A federal officer shot and killed a woman in Minneapolis on Wednesday, shortly after the Trump administration deployed thousands of immigration agents to the city. Although the full circumstances of the killing remain unclear, video of the shooting shows an officer opening fire on the woman as she drove away.
Minnesota
Minnesota music legend Spider John Koerner dies at 85
Spider John Koerner was a fixture in Minnesota music on so many levels.
He sat at the same corner stool nearly every day at Palmer’s Bar in Minneapolis, where they kept an electric mug warmer for his coffee and brandy. He played the same style of Gretsch 12-string acoustic guitar everywhere from the Newport Folk Festival to Minneapolis’ Triangle Bar. And he sang many of the same old-school folk and blues songs at every gig for more than six decades, from Leadbelly and Memphis Minnie tunes to some of his own wry and weary originals.
Koerner’s mainstay presence goes back to Minneapolis’ West Bank folk and blues scene of the early 1960s, when he mentored a young Bob Dylan and recorded albums that influenced John Lennon, David Bowie, Bonnie Raitt and Beck.
The lanky song man’s unchanged, unflappable, old-reliable presence in the Twin Cities music scene was finally upended this weekend, when the influential guitarist and singer of “blues, rags and hollers” died of cancer at age 85. He had begun receiving hospice care several weeks earlier.
Koerner died peacefully at 2:35 a.m. Saturday at his home in Minneapolis, according to his son, Chris Kalmbach, who was there at the home along with other family members.
“The music world lost a great artist, and we lost Grandpa John,” Kalbach said.
Originally from Rochester, N.Y., Koerner made his biggest mark via the acoustic trio Koerner, Ray and Glover, one of the first white acts to help bring authentic blues music to the fore.
Even before that trio took flight in 1963, though, Koerner made another big mark on modern music by schooling a failing University of Minnesota student from the Iron Range.
“When he spoke he was soft spoken, but when he sang he became a field holler shouter,” Dylan wrote of Koerner in his autobiography, “Chronicles, Vol. 1″ ― one of many accounts of the former Robert Zimmerman’s pivotal era learning songs from pickers in Minneapolis from 1960-1961 before heading to New York.
“Koerner was an exciting singer, and we began playing a lot together,” Dylan’s book continued. “I learned a lot of songs off Koerner by singing harmony with him and he had folk records of performers I’d never heard.”
Another future rock legend who learned from Twin Cities musicians, Raitt called Koerner “the old, venerable one” in the 1986 documentary film “Blues, Rags & Hollers — The Story of Koerner, Ray & Glover.”
“The guy that influenced a lot of other musicians that would come up,” Raitt said of him. “He became the fulcrum of the whole scene. I watched his hands. I learned a lot of things from him.”
Koerner came to Minnesota in 1956 to study aeronautical engineering at the U. He never fully gave up his engineer interests — stories abound of him tinkering on self-made items like telescopes and a boat — but he diverted into the Marine Corps and then focused on music as a career once Koerner, Ray & Glover started recording in 1963, first for a small folk label and then Elektra.
The same California label that bolstered the Doors and Paul Butterfield Blues Band (each also noted admirers of the Minnesota trio), Elektra issued “Blues, Rags & Hollers” in 1963 and the follow-up LP, “Lots More Blues, Rags & Hollers,” a year later.
They were the type of records that didn’t sell too well, but seemingly every musician who was anybody at the time owned them and devoured them.
Lennon cited that first record as a personal favorite in a 1964 Melody Maker profile. Bowie also praised it in a 2016 Vanity Fair story for “demolishing the puny vocalizations of ‘folk’ trios like the Kingston Trio and Peter, Paul and Whatsit.
“Koerner and company showed how it should be done. First time I had heard a 12-string guitar.”
The group gained more stature through mid-’60s appearances at the Newport Folk Festival, where they performed alongside their old blues heroes like Muddy Waters and Son House — and they witnessed their old pal Dylan’s infamous “going electric” set in 1965.
“They gave hope to white college kids everywhere,” Rolling Stone magazine senior editor David Fricke said of the first album.
