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Cryptocurrency is money, rules South African court – African Law & Business

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Cryptocurrency is money, rules South African court – African Law & Business

South Africa’s High Court has defined Bitcoin as ‘money’ and ‘capital’, clearing the way for the country’s central bank to regulate the export of cryptocurrency.

The Gauteng Division of the South African High Court has ruled that cryptocurrency, and specifically Bitcoin, is both money and capital, limiting the ability of South Africans to trade in the currency without official authorisation and departing from an earlier decision by the High Court.

Giving his ruling on 1 June in Mangundhla & Dangaiso v South African Reserve Bank, Judge Stuart Wilson departed from what he called the “clearly wrong” 2025 decision by the Pretoria branch of the Gauteng Division in Standard Bank of South Africa v South African Reserve Bank, which had taken the opposite position.

Whereas the Standard Bank ruling held that cryptocurrency’s inherently digital nature did not meet the definition of money, Judge Wilson instead focused on its purpose and use, writing: “To the extent that cryptocurrency is a financial asset that holds value and is used as a medium of exchange through which capital can be taken from within South Africa and placed beyond its borders, it does not matter that it may not be legal tender (in other words fiat currency), or that it exists as an entry on a digital ledger.” 

Capital decision

Applicants (claimants) Square Mangundhla and Fungai Dangaiso brought the case against the South African Reserve Bank (SARB), its deputy governor and the minister of finance.

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Mangundhla traded on the online cryptocurrency platform Luno, using Dangaiso’s account when he reached the permissible limit for trades on his own account.

While he made legal trades between 2015 and 2017, from 2018 to 2020, he transferred 1680 Bitcoin purchased in South Africa to wallets accessed through cryptocurrency exchanges abroad.

SARB, the country’s central bank, categorised these transactions as the export of Bitcoin and their rand value in contravention of the Export Control Regulations, and ordered Mangundhla to forfeit ZAR 6 million (GBP 274,000).

Wilson determined that capital “means any financial asset that is capable of holding value or being used as a medium of exchange”, adding that “even if capital is given the relatively narrow definition of any financial asset that is capable of holding value or being used as a medium of exchange, cryptocurrency is certainly capital”.

He rejected an argument that bitcoin’s intangible nature put it outside of this definition, saying: “It seems to me that Bitcoin is plainly capital in the sense that it is a financial asset that is capable of holding value and being used as a medium of exchange,” noting that Bitcoin can be used to purchase rand and is accepted by merchants as currency.

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Wilson further found that the Bitcoin had been exported once it was “placed beyond the Reserve Bank’s jurisdiction” and as such the regulations applied, rejecting a further defence under the  Promotion of Administrative Justice Act (PAJA).

Money, money, money

The applicants had also argued that the forfeiture should not apply to the currency held in the Luno wallets on the grounds that the regulations only allow for the seizure of money, but Judge Wilson also rejected this argument, writing that “Bitcoin’s general characteristics bring it well within any sensible conception of money” on the basis that it can be converted into fiat currency and used to purchase goods and services.

“In my view, Bitcoin is clearly money. The Bitcoin was correctly subject to forfeiture,” he concluded.

Mangundhla and Dangaiso were represented by Cape Town-based firm JM Attorneys, instructing advocates Eloize Eksteen SC and Anneline Roestorf.

SARB was represented by law firm GMI Attorneys, instructing Werner Lüderitz SC, Ernst Kromhout and Katlego Moloisane.

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Crypto assets were regulated by South Africa by bringing them under the oversight of the Financial Sector Conduct Authority in 2022. That made it one of several African countries to legalise and regulate digital assets in the past few years, including Ghana, Nigeria, Central African Republic and Morocco.

The Gauteng Division is the forum for an ongoing challenge to the South African Legal Sector Code, brought in April by three law firms who argue that its racial transformation objectives are unworkable.

Last year, the court introduced mandatory mediation for civil disputes.

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Man arrested for allegedly stealing $50,000 during meeting to purchase cryptocurrency

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Man arrested for allegedly stealing ,000 during meeting to purchase cryptocurrency

SINGAPORE – A man was arrested for allegedly stealing cash amounting to $50,000 from a victim during a meeting to purchase cryptocurrency late at night on June 21.

According to the police, who were alerted to a case of theft in New Upper Changi Road at 11.55pm that day, the victim had arranged to meet the suspect to purchase USDT cryptocurrency amounting to $100,000.

While preparing to hand the money over to the suspect, the victim had placed a portion of the cash on a bench, the police said in a statement on June 23.

The 25-year-old suspect then allegedly grabbed $50,000 worth of the cash placed on the bench and fled the scene.

Police officers arrested the suspect after establishing his identity with footage from police and CCTV cameras, and recovered cash amounting to $7,450.

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The suspect is expected to be charged with the offence of theft on June 24. If found guilty, he can be jailed for up to three years, fined, or both.

