Reid Baeur was ending lunch interval final 12 months at his center faculty within the Atlanta space when an alarm started blaring by the halls, warning of an emergency. Reid, then in sixth grade, had by no means heard the college’s “code purple” alert earlier than.

It was a part of a brand new $5 million disaster administration service that the Cobb County Faculty District in Marietta, Ga., had bought. District officers had promoted the system, referred to as AlertPoint, as “state-of-the artwork know-how” that might assist save college students’ lives within the occasion of a college taking pictures.

That day, nevertheless, AlertPoint went haywire, sending false alarms to colleges throughout one of many nation’s largest districts, inflicting lockdowns and horrifying college students.

“Everyone was simply actually scared,” mentioned Reid, now 13. Fearing for his life, he mentioned, he turned off all of the lights in his classroom and instructed his classmates to crouch alongside one wall, out of sight of the home windows. “One child really tried calling 911,” he mentioned.

Faculties have been battling the way to hinder, and deal with, mass shootings since 1999, when two gunmen armed with semiautomatic weapons killed 12 college students and a trainer at Columbine Excessive Faculty in Littleton, Colo. Attempting to avert comparable assaults has grow to be a nerve-racking mission for tens of hundreds of college leaders in the USA.

Security anxieties are serving to to gasoline a multibillion-dollar trade of college safety merchandise. Some producers promote gun-detection scanners and wi-fi panic buttons for college districts. Others provide high-resolution cameras and software program that may establish college students’ faces, observe their places and monitor their on-line actions — bringing into school rooms the form of surveillance instruments extensively utilized by regulation enforcement.

In 2021, faculties and faculties in the USA spent an estimated $3.1 billion on safety services, in contrast with $2.7 million in 2017, based on Omdia, a market-research firm. Safety commerce teams have lobbied for a whole bunch of hundreds of thousands of {dollars} in federal and state funding for college security measures. The gun laws that Congress handed final week consists of a further $300 million to bolster faculty safety.

Safety and know-how administrators at half a dozen faculty districts mentioned in interviews that some merchandise had been very important. One pointed to safety digital camera techniques that had helped his district observe and gauge the severity of college fires. Others talked about crisis-alert know-how that the college workers might use to summon assist throughout an emergency.

The district officers provided extra diversified opinions on the sophisticated-sounding techniques — like high-tech risk detectors — that promise to intensify safety by using synthetic intelligence.

However there may be little exhausting proof to counsel that security applied sciences have prevented or mitigated catastrophic faculty occasions like mass shootings, based on a 2016 report on faculty security know-how by researchers at Johns Hopkins College.

“There could be a tendency to seize the most recent know-how and make it seem that you’re doing one thing actually protecting and really revolutionary,” mentioned Brian Casey, the know-how director at Stevens Level Space Public Faculty District in Wisconsin. “We actually need to take a step again and take a look at it and say: What profit are we getting out of this? And what’s the associated fee?”

Civil liberty specialists warn that the unfold of surveillance applied sciences like gun detectors might make some college students really feel much less protected. They are saying the instruments additionally do nothing to deal with what many take into account to be the underlying causes of college shootings: the widespread availability of assault weapons and a nationwide psychological well being disaster.

“A lot of this tech serves the operate of a distraction,” mentioned Chris Harris, the coverage director for the Austin Justice Coalition, a racial justice group in Texas.

Wesley Watts, the superintendent of West Baton Rouge Parish Faculties, a district in Louisiana with about 4,200 college students, mentioned that making a supportive faculty tradition was extra essential for security than safety know-how. Even so, sure instruments might give faculties “an additional layer of safety,” he mentioned.

His district not too long ago started utilizing video evaluation from a start-up referred to as ZeroEyes that scans faculty digital camera feeds, in search of weapons. The corporate, based by U.S. army veterans, mentioned it used so-called machine studying to coach its system to acknowledge about 300 forms of assault rifles and different firearms.

ZeroEyes additionally employs former army and regulation enforcement personnel who verify any gun photographs the system detects earlier than notifying a college. The corporate says its human evaluate course of ensures faculty officers is not going to obtain false gun alerts.

The ZeroEyes service can value $5,000 monthly for a single highschool with 200 cameras. Mr. Watts, whose district makes use of the service throughout 250 faculty cameras, mentioned the associated fee was value it.

A number of months in the past, the superintendent mentioned, ZeroEyes detected a younger man carrying a rifle exterior close to a highschool observe meet. Quickly after, the corporate’s reviewers recognized the item as an Airsoft gun, a toy plastic reproduction. That enabled the district workers to intervene instantly with the coed with out calling in regulation enforcement, Mr. Watts mentioned.