“If three white kids from the Midwest could make a record that sounds that black and deep and soulful, that really was inspirational. It became a foundation for so much of what came after it.”
Koerner himself seemed OK with the fact that he never got as famous as many of his admirers.
“I wouldn’t want the kind of success that Bob Dylan has, in terms of my personal life,” he told the Star Tribune in 2005. “He’s got people picking through his garbage, for Christ’s sake.”
KR&G splintered off into solo and duo acts in the late ’60s. Koerner’s 1969 record with late Twin Cities piano plunker Willie Murphy, “Running, Jumping, Standing Still,” was the most successful LP of their post-trio era. Raitt covered one of its songs, “I Ain’t Blue,” on her debut album.
But Koerner seemingly couldn’t stand still in those days. He spent a year making a charmingly hippie-dippie black-and-white movie, “The Secret of Sleep.” He then quit music altogether in 1972, moved to Copenhagen and married a Danish woman and focused on building telescopes and other inventions instead.
His recording and touring hiatus ended in the mid-1980s, when St. Paul-based folk label Red House Records released his first in a series of solo albums, coyly titled, “Nobody Knows the Trouble I’ve Been.” Red House later reissued some of Koerner, Ray & Glover’s Elektra recordings. At that point, his music career was cemented.
“Dave and Tony are true musicologists,” Koerner said in a 2002 interview shortly before Ray’s death. “I’m just a guy who got into this for fun, and because to this day I don’t know what else I could do to make a living.”
Koerner and harmonica-blower Glover (who died in 2019) performed off and on as a duo after Ray’s passing, including a weekly gig back on the Minneapolis West Bank at the 400 Bar. Sporadic offers came in for Koerner to perform solo around the world, too.
In 2012, he returned to the Newport Folk Festival after a 43-year-hiatus, where his appearance was cheered on by younger fans on that year’s lineup such as Conor Oberst and fellow Minnesotans Trampled by Turtles. Oberst at the time praised Koerner for “his authenticity, his sincerity, his significance.”
Koerner performed less and less over the past decade. Among the few places to see him play were the locations he liked to visit for vacations, including Madeline Island on Lake Superior, Copenhagen and Boston.
In 2018, he unofficially declared that his performance at Palmfest outside Palmer’s would likely be his last: “My hands won’t always do what they used to,” he said then. “Sometimes I say my muscle memory has Alzheimer’s.”
The neighboring West Bank music hub Cedar Cultural Center also coaxed him into playing two different retirement-style celebrations in 2017 and 2019, each one featuring younger musicians honoring Koerner, including members of the Cactus Blossoms, David Huckfelt, Jack Klatt and the guy many see as the heir apparent of the West Bank folk and blues legacy, Charlie Parr, profiled by RollingStone.com two weeks ago.
Koerner made his retirement official over the past year, when he gave one of his 12-string guitars to Palmer’s, where it now hangs in a glass case (and where he continued to hang out in recent weeks even after starting hospice care). He gave another guitar to Parr and asked the younger picker to keep playing it. He has, and you can bet he will keep doing so.
Said Parr, “Over the years the biggest and still most important lesson I took away from watching John play and listening to his records was that I could find my own voice on the guitar, and play those old songs in my own way. That’s been worth everything to me.”
Similar words about interpreting folk and blues music traditions were said by Koerner in 2005 as he broke from his usual humble statements about his legacy.
“In the early [1960s], when we were rediscovering all these old blues guys at festivals and whatnot, it always struck me seeing one of those guys playing the same way he played 40 years earlier,” he said. “In a sense, that’s sort of what I got to be: my own version of those guys. I don’t expect a lot from that, but I’m very glad my work is appreciated and respected.”
Koerner is survived by three adult children and several grandchildren.
This is a developing story. Please check back for updates.
Star Tribune music critic Jon Bream contributed to this report.
Realistically, there’s virtually no chance that President Donald Trump’s Justice Department will bring federal charges against the officer who killed this woman. Trump already claimed on TruthSocial, his personal social media site, that the officer shot the woman in “self defense.” (The officer could potentially be prosecuted after Trump leaves office.)
