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The Fast-Changing Chemistry of New, Dangerous Drugs

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The Fast-Changing Chemistry of New, Dangerous Drugs

Illicit labs are creating new synthetic drugs at breakneck speed. Dangerous, untested compounds are reaching users long before health agencies know they exist. Older drugs are regularly modified to create novel threats. Ecstasy is a prime example.

The party drug MDMA has been illegal since 1985. Its molecular structure can be drawn like this:

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But what if you could add one atom to this molecule to change both the experience of taking the drug and its legal status?

You can. A single oxygen atom changes the molecule to methylone, which provides an Ecstasy-like euphoria.

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This simple change had a profound consequence. When methylone reached the U.S. market in 2010 the drug could be sold legally in corner stores and smoke shops as “bath salts.”

But methylone wasn’t the end of the story. Illicit chemists now use methylone’s structure as a template for modern-day alchemy. New drug laws push them to invent new variants, which emerge in the illicit drug market with untested potencies and effects — a vicious cycle that has been impossible to contain.

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These chemists are located in unregulated labs around the globe, from big enterprises in China and India that produce drugs and their precursor compounds in huge volumes, to single-person and small domestic operations that cut and package drugs for retail sale. Some of the most-used drugs, such as fentanyl, are mixed in Mexico and exported north.

Waves of Bath Salts

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Methylone was an early example of a class of drugs known as synthetic cathinones, which continue to proliferate.

Beginning in 2010, emergency rooms began seeing agitated patients who were violent, paranoid and psychotic after ingesting synthetic cathinones sold as bath salts. Poison control centers received a few hundred calls about the drugs in 2010. The following year had over 6,000 calls.

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Bath salts labeled “not for human consumption” at a smoke shop in Houston in 2011.

Michael Stravato for The New York Times

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When methylone was finally banned in 2011, unregulated chemists simply tweaked the molecule to evade the ban, creating new drug formulas. The Drug Enforcement Administration noted in 2019 that “as one synthetic cathinone is controlled, another unscheduled synthetic cathinone appears in the recreational drug market.”

Examining the drug on a molecular level shows how illicit chemists try to increase potency and heighten the effect in a user’s brain.

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As cathinone molecules become more potent, they also become more addictive. “Because they hijack the dopamine system in the brain — the salience and reward system in the brain — they’re going to be extremely addictive,” said Dr. Michael Baumann, director of the Designer Drug Research Unit of the National Institute on Drug Abuse. “There’s a reason why chemists would design these.”

Experts confirmed that the molecules described in this article are well known among illicit chemists, who have moved on to newer structures. “These are not rudimentary chemists,” Dr. Baumann said. “They’re actually ahead of us.”

Nitazenes, the ‘Frankenstein Opioids’

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Another class of drugs has been following a similar pattern. When China banned all variants of fentanyl in 2019, illicit chemists began to research non-fentanyl opioids and rediscovered nitazenes, drugs developed in the 1950s as alternatives to morphine but never approved for medical use. Chemists modify the molecules — which are more complex than cathinones — in similar ways to increase potency.

“This is trial and error,” said Dr. Alex Krotulski, director of the Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, of the efforts. “They’re pushing the envelope to make more and more potent drugs.”

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By the end of 2024, at least 22 nitazene molecules had been identified. New variants are prized because of their inexpensive production costs, high potency and vague legal status, according to a 2023 paper.

Ohio’s attorney general was referring to nitazenes when he warned that “Frankenstein opioids are even more lethal than the drugs already responsible for so many overdose deaths.”

China banned nitazenes in July 2025, a move that may cause production to shift to other countries. In the meantime, illicit chemists searching through patents and research papers may stumble on another class of legal molecules to tweak and modify.

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“It’s so much more dangerous today, the drugs are so much more potent,” said George W. Hime, assistant director of toxicology at the Miami-Dade Medical Examiner. “Someone out there is playing chemistry.”

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What is butt microneedling? Behind the ‘desperate’ procedure Kelly Ripa tried

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What is butt microneedling? Behind the ‘desperate’ procedure Kelly Ripa tried

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Talk show host Kelly Ripa recently revealed she receives a niche procedure to enhance the appearance of her behind.

During a recent episode of her podcast, “Let’s Talk Off Camera,” the 55-year-old opened up about getting microneedling done “on my a– cheeks,” after her guest, actor Lukas Gage, shared that he had also undergone the treatment.

“I’m going to tell you something … just as old as before,” she said after Gage asked her whether she saw an improvement. “Desperate times call for desperate measures.”

