World
NASA astronauts return to Earth after 9 months: How space changes the body
EXPLAINER
Nine months in space can permanently alter the body, leaving astronauts Sunita Williams and Barry Wilmore with possible long-term health effects.
It was a mission that lasted far longer than planned.
United States astronauts Sunita “Suni” Williams and Barry “Butch” Wilmore went to space on board the Boeing Starliner Calypso on June 5, 2024. They were meant to spend eight days on the International Space Station (ISS).
But as the spacecraft was approaching the station, its thrusters malfunctioned, and NASA ordered the astronauts to remain on the ISS while figuring out how to bring them back.
That lasted nine months, or 288 days, making Williams and Wilmore two of the longest-serving NASA astronauts in space on a single mission.
Who has spent the longest time in space?
The ISS orbits at an altitude of 354km (220 miles), while the average distance to Mars from Earth is a staggering 225 million kilometres (140 million miles).
Astronaut Frank Rubio holds the record for NASA’s longest space mission, spending more than a year on the ISS.
The overall record for a single spaceflight belongs to Russian Valeri Polyakov, who spent 437 days on board the Mir space station.
When did the SpaceX Crew-9 mission return to Earth?
The SpaceX Dragon spacecraft that carried Williams and Wilmore to Earth splashed down at about 5.57pm local time (21:57 GMT) off the coast of Florida, after undocking from the ISS at 05:05 GMT.
On board with Wilmore and Williams was Russia’s Roscosmos astronaut Aleksandr Gorbunov.
NASA provided live coverage of the lead-up to the splashdown.
Now back on land, the crew will have to adjust to being back on Earth, both physically and mentally.
How does living in space harm the body?
Spending months in microgravity is brutal on the body. Without the Earth’s gravitational pull, muscles shrink, bones weaken and bodily fluids shift.
Astronauts lose muscle mass rapidly because they do not use their legs to support their weight. Their bones become fragile and they lose 1 percent of their bone mass per month – equivalent to an entire year of ageing on Earth.
Radiation is another major concern. Although the ISS is shielded by Earth’s magnetosphere, astronauts on missions lasting six months or longer receive more than 10 times the radiation than what is naturally occurring on Earth. Prolonged exposure is linked to higher cancer risks and potential cognitive decline.
- Body mass and fluids: Astronauts lose about 20 percent of their body fluids and about 5 percent of their body mass while in space.
- Muscle: Microgravity causes muscle atrophy, but exercise for two hours a day, six days a week and supplements can reduce muscle loss.
- Skin: Skin thins, tears easily and heals more slowly in space.
- Eyes: Microgravity impairs vision while radiation increases cataract risk.
- DNA: Most genes reset after returning to Earth, but about 7 percent remain disrupted.
- Psychosomatics and cognition: Radiation may cause brain damage and the onset of Alzheimer’s disease. Space disrupts orientation, causing motion sickness.
- Cardiovascular system: Blood circulation slows down and production of red blood cells decreases. Cardiac arrhythmia is common.
- Immune system: The immune system weakens. Radiation exposure from six months in space equates to 10 times the annual exposure on Earth.
- Bones: Skeletal deformation and bone loss are likely with 1 percent of bone mass lost every month. Astronauts become taller because their spines expand while in orbit.
How does the body recover back on Earth?
Returning to Earth does not immediately undo months of strain on astronauts’ bodies. As their bodies readjust to gravity, they experience balance issues, dizziness and weakened cardiovascular function.
Even months after landing, not everything recovers. They face long-term health risks, including cancer, nerve damage and degenerative diseases.
- Arrival from space: The spine returns to normal size. Flatulence is no longer an issue, and blood pressure normalises.
- One week later: Motion sickness, disorientation and balance issues disappear. Sleep returns to normal.
- Two weeks later: The immune system recovers, and the body fluids lost are regained. The production of red blood cells returns to normal.
- One month later: Muscle reformation is almost complete and near pre-flight levels.