But many local officials are quite upset about this incident. Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey gave a press conference Wednesday afternoon where he told US Immigration and Customs Enforcement to “get the fuck out of Minneapolis.” If further investigations reveal that the shooting was not legally justified, state prosecutors could potentially charge the officer responsible with a homicide crime.
The Supreme Court’s Republican majority has made it very difficult for private citizens to sue federal law enforcement officers who break the law. But can a federal officer actually be charged with, and convicted of, violating a state criminal law?
Until fairly recently, the law was favorable to federal officials who allegedly violate state criminal laws while they carry out their official duties. The seminal case, known as In re Neagle (1890), held that a deputy US marshall who shot and killed a man could not be charged with murder in state court, because this federal officer did so while acting as a bodyguard for a US Supreme Court justice.
Last June, however, the Supreme Court handed down Martin v. United States (2025), which held that Neagle does not always protect federal officials who violate state law. The rule announced in Martin is vague, so it is unclear how it would apply to the shooting in Minneapolis. But the gist of the ruling is that a federal officer is only protected if they can demonstrate that “their actions, though criminal under state law, were ‘necessary and proper’ in the discharge of their federal responsibilities.”
If the officer responsible for the Minneapolis killing broke Minnesota law, in other words, any prosecution against them would turn on whether the courts decide shooting this woman was a “necessary and proper” exercise of the officer’s official duties.
There is one other potential complication. A federal law provides that state criminal charges against “any officer (or any person acting under that officer) of the United States or any agency thereof” may be removed from state court and heard by a federal judge. This statute does not prevent state prosecutors from bringing charges or from prosecuting a case. But it does ensure that the question of whether Neagle applies to this case would be decided by federal courts that are increasingly dominated by conservative Republicans.
Federal cases out of Minnesota appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, a very conservative court where 10 of the 11 active judges were appointed by Republicans. And, of course, any decision by the Eighth Circuit might be appealed to the Supreme Court, where Republicans control six of the nine seats.
All of which is a long way of saying that, while the law does not absolutely preclude Minnesota prosecutors from filing charges against this officer, it is far from clear that those charges will stick.
When are federal officers immune from prosecution in state court?
The facts underlying the Neagle case are simply wild. David Terry was a lawyer and former chief justice of the state of California, who had served with US Supreme Court Justice Stephen Field while the two were both state supreme court justices. At the time, federal justices were required to “ride circuit” and hear cases outside of Washington, DC. And so, Field wound up hearing a dispute about whether Terry’s wife was entitled to a share of a US senator’s fortune.
At the court proceeding, where Field ruled against Terry’s wife, Terry punched a US marshal, brandished a bowie knife, and was jailed for contempt of court. After his release, he and his wife continued to threaten Field’s life, and so, the attorney general ordered Deputy Marshal David Neagle to act as Field’s bodyguard.
Then, Terry attacked Field while Field was traveling through California by train, and Neagle shot and killed Terry.
Given these facts, it’s unsurprising that the Supreme Court ruled that California could not bring charges against Neagle for this killing. The case involved a physical attack on a sitting justice! And, besides, Neagle acted within the scope of his responsibilities as Field’s federally appointed bodyguard.
135 years later, however, the Court decided Martin. That more recent decision focused on language in the Neagle opinion that suggested that its scope may be limited. Neagle, Justice Neil Gorsuch wrote in Martin, arose from concerns that “California could frustrate federal law by prosecuting a federal marshal “for an act which he was authorized to do by the law of the United States.” Protecting Field was something that “it was [Neagle’s] duty to do.” And, in shooting Terry, Neagle “did no more than what was necessary and proper.”
Thus, Gorsuch extracted a rule from Neagle that federal officials are only protected from state law when their actions “were ‘necessary and proper’ in the discharge of their federal responsibilities.”
In the wake of Martin, Minnesota may very well be able to prosecute the officer responsible for the Minnesota killing. As a general rule, federal law enforcement officers are not authorized by the law of the United States to shoot people without justification. So, if it turns out that this killing was legally unjustified, federal courts may conclude that the officer’s actions were not necessary and proper in the discharge of his official duties.
