Crypto
BIS Report: Crypto Earn Products Resemble Deposits With No FDIC Protection
Key Takeaways:
- The BIS Financial Stability Institute warned in April 2026 that major crypto platforms like Binance and Coinbase now operate more like banks than trading venues.
- Celsius Network collapsed in 2022 after a USD 1.4 billion depositor run exposed maturity mismatches with no deposit insurance backstop.
- Only 11 of 28 jurisdictions reviewed by the FSB in 2025 had a finalized regulatory framework addressing financial stability risks from crypto intermediaries.
Crypto Earn Accounts Exposed as Uninsured Deposits, BIS Research Warns
The report, authored by Denise Garcia Ocampo of the BIS and Peter Goodrich and Gian-Piero Lovicu of the Financial Stability Board, focused on what researchers call multifunction crypto asset intermediaries, or MCIs. The term covers firms like Binance, Bybit, Coinbase, Crypto.com, Kraken, MEXC and OKX.
These platforms have expanded well beyond spot trading and custody. They now offer yield-bearing earn accounts, margin lending, derivatives, and token issuance, functions typically separated across different licensed entities in traditional finance.
The total crypto asset market stood at approximately $3 trillion at the end of 2025. Centralized exchanges processed roughly $6 to $8 trillion in spot and futures volume each quarter. Binance alone held about 39% of global centralized spot trading volume. The top five MCIs collectively served an estimated 200 to 230 million users.
The paper’s central concern is the earn product. When customers deposit crypto into Binance Simple Earn or Bybit Easy Earn, terms and conditions transfer ownership of those assets to the platform. The MCI pools the funds, deploys them across lending, market-making and DeFi, and pays users a variable yield. Customers become unsecured creditors, not depositors with legal protections.
That structure creates short-term redeemable liabilities backed by longer-duration or less liquid assets. Researchers call this maturity and liquidity transformation, the same risk that bank regulators manage through capital and liquidity requirements. MCIs face it without those guardrails.
The collapse of Celsius Network in 2022 illustrated the exposure. Celsius experienced net withdrawals of more than $1.4 billion between May and June of that year. By June 12 the platform froze withdrawals. When it filed for bankruptcy on July 12, its balance sheet showed a billion-dollar deficit. The bankruptcy court confirmed Celsius earn users were general unsecured creditors.
A flash crash on Oct. 10, 2025, reinforced the concern. Crypto asset prices fell sharply over 30 minutes, triggering cascading automated liquidations across derivatives platforms. Reported direct losses reached $19 billion the following day. Binance suffered an operational outage during the event, and three tokens used as margin collateral, including an algorithmic stablecoin, temporarily lost their pegs. Binance announced $283 million in customer compensation following the incident.
The report reviewed terms and conditions from eight major MCIs between November 2025 and March 2026 and found that most earn products grant the platform full discretion over deposited assets, commingle them with other customer funds, and reserve the right to suspend redemptions without notice.
Leverage adds further risk. Some platforms allow retail customers up to 150-to-1 margin on derivatives contracts. The paper draws a direct line from that leverage to the October 2025 liquidation cascade.
The FSB’s 2025 thematic review found that only 11 of 28 participating jurisdictions, roughly 39%, had a finalized regulatory framework addressing financial stability. Just two of those covered borrowing and lending by MCIs. Three covered earn products.
The authors call for prudential capital and liquidity requirements, governance standards, stress testing and consolidated supervision applied at the group level. They recommend a combination of entity-based and activity-based regulation, noting that activity-based rules alone cannot address the funding and liquidity risks MCIs carry.
Cross-border cooperation remains a core gap. Many large MCIs allocate functions across dozens of jurisdictions through separate legal entities, and formal supervisory information-sharing agreements between regulators remain uncommon.
Crypto
ADI Foundation and Settlemint Launch ADGM Tokenization Rail for $30.9B RWAs
- ADI Foundation and Settlemint launched a digital securities hub under ADGM’s 2026 regulatory framework.
- BCG projects digital assets will grow to $18.9 trillion by 2033 as institutional RWA adoption accelerates.