“That, to me, makes it already value having, even when there weren’t actual weapons,” Mr. Watts mentioned.

The ZeroEyes know-how has restricted makes use of. It’s supposed to detect seen weapons as they’re being brandished — not holstered or hidden underneath coats, mentioned Mike Lahiff, the chief govt of ZeroEyes.

Different districts have run into issues with new security instruments.

In 2019, Charlotte-Mecklenburg Faculties, one of many largest U.S. faculty districts at greater than 140,000 college students, launched an emergency alert system. It got here from Centegix, an Atlanta firm that promised that its wearable panic badges would offer all faculty workers with “an on the spot approach to notify applicable personnel and authorities” of emergencies or different incidents.

The district spent greater than $1.1 million on the system. But it surely later sued Centegix to recoup the funds after an investigation by The Charlotte Observer detailed defects within the badge service.

Amongst different issues, the badges “repeatedly failed” to inform personnel, despatched incorrect vital alert messages and induced “vital delays of vital security info,” based on authorized paperwork filed within the case. The district settled with Centegix for $475,000.

Mary Ford, the chief advertising and marketing officer for Centegix, mentioned Charlotte faculties had been pilot-testing the alert system and that the corporate addressed points that arose. The corporate has delivered greater than 100,000 alerts, she added, and labored with practically 200 faculty districts, retaining 99 p.c of these clients, with the exception being Charlotte-Mecklenburg.

This spring, after an uptick within the variety of weapons confiscated from college students, Charlotte-Mecklenburg faculties launched a unique safety system: walk-through weapon scanners that value $5 million for 52 scanners at 21 excessive faculties.

The scanners come from Evolv Expertise, a Massachusetts start-up that mentioned it had used machine studying to coach its system to acknowledge magnetic fields round weapons and different hid weapons. “No stopping is required,” the corporate’s web site says, “no emptying pockets or eradicating luggage.”

However widespread pupil objects have routinely set off the Evolv scanners, amongst them laptops, umbrellas, three-ring binders, spiral-bound notebooks and steel water bottles.

In a how-to video in regards to the scanners posted on YouTube in April, Matthew Garcia, dean of scholars at Charlotte-Mecklenburg’s Butler Excessive Faculty, really useful that college students take away these objects from their luggage and carry them. Then Mr. Garcia confirmed college students the way to keep away from triggering the system — by strolling by an Evolv scanner within the faculty foyer holding a laptop computer together with his arms stretched above his head.

Brian Schultz, the chief operations officer for Charlotte-Mecklenburg Faculties, mentioned the scanners had been extra correct, and far quicker to make use of in massive excessive faculties, than conventional steel detectors. He mentioned the necessity for college kids to take away objects from their luggage was a “short-term inconvenience” to enhance faculty security.

“There’s by no means going to be one excellent answer.” Mr. Schultz mentioned, including that the district took a “layered” strategy to security that included cameras, safety officers and an rising variety of school-based psychological well being personnel.

Mike Ellenbogen, the chief innovation officer at Evolv, mentioned the corporate was working with faculty districts to search out methods to make the scanning system function extra easily.

Cobb County was the primary faculty district in Georgia to make use of AlertPoint, an emergency notification system developed by a neighborhood start-up. District officers mentioned AlertPoint’s wearable panic badges would assist faculty workers shortly name for a lockdown or summon assist in an emergency.

Then, in February 2021, the AlertPoint system despatched false alarms districtwide, resulting in lockdowns in any respect Cobb County faculties. District officers initially mentioned AlertPoint had malfunctioned. A couple of weeks later, they introduced that hackers had intentionally set off the false alerts.

At a college board assembly this month, Chris Ragsdale, the district’s superintendent, mentioned the system had been working till the cyberattack.

However Heather Tolley-Baeur, Reid’s mom and the co-founder of a neighborhood watchdog group that screens faculty spending, mentioned she faulted district leaders for deploying unproven know-how.

The Cobb County Faculty District didn’t reply to particular questions on its safety measures. In a press release, Nan Kiel, a district spokeswoman, mentioned, “To maintain our college students and workers protected, we hold operational particulars about our faculties personal.” (The college district is the topic of a grand jury investigation into sure previous purchases, together with hundreds of thousands of {dollars} spent on UV lights supposed to sanitize school rooms in the course of the pandemic, based on The Marietta Every day Journal.)

This month, Cobb County faculties introduced that they had been putting in new disaster alert know-how from Centegix, the corporate whose alert badges had glitches in Charlotte-Mecklenburg faculties. Palm Seaside, Fla., one other massive faculty district, additionally introduced a cope with the corporate.