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Safaricom Teams With Chainalysis as AI Hunts Payments Linked to Illegal Wildlife Trade

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Safaricom Teams With Chainalysis as AI Hunts Payments Linked to Illegal Wildlife Trade

Key Takeaways

Squeezing the Financial Flows

Kenyan telecom giant Safaricom has joined forces with a coalition of international technology, payments, and cryptocurrency firms to dismantle the financial networks driving the illegal wildlife trade. The initiative was announced at a recent event convened by Prince William and The Royal Foundation’s United for Wildlife taskforce.

According to a report, the coalition brings together technology giants, including Google, Meta, Tiktok, and Alibaba. The companies have committed to completely eradicating wildlife trafficking from their platforms using artificial intelligence (AI)-driven detection and prevention systems to catch illicit listings before sales take place.

While social media and e-commerce platforms focus on front-end listings, the battle is simultaneously moving to the financial back-end. Illegal wildlife trafficking is an extensively lucrative enterprise, with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) estimating it generates up to $23 billion annually. It is a driving factor behind putting an estimated one million plant and animal species at risk of extinction.

To sever these financial lifelines, Safaricom—alongside its parent companies Vodafone and Vodacom—will deploy AI within its anti-money laundering (AML) and transaction monitoring systems. The AI will be integrated across M-Pesa, Africa’s leading mobile money platform, to flag and disrupt suspicious transactions linked to poaching and trafficking syndicates.

Concurrently, mainstream payment processors and major cryptocurrency analytics firms—including Paypal, Chainalysis, TRM Labs, and Luno—have pledged to use blockchain tracking and advanced digital forensics to hunt down and expose cross-border crypto wallets and alternative payment pathways used by wildlife smugglers.

The urgent need for digital and financial intervention is underscored by the historic devastation of Africa’s iconic megafauna, most notably the white rhinoceros. The species serves as a stark warning of how rapidly unregulated, criminal markets can push an animal to the absolute brink of extinction.

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While intensive, century-long conservation efforts successfully revived the Southern White Rhino population to around 17,000, a resurgence in organized poaching over the last two decades has threatened to undo those gains. Rhino horn, which is composed of keratin (the same protein found in human hair and fingernails), has been sold on the black market for up to $60,000 per kilogram—making it more valuable by weight than gold or cocaine.

This immense profit margin shifted poaching from localized hunting to highly organized, transnational crime syndicates. By cutting off the modern payment infrastructure used by these syndicates, the new coalition aims to ensure other vulnerable species do not suffer the same fate.

A Unified Front

The private sector’s massive, coordinated pivot marks a turning point in environmental corporate responsibility, moving past standard non-profit donations toward deploying core tech architecture against criminal networks.

“What we see from the private sector today is a recognition that the illegal wildlife trade is both an environmental and a business issue,” said David Fein, co-chair of United for Wildlife.

Supporting the digital crackdown on the ground and in the skies, aviation leaders British Airways and Heathrow Airport also announced they will launch expansive public awareness campaigns to help travelers identify and report suspected wildlife products, tightening the net on smugglers globally.

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Former South Lake Tahoe man found guilty of cryptocurrency schemes

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Former South Lake Tahoe man found guilty of cryptocurrency schemes

SOUTH LAKE TAHOE, California (KOLO) – A former South Lake Tahoe man has been found guilty in a series of scams involving cryptocurrency.

The Department of Justice says 53-year-old Daniel Chartraw also used sham business ventures and false investment guarantees causing substantial financial losses to numerous victims nationwide.

The DOJ says that, between March 2021 and February 2022, Chartraw and an associate controlled multiple companies. They say that he and several other individuals acting on his behalf represented that one of his companies was a web-based cryptocurrency trading company that guaranteed high returns with no risk.

At various points, he also claimed his other company, TDA Global, was engaged in supplying jet fuel to airlines or operated its own cryptocurrency trading platform.

“This verdict sends a clear message: individuals who exploit the trust of others and steal through deception will be held accountable,” said U.S. Attorney Grant. “The defendant lied to investors and caused serious financial and emotional harm. Our office will continue to pursue those who use emerging technologies, including cryptocurrency, as vehicles for fraud.”

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Chartraw communicated with potential and existing investors through phone calls, texts, emails and virtual meetings using Teams and Zoom. The DOJ says that, although he was directing operations, he frequently used aliases and told associates he needed to conceal his identity due to a prior fraud conviction.

The DOJ says he repeatedly accessed his company’s bank account despite not being a signatory, and used it to withdraw cash, make purchases, and transfer investor funds to accounts he controlled.

Authorities say he also used fabricated account statements, false assurances of growth, and repeated misrepresentations to persuade victims to invest additional funds. When investors attempted to recover their money or questioned delays, Chartraw provided excuses, deflected responsibility or stopped communication altogether.

The total loss to investors was nearly $1 million.

Chartraw will be sentenced in September and faces a maximum of 20 years in prison and a fine of $250,000 for each count

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