- Van Niekerk says the Settlemint blueprint allows global exchanges to launch 24/7 tokenized trading next.
Integrated Infrastructure for Institutional Adoption
ADI Foundation and Settlemint announced a partnership on May 13 to launch a new digital securities infrastructure on the ADI Chain, aiming to streamline the tokenization of assets within the Abu Dhabi Global Market (ADGM) regulatory framework.
The collaboration integrates ADI Foundation’s compliance-ready Layer-2 blockchain with Settlemint’s digital asset lifecycle platform (DALP). The combined system is designed to handle the entire lifespan of a digital security, from initial token creation and on-chain recording to post-trade servicing and management.
The move addresses a primary hurdle for institutional investors: the difficulty of coordinating issuance, trading, settlement, and custody across fragmented jurisdictions. By providing an integrated architecture, the partners aim to offer a unified pathway for institutions to move traditional assets onto the blockchain.
“The future of investment and trading will not only be digitized, but also available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week,” said Andrey Lazorenko, CEO of ADI Foundation. “Our partnership brings together market infrastructure, institutional-grade blockchain, and a digital asset lifecycle platform to tokenize equities and trade them on secondary platforms.”
According to a media statement, the platform utilizes Settlemint’s implementation of the ERC-3643 standard—a protocol specifically designed for security tokens to ensure compliance with regulatory requirements. While the partnership is initially focusing on equity tokenization, the infrastructure is built to support a variety of other tokenized securities and financial instruments, pending regulatory approval.
The announcement comes as institutional interest in real-world assets ( RWAs) on-chain continues to accelerate. According to data from RWA.xyz, tokenized RWAs currently represent approximately $30.92 billion in on-chain value, with tokenized U.S. Treasuries accounting for roughly $15.20 billion of that total. Market analysts expect this trend to scale significantly. A 2026 analysis by BCG suggests the digital asset market could surge from $0.6 trillion in 2025 to $18.9 trillion by 2033.
Matthew Van Niekerk, co-founder and president of Settlemint, characterized the partnership as a “blueprint” for the broader financial industry.
“This partnership proves that regulated, multi-asset tokenization at national scale on public blockchains is not just feasible, but live,” Van Niekerk said. He added that the infrastructure is intended to be a model that central securities depositories (CSDs), exchanges, and clearing houses can adopt to integrate digital assets into existing operations.
Crypto
BlackRock COO: Cryptocurrency Demand Surpasses Firm’s Expectations, Signaling a Shift in Value
BlackRock Chief Operating Officer Rob Goldstein revealed that demand for cryptocurrency has significantly exceeded the firm’s initial projections, marking a notable shift in institutional sentiment toward digital assets. Speaking during a Binance online stream, Goldstein addressed the market’s reception of BlackRock’s spot Bitcoin exchange-traded fund (ETF), IBIT, and outlined the asset manager’s broader strategic outlook on blockchain-based finance.
Demand Driven by Value Proposition, Not Speculation
Goldstein emphasized that the global demand for IBIT was stronger than anticipated, describing the interest not as fleeting speculative enthusiasm but as a recognition of a new value proposition rooted in emerging technology. He noted that investors are increasingly viewing cryptocurrency as a distinct asset class with potential for long-term portfolio diversification, rather than a short-term trading vehicle. This perspective aligns with BlackRock’s broader push to integrate digital assets into traditional investment frameworks.
Tokenization and the Future of Capital Markets
Goldstein predicted that the tokenization of capital market instruments remains in its early stages, with future growth expected to be measured in multiples rather than incremental percentages. He argued that blockchain infrastructure could fundamentally reshape how assets are issued, traded, and settled, reducing friction and increasing transparency. This view is consistent with growing industry interest in real-world asset (RWA) tokenization, a trend that major financial institutions are beginning to explore.
AI Agents and Digital Rail Transactions
In a forward-looking comment, Goldstein suggested that artificial intelligence agents will eventually conduct transactions directly via digital rails, or blockchain infrastructure, rather than logging into traditional bank accounts. This vision points to a future where automated systems interact with decentralized finance protocols, potentially streamlining operations across supply chains, payments, and asset management. While still conceptual, the statement underscores BlackRock’s attention to the convergence of AI and blockchain technologies.
