”
“Families can advocate for delaying a decision to discontinue life support if this is aligned with what they believe their loved one would want.”
The problem, Bodien said, is that health care providers lack the tools required to determine which patients with devastating injuries will recover, to what extent they will recover — and how long that will take.
‘Very important’ study
Dr. Marc Siegel, clinical professor of medicine at NYU Langone Medical Center and a Fox News medical contributor, was not involved in the research but said it was a “very important” study.
“Previous research shows a high-level recovery from mild TBI and a significant recovery percentage even with moderate to severe injury,” Siegel told Fox News Digital.
HEAD INJURY ASSOCIATED WITH DOUBLED MORTALITY RATE, 30-YEAR STUDY REVEALS
“After head trauma, the brain may swell, and the use of mannitol and steroids and even sometimes surgery — where the top of the skull is removed — can be used to decrease pressure on the brain and increase chance of a full recovery,” he continued.
Rehabilitation is also crucial, Siegel added.
“All of these tools should be given a chance to work in most cases.”
Based on the study findings, Bodien recommended that clinicians should be “very cautious” with “irreversible decisions” like withdrawing life support in the days following traumatic brain injury.
“Families should also be aware of our results so that they can advocate for delaying a decision to discontinue life support if this is aligned with what they believe their loved one would want,” she added.
Limitations of the research
There were some limitations to the study, Bodien said.
“The sample size of the study was small, which made it difficult to find an adequate number of participants who did not have life support discontinued and were clinically similar, or ‘matched,’ to those who had life support discontinued,” she told Fox News Digital.
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Among the participants who did not have life support discontinued, the researchers were not able to follow all of them for a six-month period.
Another limitation is that the researchers used clinical variables that were available on the day of, or the day after, hospitalization — but sometimes decisions to discontinue life support are made several days later.
“There are many considerations that may lead to a decision to discontinue life support after traumatic brain injury that we were unable to factor into our analyses,” she continued.
“For example, personal beliefs, religion and advanced directives could all affect decision-making but were not captured in our study.”
Bodien also noted that the Harvard study was focused on traumatic brain injury and cannot be generalized to other injuries and illnesses.
For more Health articles, visit www.foxnews.com/health.
Health
7 important health stories you might have missed this week: Catch up here
Every day of the week, Fox News Digital publishes a range of health pieces to keep you up-to-date on the most important wellness news.
We cover cutting-edge medical research, breakthrough medications, mental health challenges, personal medical dramas and more.
In case you missed them, here are a few of our biggest health stories from this week.
CLICK HERE TO SIGN UP FOR OUR HEALTH NEWSLETTER
You can see a full list of recent health pieces at http://www.foxnews/health.
1. Hunger could be tied to sleep, expert says
If you’re feeling hungrier than usual lately, your sleep routine could be the culprit. A nutritional biologist offers tips for regulating sleep and curbing unhealthy cravings. Click here to get the story.
2. Health agencies issue bird flu update: ‘Alert, not alarmed’
The CDC and WebMD teamed up this week to deliver an hour-long update on Thursday about the current bird flu outbreak. Fox News Digital breaks down the most important points. Click here to get the story.
3. Melanoma patients share their stories
For Skin Cancer Awareness Month, two melanoma patients are speaking up about their symptoms, treatment and prevention tips to help others avoid the potentially deadly disease. Click here to get the story.
4. Report reveals staggering discrepancy in health care costs
Patients with private health insurance could be charged up to 300% more than those with Medicare, a new report reveals. Doctors explain the reasons for the sticker shock. Click here to get the story.
5. Pastor shares important message about depression
A Dallas pastor who fought his own depression battle shares how he overcame the disease – and why it’s so important for those in church leadership to seek help when they need it. Click here to get the story.
6. Nurse’s depression is cured through breakthrough tech
A Chicago nurse struggled with COVID-19-related PTSD and depression for years until electrical brain tapping therapy finally gave her a new lease on life. Click here to get the story.
7. Young vaper shares warning after nearly dying
A 22-year-old man in Nebraska required a double lung transplant due to vaping. Jackson Allard shares his story as a cautionary tale. “I had a 1% chance to live,” he said. Click here to get the story.
For more Health articles, visit www.foxnews.com/health.
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