DO COLLAGEN SUPPLEMENTS REALLY IMPROVE SKIN? MAJOR REVIEW REVEALS THE TRUTH

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Dermatologist Dara Spearman, M.D., of Radiant Dermatology Associates in Indiana, described the cosmetic dermatologic procedure to Fox News Digital.

“Butt microneedling is where a device with very fine, sterile needles is used to create controlled micro-injuries in the skin of the buttocks,” she said.

Kelly Ripa, 55, admitted to microneedling her butt during a recent podcast episode. (Kelly Ripa/Instagram; iStock)

“This process stimulates the body’s natural wound healing response, which boosts collagen and elastin production over time.”

Microneedling is often used to improve skin texture concerns like acne scarring, stretch marks or uneven tone, especially in the rear end area, according to Spearman.

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The treatment can be performed in an office by a trained professional and is sometimes paired with topical serums to enhance results.

“While the concept may sound trendy, the underlying technology is the same as traditional microneedling used on the face and body,” Spearman said.

“Desperate times call for desperate measures,” said Ripa about the procedure she undergoes.  (Lorenzo Bevilaqua/Disney via Getty Images)

Microneedling the buttocks can lead to smoother, firmer and more even-looking skin after a series of treatments.

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An increase in collagen production over time can “subtly improve skin laxity,” Spearman said, with results building gradually over multiple sessions.

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“Consistency and realistic expectations are key,” the dermatologist said.

As with any procedure that disrupts the skin barrier, there are potential risks, according to Spearman, especially if it’s performed improperly or in a non-sterile environment.

Traditional microneedling is typically done on the face, experts say. (iStock)

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These potential side effects include irritation, infection and prolonged redness. In some cases, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation can occur in patients with deeper skin tones.

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“There is also a risk of worsening acne or folliculitis if the area is not properly assessed beforehand,” Spearman said. “Overly aggressive treatments can lead to scarring rather than improvement, which is why technique and needle depth matter significantly.”

“It is not a quick fix, and multiple sessions are typically needed to achieve meaningful results,” the expert said. (iStock)

“It’s important that patients seek care from a qualified medical professional to minimize these risks.”

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Although this treatment is gaining viral popularity on social media, it should still be regarded as a medical procedure requiring proper training and safety standards, Spearman emphasized.

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“It is not a quick fix, and multiple sessions are typically needed to achieve meaningful results,” the dermatologist told Fox News Digital. “Patients should also be cautious about at-home devices for this area, as improper use can increase the risk of infection or skin damage.”

“A thorough consultation is essential to determine whether someone is a good candidate, especially if they have active skin conditions or a history of keloid (raised) scarring.”

Fox News Digital’s Lori A. Bashian contributed to this report.

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Americans wait overnight for access to free healthcare as costs soar ‘out of reach’

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Americans wait overnight for access to free healthcare as costs soar ‘out of reach’

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The Trump administration’s recent pullback on health insurance has left fewer Americans with coverage.

For the uninsured, being treated for certain conditions may be out of the question due to high costs.

This has led some Americans to wait multiple days, some even sleeping overnight in their cars, to seek free free healthcare from volunteer clinics like Remote Area Medical (RAM).

LEANN RIMES’ EMOTIONAL REACTION TO JAW RELEASE THERAPY SPARKS WIDESPREAD BUZZ

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The Tennessee-based nonprofit organization, founded in 1985, employs volunteer healthcare professionals to treat Americans without insurance at no cost.

In a recent episode of CBS News’ 60 Minutes, host Scott Pelley spoke with people waiting to be brought into the clinic.

Medical professionals from all around the U.S. volunteer their time at Remote Area Medical (RAM) clinics. (Remote Area Medical)

In February, Sandra Tallent drove 200 miles from Huntsville, Alabama, to RAM’s pop-up clinic in Knoxville, Tennessee, to have her teeth examined.

SIMPLE BRUSHING ROUTINE COULD REDUCE DEMENTIA RISK, DENTAL HEALTH EXPERTS SAY

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She arrived at the clinic site at 4:30 p.m. on Wednesday and spoke to Pelley from her car at 5 a.m. Friday, after sleeping for two nights in the parking lot.

Pelley asked, “If you didn’t have RAM, how would you get your teeth taken care of?” Tallent responded, “I wouldn’t.”

Some Americans have been waiting hours and even sleeping overnight in their cars to be seen by a doctor. (iStock)

Tallent was later seen by a dental expert and had dentures created in RAM’s 3D denture-printing lab.

Connor Gibson, a 22-year-old engineer, uses computer design to get the job done in just about an hour, according to the report. This is a process that can typically take weeks.