- Three months later: Skin redevelopment is complete. Body mass returns to Earth levels, and problems with eyesight no longer exist.
- Six months later: The risk of bone fractures remains as well as an increased risk of cancer. Ninety-three percent of genes return to normal, but 7 percent remain disrupted.
World
Pressure mounts on Peru’s election authorities amid presidential race delay
The vote count continues to determine who will join conservative Keiko Fujimori in Peru’s presidential run-off in June.
Published On 17 Apr 2026
Calls to remove the head of Peru’s electoral authority have intensified as delays and alleged irregularities clouded the presidential vote count.
As of Friday, no clear challenger has emerged to face conservative frontrunner Keiko Fujimori in the June 7 run-off.
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The general election was held on Sunday, but an extension was granted to accommodate for the difficulties in ballot distribution.
Pressure has mounted against the head of Peru’s National Office of Electoral Processes (ONPE), Piero Corvetto. Complaints over errors and logistical problems during Sunday’s election have been compounded by a slow tally that has rattled investor confidence and heightened uncertainty.
According to the ONPE, leftist Roberto Sanchez and ultraconservative former Lima Mayor Rafael Lopez Aliaga remain locked in a close battle for second place, separated by about 13,000 votes as of Friday.
With 93.3 percent of the ballots counted, Sanchez held 12.0 percent of the vote and Lopez Aliaga 11.9 percent.
Fujimori, meanwhile, remained firmly in first place with 17 percent, positioning her for the run-off. Final results could take up to two weeks, according to local election-monitoring group Transparencia.
The vote counting has been further delayed by the roughly 5 percent of ballots that were identified for review due to missing information or errors in polling station records, according to ONPE data. Those ballots will be reviewed by a special electoral jury before being included in the final count, officials said.
Business leaders and lawmakers from across the political spectrum have called on Corvetto to step down, arguing that a replacement should oversee the second round.
“Errors this serious have consequences,” Jorge Zapata, head of business chamber CONFIEP, told local radio station RPP.
Earlier this week, Corvetto acknowledged that there had been some logistical delays that forced voting to be extended by a day, mainly in Lima. Those delays triggered fraud allegations, notably from Lopez Aliaga, who has called for counting to be suspended. Corvetto has denied that any irregularities took place.
Even so, Peru’s top electoral court, the National Jury of Elections, filed a criminal complaint with prosecutors against Corvetto, citing alleged offences, including violations of voting rights. Representatives for Corvetto did not immediately respond to a Reuters request for comment.
An investigation is also under way after materials from four polling stations were found on a public road in Lima on Thursday, the police said. ONPE said on the social media platform X that the votes from those stations had already been recorded for counting.
European Union election observers said this week that they found no evidence of fraud.
World
Australia’s most decorated veteran walks free on bail on war crimes charges related to Afghan deaths
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MELBOURNE, Australia (AP) — Australia’s most decorated living veteran, Ben Roberts-Smith, walked free on bail from a Sydney prison on Friday, 10 days after he was charged with war crimes in the killings of five people while serving in Afghanistan.
Judge Greg Grogin granted Roberts-Smith bail in a Sydney court around five hours earlier, ruling the former Special Air Service Regiment corporal had established exceptional circumstances to justify his release from custody. Prosecutors had opposed bail and argued there was a risk that Roberts-Smith would flee Australia or interfere with witnesses and evidence.
Roberts-Smith, 47, was arrested on April 7 and charged with five counts of war crime murder involving the deaths of five Afghans in Uruzgan province in 2009 and 2012.
AUSTRALIA’S MOST DECORATED LIVING SOLDIER CHARGED AMID FIERCE DEBATE OVER WAR CRIMES ALLEGATIONS
SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA – JUNE 07: Ben Roberts-Smith departs the Federal Court of Australia in Sydney on June 07, 2021 in Sydney, Australia. Ben Roberts-Smith is suing three Fairfax newspapers for defamation over reports he committed war crimes while serving in the Australian Special Air Services in Afghanistan. Ben Roberts-Smith is Australia’s most decorated living soldier and a Victoria Cross recipient. (Sam Mooy / Getty Images)
Australian law defines war crime murder as the intentional killing in a context of armed conflict of a person who is not taking an active part in the hostilities, such as a civilian, prisoner of war or a wounded soldier.
