Maryland
Bird flu outbreak has reached Maryland: How concerned should we be?
The widening U.S. bird flu outbreak has made its way to Maryland, which has counted two cases on commercial poultry farms—one in Caroline County and another in Queen Anne’s County—since the start of the year.
Health experts say the general public is at little risk of exposure and illness, thus far. While human infections of this H5N1 avian influenza can be deadly, there have been no confirmed cases of human-to-human spread.
“The general public should have very little concern unless they’re involved in what we know are high-risk activities, one being working on poultry farms” and another being drinking raw, unpasteurized milk, said Andy Pekosz, an expert on respiratory viruses and emerging diseases at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
“On the flip side, biologists like myself are very concerned about the situation,” he said. “There have been way too many outbreaks in dairy cow farms. It’s spread across way too many states.”
As of this week, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention counted 67 U.S. cases of bird flu infections in humans since 2024, none in Maryland. One person, a 65-year-old Louisiana man with underlying health conditions, died after he was likely exposed to the virus from wild birds and a non-commercial backyard flock, the Louisiana Department of Health reported earlier this month.
The CDC on Thursday also called on hospitals to test patients they believe may have the bird flu, particularly those in intensive care units.
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services announced earlier this month that it has awarded $306 million to monitor this outbreak and prepare for more human infections. More than half of that will go to regional, state and local programs.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture has confirmed 928 dairy herd infections in 16 states, mostly California. More than 12 million birds also have been affected in the last 30 days, including 54 commercial flocks and 55 backyard flocks, according to the USDA.
For now, Maryland’s dairy cows have not been affected, according to the state Department of Agriculture. Infected commercial chicken farms in the state have culled tens of thousands of infected chickens. They were likely infected by wild, migrating birds, said Jennifer Trout, the Maryland State Veterinarian.
No infected meat or eggs got into the food supply, Trout said.
“I don’t really have the ability to control Mother Nature in the flyway. But luckily for us, we’ve got a really good (disease monitoring) system in place,” she said. “These animals are tested through routine surveillance, pre-harvesting testing.”
How dangerous is the bird flu?
Earlier avian flu outbreaks have proven especially deadly for humans, causing roughly half of the infected to die. This current version of avian flu seems to be less dangerous, causing mild respiratory illness and conjunctivitis, better known as pink eye, according to the CDC.
Other symptoms include coughing, fever, muscle aches and fatigue. Symptoms usually last up to two weeks. More severe cases can cause pneumonia, organ damage, septic shock and death. It’s not clear how long people are contagious, but scientists believe it’s similar to regular, seasonal influenza, according to the CDC.
“To date, there has been only one death in the entire U.S. due to avian flu. For comparison of risk, there are likely to be at least 10,000 deaths due to seasonal influenza in the US this year,” said Dr. George Rust with the Florida State University College of Medicine.
“CDC data show that in Maryland, there have been 141 deaths due to COVID-19 in the past three months.” (The state of Maryland reported 186 COVID-19 deaths between Oct. 14 and Jan. 14, the most current data available.)
Antiviral drugs are the recommended treatment for anyone testing positive for the bird flu.
What’s different about this outbreak?
Human infection by the H5N1 avian flu first emerged a generation ago, though other strains of bird-infecting flu have been recorded for about 150 years. Public health experts say this outbreak is different in that it’s spreading quickly among mammals, which are genetically more similar to humans than birds.
That, they say, could eventually lead to a mutated strain that would allow avian flu to spread among humans. Someone could also be infected by the normal flu and the bird flu at the same time, allowing H5N1 to “swap genes” and create a mutation leading to human-to-human transmission. That would become the next pandemic.
“Should the bird flu virus pick up the capacity to readily infect people, then I’m afraid we would have, once again, a large pandemic with much illness, infections of people who are older and frail and immunocompromised and the very young,” said Dr. William Schaffner, a professor of preventative medicine at Vanderbilt University and one of the nation’s leading experts in infectious diseases.