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“We see grown men cry sitting in the chair,” Gibson told 60 Minutes, describing what it’s like for patients to see themselves with a new set of teeth for the first time.

This includes Tallent, who looked in the mirror and smiled with tears in her eyes, expressing her gratitude.

Remote Area Medical clinic volunteers and patients are pictured at the center in Tennessee. RAM has recently expanded its services to include women’s health exams, general wellness check-ups and sports physicals.  (Remote Area Medical)

In an interview with Fox News Digital, RAM CEO Chris Hall shared how their clinics pop up and move across the country to expand access for more Americans.

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“All of our services are provided free of cost to patients on a first come, first serve basis,” he said. “And we do that through our team of dedicated volunteers and professionals that come from all around the county.”

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RAM provides cleanings, fillings and extractions, as well as comprehensive eye exams and access to an eyeglass lab that can manufacture eyewear and dentures, according to Hall.

About 60% of patients seek dental care, he said, and about 30% to 35% seek vision care.

RAM provides cleanings, fillings and extractions, as well as comprehensive eye exams and access to an eyeglass lab that can manufacture eyewear and dentures. (iStock)

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RAM has recently expanded its services to include women’s health exams, general wellness check-ups and sports physicals. 

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In 2008, RAM held about 10 to 12 events per year. Today, it has grown to 90 full-scale operations, with events happening nearly every weekend, Hall shared.

Hall said the demand for medical care has been consistent for the last 20 years. Even for some patients who have insurance, the out-of-pocket premiums and deductibles can be “out of reach.”

Chris Hall, CEO of Remote Area Medical, describes the operation as “inspiring, yet heartbreaking.” (Remote Area Medical)

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“The communities that we go into, the patients who are coming through our door, these are working-class people,” Hall said.

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“Whether we’re doing events in rural Appalachia or downtown Los Angeles, the patients who are coming … they’re just isolated and do not get the care that they need,” he added.

Hall said he’s heard “heartbreaking” stories from patients who have put off medical care to keep the lights on in their homes and provide food for their families.

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Marriage status has surprising link to cancer risk, study suggests: ‘Clear signal’

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Marriage status has surprising link to cancer risk, study suggests: ‘Clear signal’

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Adults who never married are significantly more likely to develop cancer, according to new research from the University of Miami.

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A large study of more than 4 million Americans across 12 states found that this increased risk spans nearly every major cancer type. It is especially true for preventable cancers, such as types caused by smoking and infection.

Men who never married were found to have a 70% higher likelihood of cancer than their married counterparts. For women, that gap was even wider, with never-married individuals facing an 85% higher risk.

EATING MORE OF CERTAIN TYPE OF FOOD COULD SHORTEN CANCER SURVIVORS’ LIVES, STUDY FINDS

Previous research has linked marriage to better survival rates after a diagnosis, but this is one of the first studies to show that marital status could be a major indicator of whether a person will develop cancer in the first place.

“These findings suggest that social factors such as marital status may serve as important markers of cancer risk at the population level,” study co-author Paulo Pinheiro, a research professor of epidemiology at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, said in a press release.

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Adults who never married are significantly more likely to develop cancer, according to new research from the University of Miami. (Getty Images)

Between 2015 and 2022, the team examined cancer cases diagnosed at age 30 or older and compared the rates of various cancers to the marital status of participants. They then broke down the data by sex and race and adjusted for age.

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Adult men who were never married had approximately five times the rate of anal cancer compared to married men, the study found.

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Adult women who were never married had nearly three times the rate of cervical cancer compared to women who were or had been married.

“It’s a clear and powerful signal that some individuals are at a greater risk,” Frank Penedo, director of the Sylvester Survivorship and Supportive Care Institute at the University of Miami, said in the release.

For women, being married (and often, by extension, having children) was associated with lower risks of ovarian and endometrial cancers. (iStock)

For women, being married (and often, by extension, having children) was associated with lower risks of ovarian and endometrial cancers, likely due to hormonal and biological factors associated with pregnancy, according to the researchers.

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Experts stressed that these findings do not mean marriage alone can protect against cancer.

“It means that if you’re not married, you should be paying extra attention to cancer risk factors, getting any screenings you may need, and staying up to date on healthcare,” Penedo said.

Experts stressed that these findings do not mean marriage alone can protect against cancer. (iStock)

The researchers also hypothesized that people who smoke less, drink less and take better care of themselves may be more likely to get married, meaning other factors could influence the findings.

More research is needed to confirm the outcome, they noted.

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The study was published in the journal Cancer Research Communications.

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