Roberts-Smith was driven away from Sydney’s Silverwater Correctional Complex late Friday apparently wearing the same clothes he wore when police escorted him from a commercial airliner at Sydney Airport last week, news media images showed.
Roberts-Smith was awarded both the Victoria Cross and Medal of Gallantry for his service in Afghanistan and is only the second Australian veteran of the Afghanistan campaign to be charged with a war crime.
The charges follow a military report released in 2020 that found evidence elite SAS and commando regiment troops unlawfully killed 39 Afghan prisoners, farmers and other noncombatants. Around 40,000 Australian military personnel served in Afghanistan between 2001 and 2021, of whom 41 were killed.
Similar allegations against Roberts-Smith were found credible in a civil court case in 2023 when a judge rejected his claims that newspaper articles defamed him.
AUSTRALIA’S MOST DECORATED WAR VETERAN APPEALS COURT RULING THAT BLAMED HIM FOR UNLAWFUL KILLING OF AFGHANS
At that trial, Roberts-Smith testified he had never killed an unarmed Afghan and denied ever committing a war crime. He claimed he has the victim of spiteful fellow soldiers’ lies and of others’ envy of his medals.
Corporal Ben Roberts-Smith VC, MG attends a Victoria Cross and George Cross Association Reunion Service at St. Martin-in-the-Fields Church on May 30, 2012 in London, England. (Max Mumby / Indigo / Getty Images)
But while the civil court found the war crimes allegations were mostly proven on a balance of probabilities, the war crime murder charges would have to be proved in a criminal court to a higher standard of beyond reasonable doubt.
Roberts-Smith is accused of personally shooting dead two victims. He allegedly ordered subordinates to shoot the other three victims.
In opposing bail, prosecutor Simon Buchen described the charges against Roberts-Smith as “among the most serious known to the criminal law.”
Buchen said Roberts-Smith had been “on the cusp of relocating overseas” without telling authorities when he became aware that prosectors were considering charges.
Roberts-Smith had made “advanced plans to relocate overseas. Consideration was being given to moving to various destinations overseas,” Buchen told the court.
Roberts-Smith faces a potential maximum sentence of life in prison on each conviction. He has yet to enter pleas.
JUDGE RULES AUSTRALIA’S MOST DECORATED WAR VETERAN UNLAWFULLY KILLED POWS, COMMITTED WAR CRIMES IN AFGHANISTAN
Defense lawyer Slade Howell told the bail hearing Roberts-Smith’s case “may properly be described as exceptional in the sense that it is out of the ordinary.”
“The use of domestic courts to prosecute alleged war crimes committed by a highly decorated Australian soldier deployed overseas repeatedly by the Australian government to fight a war on its behalf is unprecedented and is uncharted legal territory of the common law of this country,” Howell said.
FILE – Ben Roberts-Smith arrives at the Federal Court in Sydney on June 9, 2021. Australia’s most decorated living war veteran lodged an appeal on Tuesday, July 11, 2023, against a civil court ruling that blamed him for the unlawful killings of four Afghans. (AP Photo/Rick Rycroft, File) (AP Photo/Rick Rycroft, File)
Howell also said Roberts-Smith’s “proceedings will be beset by a multitude of delays, many of which are peculiar to these proceeding.”
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Potential delays could arise if prosecutors decide to charge one or more of Roberts-Smith’s fellow veterans, some of whom now live overseas, Howell said.
Roberts-Smith took part in the bail hearing by video link from prison and spoke only when asked by the judge to confirm that he could see and hear proceedings.
World
Swedish rights groups slam ‘honest living’ criteria for migrants
Sweden’s government has faced growing criticism over its plans to require migrants to adhere to “honest living,” with rights groups and legal experts saying the proposed measure is discriminatory.