“That would be followed by a substantial number of deaths but unlikely to be at the 50% level. It would be more like what we see with seasonal flu.”
House pets can get sick or die if they eat a dead or infected bird or drink unpasteurized milk.
How safe is the food supply?
Aside from widespread testing on farms, cooking poultry and eggs to an internal temperature of 165 degrees kills all bacteria and viruses, including the bird flu. The same applies to cooking ground beef to 160 degrees and whole cuts of beef to 145 degrees, according to the CDC.
There are no known cases of people in the United States getting avian flu from eating properly cooked and handled food. Though some cases have emerged in Southeast Asia, likely because of exposure to poultry blood, according to the World Health Organization.
Similarly, pasteurization makes drinking milk safe.
“Pasteurization protects the milk supply from viral contamination, as well as from many other infectious diseases,” said Rust, the FSU College of Medicine professor. “H5N1 virus has been found in high concentrations in milk from infected dairy cattle, so consuming raw milk, or unpasteurized cheese or yogurt, creates unnecessary risk.”
Are there vaccines and treatments?
The United States has stores of vaccines against an earlier variant of the bird flu and is now making more that should be even more effective against the variants currently circulating, Schaffner said. Studies are also underway to develop vaccines that would work in dairy cows, he said.
Seasonal flu vaccines alone are not effective against bird flu, according to the CDC.
“The government is stockpiling millions of doses of a vaccine for avian flu and is funding the development of new mRNA vaccines as well,” Rust said. “We need to maintain a robust public health infrastructure to prevent such outbreaks rather than gearing up after a pandemic has begun.”
2025 Baltimore Sun. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC.
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Maryland
Chance of showers on Christmas, wintry mix possible in Maryland on Friday
Multiple storm systems will impact the Mid-Atlantic through the holiday weekend, into next week. The WJZ First Alert Weather Team
has tagged Friday as a possible First Alert Weather Day, due to the potential for a slick wintry mix of freezing rain, sleet and snow.
Gloomy weather continues into Tuesday evening in Baltimore
Temperatures remain stuck in the low to mid-40s across central Maryland, greater Baltimore and the eastern shore. Morning rain and wintry mix have moved out of our area. But, clouds remain thick.
Plan on a mostly cloudy evening with a temperatures hovering in the upper 30s and lower 40s. Areas of fog may develop overnight, into early Wednesday morning. Temperatures will be in the upper 30s and lower 40s around sunrise on Christmas Eve morning.
Fantastic Christmas Eve weather in Maryland
Wednesday will be the nicest weather day of the week.
With the help of much more sunshine, temperatures will warm into the upper 40s and lower 50s in many areas. It’ll be breezy. Winds will gust 20 to 30 MPH through the afternoon. The weather looks good for holiday plans, aside from the breezy winds.
Travel weather will be great up and down the I-95 and I-70 corridors across the region through Christmas Eve afternoon.
Damp start to Christmas Day in Baltimore
A passing storm system will send a round of showers through Maryland on Christmas morning. While mostly rain, snow and sleet may mix in early in the morning. The chance of a brief wintry mix is greatest in northeast Maryland around sunrise. No wintry accumulation is expected, with morning temperatures in the mid to upper 30s.
The forecast dries out from northwest, to southeast, by mid-morning. Afternoon temperatures peak in the upper 40s and lower 50s, under a mostly cloudy sky.
Another batch of cold air will blow into Maryland Christmas night, into Friday morning ahead of the next storm system.
Potential winter storm Friday across Maryland
There is a chance of freezing rain, sleet and snow on Friday. Travel impacts are possible.
Colder air will be in-place across Maryland as the next storm system approaches. All wintry precipitation types are possible across our part of the state. A few wintry showers could arrive as early as Friday morning. However, a greater chance of winter weather and slick travel arrives late Friday afternoon. The wintry mix of freezing rain, sleet and snow could continue into Friday night.
Snow and ice may accumulate. However, it’s still early and the forecast may need to be adjusted. Check back with the WJZ First Alert Weather Team over the next few days. Friday is a possible First Alert Weather Day.