That said, Martin is a fairly new opinion, and the rule it announced is vague. And any prosecution against a federal immigration officer would be unavoidably political. So, it is unclear whether the judges who hear this case would approach it as fair and impartial jurists or as partisans.
The bottom line, in other words, is that the law governing when federal officers may be charged with state crimes is quite unclear. So, it is uncertain whether a prosecution against this particular officer would succeed — even assuming that a state prosecutor could convince a jury to convict.
Minnesota
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Minnesota
Minnesota colleges expand cannabis studies programs to build labor force in budding industry
NINA MOINI: As the cannabis industry grows in Minnesota, there is a need for more skilled workers. Two Minnesota colleges are expanding their programs to help teach people the ropes of the cannabis industry. Starting next week, St. Cloud State University will have their first cohort of students enrolled in a new cannabis certificate program.
Minnesota State Community and Technical College, or M State, which has schools across Northwest Minnesota, will also be expanding their offerings. M State was the first two-year college in greater Minnesota to offer cannabis education. So both schools are partnering with the company Green Flower to offer the courses. So joining me now to learn more about this is the CEO of Green Flower, Max Simon. Hi, Max.
MAX SIMON: Hi there.
NINA MOINI: Thank you for being here. Also very happy to have Sean Collins, who’s the director of Workforce Development Solutions at M State. Thanks so much for your time this afternoon, Sean.
SEAN COLLINS: Yeah, great to be here.
NINA MOINI: Max, I wanted to start with you, if I could. Would you tell us a little bit about Green Flower and the types of courses you offer?
MAX SIMON: Yeah, Green Flower is a decade old cannabis education leader. And we develop programs that help people enter the different sectors of the cannabis industry, because there’s all these different places where people can play a role and need dedicated training to be able to enter the industry.
NINA MOINI: Yeah, tell me a little bit about– I see there are five pathways here, because people are probably like, what am I exactly studying? Tell me what those are.
MAX SIMON: Yeah, the cannabis industry is a lot more complex and interesting than most people realize. Yeah, these five sectors. There’s cultivation, which is growing plants in the ground. There’s a product development sector, where you’re actually taking products from the plant material and making them into edibles, and topicals, and medical products.
There’s a retail and sales program, which is all about the customer-facing and sales-facing side of the industry. There’s a medical cannabis program because at least 50% of the people that are coming to cannabis today are coming from medical and health and wellness reasons. And then there’s a compliance program, because it’s a very heavily regulated industry. And every cannabis company on Earth requires a compliance expert to navigate the challenges of running a legal industry.
NINA MOINI: Wow, that’s fascinating. Sean, why was this something that you wanted to offer at M State. Is there a lot of interest?
SEAN COLLINS: Yes, there has been a lot of interest. And M State really wanted to offer this program because it is an emerging industry. But similar to industries like the alcohol industry, there’s a lot of compliance that needs to happen, a lot of legal things that need to be followed.
And so since cannabis is legalized and here to stay, we wanted to be the organization that can actually provide that solid training for the workforce. So that they can go in and be confident in their jobs, and also do this legally and follow all the regulations that are needed.
NINA MOINI: Yeah, I’m hearing so much about regulations from both of you guys and all the nuances of the industry. And I wonder, Max, if that’s why people can’t just take, I guess, regular business classes? Or do you think that’s part of it?
MAX SIMON: Definitely a part of it. There’s a lot of stigma related to cannabis and a lot of misinformation. But when you get down to the science, the business, the compliance, the operations, it’s a very complex industry.
It really is heavily regulated. It’s a difficult plant to grow. It’s a difficult substance to work with in product development. And such a huge variety of different people come to cannabis for so many different reasons. And so this is why this specialized training is so important, because to work in this industry, you really need to understand the industry.
NINA MOINI: And to your point there, does that impact who is teaching the courses?
MAX SIMON: Absolutely. So all of these programs are literally taught by people that are operating businesses and working inside of the industry. We realized that we couldn’t have theoretical teachers or people that were just looking at it from the outside. You needed people that were there doing this work on the inside. So every program is actually facilitated by these instructors who come from the cannabis industry and are operating in it in a daily basis.