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Sweden’s government, which came to power in 2022 on pledges to get tough on immigration and crime, is trying to rapidly push through a slew of reforms ahead of legislative elections in September.
If approved by parliament, the “honest living” measure would come into force on 13 July.
Under the proposed change, the Migration Agency will consider, when granting or renewing non-EU citizens’ residence permits, whether applicants have at any time posed a threat to public order or security, had extremist sympathies or links to groups advocating violence, or committed minor offences punishable by fines.
Other factors may include going into debt “without any intention or effort to repay,” organised begging, committing welfare fraud or working off the books.
Those found not adhering to the “honest living” standard could face deportation.
“The consequences will be very serious” for migrants affected by the reform, John Stauffer, a legal adviser for the human rights organisation Civil Rights Defenders, told the AFP news agency.
Even a person’s statements, although they in themselves should not be considered as proof of a lack of “honest living,” may indicate links to “violent extremism,” Ludvig Aspling, a spokesman for the anti-immigration Sweden Democrats which props up the minority right-wing government, said when the plans were announced.
“This creates a system where people, depending on their legal status and whether they are citizens or have residence permits, have different rights in our society, especially when it comes to freedom of expression,” Stauffer said.
“If you are a citizen, you have broad and strongly-protected freedom of expression. If you are not a citizen, then you will have freedom of expression, but it will not be as strong,” he explained.
Unpredictable processing
The proposal would make it easier to revoke immigrants’ residence permits.
“It is not a human right to stay in Sweden. It is important to remember that,” Migration Minister Johan Forssell told AFP.
“If you come to Sweden and you’re not a citizen, it’s almost like being a guest in someone’s home. Then you should show that you want to become part of the country. That you make an effort, that you pull your weight, that you work,” Forssell said.
The government has not yet published a definitive list of actions or behaviours that would constitute a violation of the “honest living” requirement.
The Swedish Refugee Law Centre, an organisation that provides legal assistance to asylum seekers, says the new considerations will make the process for residence permits unpredictable.
“This can also create a sense of insecurity when you don’t really know how your actions in different situations might be assessed,” Elias Nygren, a lawyer working for the organisation, told AFP.
Some organisations worry that certain types of activism may also be considered a breach of “honest living.”
“We organise trainings in civil disobedience, that is, in non-violence and the principles that guide our actions. We are finding that this question comes up more and more often,” Frida Bengtsson, head of Greenpeace Sweden, told AFP.
“Many people are dropping out because they hesitate to take action due to the current uncertainty. They don’t really dare take that risk,” she added.
In a satirical op-ed published in newspaper Dagens Nyheter, Swedish writer Gellert Tamas suggested some members of government take a closer look at their own past.
Some of them, he argued, would be candidates for deportation, starting with the migration minister himself.
“Johan Forssell has ‘clear links to an organisation promoting violence’,” he wrote, citing the wording in the draft of the bill, “because of his son’s former membership in the openly Nazi group Aktivklubb Sverige.”
In July 2025, it emerged in the media that Forssell’s then 16-year-old son was a member of Aktivklubb Sverige, which the minister said he had not been aware of.
“Forssell’s defence, that ‘this was about a deeply remorseful 15-year-old, who just turned 16,’ would hardly have impressed in an assessment into honest living,” Tamas said.
Taking control of migration
Sweden’s Prime Minister told Euronews last year that there was an “absolute need to get control on migration.”
He reiterated his proposal to significantly increase the amount of money Sweden offers to migrants as a financial incentive to leave the country.
The current grant is €900 per adult. However, this initiative has had limited success so far. In 2023, only one out of 70 applications was approved, according to the Swedish Migration Agency.
To reverse this trend, a new government proposal would raise the amount to €32,000, an increase of 3,400%.
Sweden began revamping its asylum policy in 2015, moving to a much stricter stance on application processing after the country hosted record numbers of asylum seekers, more than 160,000 people, from Afghanistan, Iraq and Syria.
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