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Maryland
Maryland DNR Provides Guidance Concerning Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
Maryland DNR Provides Guidance Concerning Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI), an airborne respiratory virus that spreads quickly among birds, is found sporadically in the state’s wild bird populations, especially waterfowl, raptors, and black vultures (pictured above). Photo by by Michael Dwyer, submitted to the 2023 Maryland DNR Photo Contest.
Early indicators suggest the coming months could be active for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in wild birds again this year. Avian influenza, often called “bird flu,” is an airborne respiratory virus that spreads quickly among birds. While once considered rare in Maryland, the virus is now being detected more commonly in the state’s wild bird populations, especially waterfowl, raptors, and black vultures. Risk to human health is considered low, but people who may handle or encounter wild birds should take common precautions to protect themselves and help limit the spread of this virus.
Hunting wild birds, including waterfowl and geese, is safe but the Maryland Department of Natural Resources recommend some guidelines for hunters and others who encounter wild birds:
- Never handle wild birds that are obviously sick or found dead.
- Wash your hands with soap and water or hand sanitizer immediately after handling game.
- Use disposable gloves when handling game and double-bag offal and feathers.
- Use dedicated clothing, boots, and tools for cleaning game that are not used around poultry or pet birds. Anyone preparing harvested waterfowl should cook it to 165 degrees to kill any viruses or bacteria. Hunters and other outdoors enthusiasts can check online for more information from USDA on safely processing and disposing of wild birds.
Anyone who fills birdfeeders for the winter may continue to do so, as songbirds rarely carry or spread the HPAI virus.
Hiking, photography, and other outdoor activities in areas where wild birds congregate are safe, although as with hunting, precautions should be taken to avoid sick or dead birds.
Anyone who sees sick or dead birds in the wild should not handle or move the birds but should first report them to the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) by calling 1-877-463-6497. DNR contracts annually with APHIS to help the state triage approximately 30,000 calls related to sick, injured, or dead wildlife. APHIS operators are available from 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Monday through Friday, except on state holidays. Those with area codes from outside Maryland should call 410-349-8055. Voicemails will be promptly returned.
USDA APHIS employs staff who are trained to handle and remove sick or dead wild birds while mitigating biosecurity risks and reducing potential spread of the disease to domestic poultry facilities. Key DNR staff are also trained and equipped to dispose of dead birds that may have contracted the virus and will be supplementing the disposal efforts. Reports will be triaged based on their seriousness and the two agencies will advise callers on a course of action and determine whether a direct field response is required.
More information on HPAI and how to mitigate exposure of domestic poultry to wild birds can be found on the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s website.
The Maryland Department of Agriculture is encouraging poultry farm and backyard flock owners are urged to follow these guidelines to prevent the spread of HPAI:
- Restrict access to poultry by posting “Restricted Access” signage, securing the area with a gate, or both.
- Take steps to ensure that contaminated materials on the ground are not transported into the poultry growing house or area.
- Provide the following items to anyone entering or leaving any area where poultry are kept:
- Footbaths and foot mats with disinfectant.
- Boot washing and disinfectant station.
- Footwear change or foot covers.
- Cover and secure feed to prevent wild birds, rodents or other animals from accessing it.
- Cover and properly contain carcasses, used litter, or other disease-containing organic materials to prevent wild birds, rodents or other animals from accessing them and to keep them from being blown around by wind.
- Allow MDA to enter the premises during normal working hours to inspect your biosecurity and sanitation practices.
- Report any unusual domestic poultry deaths or sudden increases in very sick poultry to the MDA Animal Health Program at 410-841-5810 or after-hours to 410-841-5971. Also contact the USDA at 866-536-7593.
Dead wild birds can be reported to USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service by calling 1-877-463-6497. USDA Wildlife Services operators are available from 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Monday through Friday, except on state holidays. Those with phone numbers outside of Maryland should call 410-349-8055. Voicemails will be promptly returned.
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