NINA MOINI: And I wonder, Max, if from when you said you started 10 years ago with these efforts, what has that evolution been like? What a 10 years.
MAX SIMON: I mean, the amount of acceptance, adoption, legalization, and progress that cannabis has had over the last decade is literally staggering. And to see now that this is something that’s so commonly accepted, that’s so widely used, and that is growing so quickly, it’s a fun thing to be a part of today.
NINA MOINI: Sean, why do you think this appeals to students there in greater Minnesota, too?
SEAN COLLINS: I think a lot of it has to do with the younger generation that has grown up with cannabis being more in the public eye. So the subject has been a lot more open to the public eye. As he mentioned, there is a bit of a stigma with cannabis. But we do think the younger generations don’t have that same stigma.
And so being able to provide this training to these younger generations to get into the field, and especially into a field that is growing and is actually paying good wages, that’s really important to us. And so, yeah, it’s been a great partnership with Green Flower. They provide fantastic training. And we love working with them and providing actual good, solid training that is getting people jobs as soon as they complete these courses.
NINA MOINI: Yeah, and Sean, tell me a little bit, if you would, about this idea of the certification. Because we know that some trends show in higher education enrollment struggles in different areas. But this isn’t as huge of a commitment in time. Tell me about this idea of the industry certification.
SEAN COLLINS: Yeah, so we are seeing a bit of a trend away from four year degrees. That’s why community and technical colleges like M State are actually seeing an uptick in enrollment for some of these more hands-on things, two-year programs.
But then on the other side, outside of the credit side of the school, on the non-credit side, which is my side of the house, we’re seeing a lot of people that are just trying to get into valuable industries quickly. And so industry recognized certifications are very, very important in that.
And so by a student attending these courses and having the certification, they can go to an employer and say, hey, I am already trained and come off– come out of there with a good job offer and the requisite skills needed to do that job. The fact that it’s an accelerated course really, really helps out also with the growth of the industry, because the industry is not waiting for someone to get a two-year degree just to enter the industry.
NINA MOINI: Fascinating. Just before we have to go, I did want to ask you about this, Max. Last month, the President Donald Trump, set in a motion and a process to move marijuana from a Schedule I drug, which includes, like heroin, LSD to Schedule III drug, which, again, puts it in a lower risk category for folks who don’t know. What impact do you think this will have on your company and schools that want to offer this type of education program?
MAX SIMON: Yeah, it has a huge impact because it really signals that this is an industry and a substance that isn’t as scary as we once thought it was. But it also creates a much more friendly regulatory environment for companies to be able to grow.
It creates a lot more access for research. And it really sends a loud signal that this is something that we should look at as a more favorable, and positive, and beneficial substance to society, whereas historically, it’s only been looked at and treated as something that’s bad for you.
NINA MOINI: And Max, do you think there ever would be like a two-year or a four-year degree type of program for people who are interested in that?
MAX SIMON: I do. But I also– these programs are only 16 weeks long. And we find that people that are looking to just get into the industry, and get jobs, and switch their careers, really love this short form credential. And so I think that these shorter certificate programs really work well to serve the industry as it is today.
NINA MOINI: One more question for you, Sean. Do you feel like there are jobs out there for people who go through this 16 weeks? Is it like, oh, boom, I’m going to get a job right away?
SEAN COLLINS: In fact, I actually had a former employee at my previous employer who left our employer to go take one of these courses. And he was hired pretty much immediately after completing the course. He did the retail specialist side. And he was hired by a dispensary here in town pretty much immediately. And he was actually making– he came from an IT position. And he was actually making a wage that was equivalent to that position he left.
NINA MOINI: Wow lots developing, lots growing there. [LAUGHS] Thank you both so much for your time and for coming by Minnesota Now. We hope you’ll come back sometime.
[PHONE RINGS]
Oh, looks like you got to take a call. All right, thanks to both of our guests, Sean Collins, the director of Workforce Development Solutions at M State, and Max Simon, the CEO of the cannabis education program Green Flower.
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