The Education Gap Remains a Key Obstacle
Goldstein identified the primary barrier to broader adoption as a lack of investor education regarding the technical aspects of virtual assets and efficient portfolio allocation. Many institutional and retail investors remain uncertain about how to evaluate cryptocurrencies, assess risks, and integrate them into existing investment strategies. BlackRock’s emphasis on education suggests that the firm sees informed participation as critical to sustainable market growth.
Conclusion
BlackRock’s acknowledgment that cryptocurrency demand has exceeded expectations carries significant weight, given the firm’s status as the world’s largest asset manager with over $10 trillion in assets under management. Goldstein’s comments reflect a maturing institutional perspective that views digital assets not as a passing trend but as a structural evolution in finance. For investors, the key takeaway is that major financial players are moving beyond skepticism and actively building infrastructure for a tokenized future, even as educational gaps persist.
FAQs
Q1: What did BlackRock’s COO say about cryptocurrency demand?
Rob Goldstein stated that demand for cryptocurrency, particularly through BlackRock’s IBIT Bitcoin ETF, has exceeded the firm’s expectations, driven by a recognition of its value as an emerging technology rather than mere speculation.
Q2: What is BlackRock’s view on tokenization?
Goldstein described tokenization of capital market tools as still in its infancy, with future growth expected to be exponential. He believes blockchain infrastructure will play a key role in transforming how assets are managed and traded.
Q3: What is the biggest obstacle to cryptocurrency adoption according to BlackRock?
The main challenge is a lack of investor education on the technical aspects of virtual assets and how to allocate them effectively within a portfolio, according to Goldstein.
Crypto
MEXC Commits to 1,000 BTC Purchase as Guardian Fund Targets $500M Expansion
Key Takeaways
- MEXC plans to expand its Guardian Fund to $500M over two years, along with a 1,000 BTC reserve.
- MEXC logged $270M inflows by May 11, reflecting demand for stronger reserve safeguards.
- MEXC will add on-chain BTC and USDT proof-of-reserves to boost transparency and trust.
BTC and USDT to Serve as Dual Reserve System for Market Stability
Crypto exchange MEXC is deepening its focus on reserve strength and user protection, announcing plans to expand its Guardian Fund fivefold to $500 million and acquire 1,000 bitcoin as part of a broader risk management strategy.
The exchange said the initiative will be rolled out over the next two years and is designed to create a dual-reserve structure combining liquid stablecoin holdings with long-term BTC reserves. The framework is intended to bolster platform stability and improve resilience during periods of market stress.
The announcement comes as MEXC continues to attract new capital and users. According to data from Defillama, the exchange recorded $271.6 million in net inflows over the past month through May 11, reflecting increased trading activity and participation across global markets.
Under the revised structure, the Guardian Fund will continue to hold significant USDT reserves to ensure immediate liquidity and operational flexibility. The addition of bitcoin is intended to provide a longer-term store of value capable of preserving purchasing power across market cycles.
Transparency Remains Key for MEXC
MEXC said the strategy is part of a disciplined reserve management approach rather than a reaction to short-term volatility. The company framed the expansion as an effort to build infrastructure comparable to institutional-grade financial safeguards increasingly expected in the digital asset industry.
“Trust has to be capitalized, not just claimed. The expansion of the Guardian Fund and the addition of bitcoin reserves reflect our commitment to building protection infrastructure that helps users access infinite opportunities with greater confidence,” CEO Vugar Usi said in a statement.
The exchange also emphasized transparency. Wallet addresses tied to the Guardian Fund’s USDT and bitcoin holdings have been disclosed publicly, allowing users to verify reserve balances on-chain in real time. The move highlights a broader trend among large trading platforms seeking to differentiate themselves through stronger balance sheets and more visible proof-of-reserves mechanisms.
For MEXC, the Guardian Fund expansion forms part of a wider push to position itself as a global platform capable of supporting long-term growth. The company said the initiative aligns with its broader strategy of improving transparency, strengthening risk management, and protecting users during periods of heightened market uncertainty.
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