World
2023: Europe's year explained in charts and data
Dampened economic prospects, two raging wars and extreme weather events have all deeply affected Europe in 2023.
Whilst the cost of living crisis showed signs of abating in 2023 as inflation figures cooled, economies considered amongst Europe’s most resilient came under immense pressure due to the impact of inflation on consumer spending.
2023 also saw far-right parties make small but solid gains across the continent, building momentum ahead of the 2024 European elections.
July, the hottest year on record, brought with it extreme wildfires to southern Europe. The bloc has since started to increase its aerial firefighting fleet in preparation for increasingly scorching summers.
Euronews takes a look at Europe’s year in 2023 through data.
Cost of living crisis cooled
After prices sky-rocketed in 2022 amid the energy crisis brought about by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, 2023 saw inflation cool across the continent.
Whilst the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia continued to grapple with high consumer prices until the year’s end, inflation across the bloc’s 27 member states fell three-fold from an average 9.9% in February to 3.1% in November.
The drop was driven by a particularly steep decrease in the cost of energy, which fell 11.5% year-on-year in the euro area in November 2023, the biggest decline since 2020.
A consistent decrease in food prices also brought some respite to consumers, after the surge in the prices of household staples in 2022.
Economies came under pressure
But stubbornly high inflation throughout 2022 and early 2023 took its toll on Europe’s economies, with tightened belts curbing consumption and investments.
The 19-country euro area entered a technical recession in June after two consecutive quarters of decline, driven by soaring energy prices. It continued to contract in the third quarter, while the European Union’s economy stagnated.
The downturn was driven by disappointing economic performance in Europe’s industrial powerhouse, Germany. According to its government’s estimations, Germany’s economy is expected to shrink by 0.4% in 2023, while the EU executive foresees a slightly smaller contraction of 0.3%.
Far-right slowly gained ground
2023 saw Europe’s far-right make small but solid gains, gaining momentum that could translate into electoral success in key elections taking place in 2024.
Germany’s Alternative for Germany (AfD) won a historic local election victory in the in the central state of Thuringia in June and its first mayoral election in a city in December.
Geert Wilders caught many in Europe off guard when he snatched a surprise electoral victory in November’s Dutch election, leaving him in pole position in ongoing coalition government talks.
With support on the rise in countries such as France and Austria, far-right parties could be eyeing important gains in next June’s European elections.
Europe boiled
July was the hottest month the world has ever seen, pushing the average global sea temperature up to a new record of 20.98ºC.
Spain saw sea temperatures reach a scorching 31.21ºC in Dragonera, the Balearic islands.
With the scorching heat came devastating wildfires. The largest wildfire ever recorded in the EU raged in north-eastern Greece in August, as the EU mobilised half of its aerial firefighting fleet to contain the blaze.
World
Korea Box Office: ‘The King’s Warden’ Surpasses 13 Million Admissions in Sixth Week
Historical drama “The King’s Warden” continued its exceptional run at the South Korean box office, crossing the 13 million admissions threshold during the weekend of Mar. 13–15.
According to data from KOBIS, the tracking service operated by the Korean Film Council, the film maintained a commanding 76.36% revenue share, holding the top spot for its sixth consecutive weekend.
“The King’s Warden” earned $8.2 million from 1,253,733 admissions over the weekend. Directed by Jang Hang-jun and starring Yoo Hae-jin and Park Ji-hoon, the film centers on a village chief protecting a deposed teenage king during the 15th century. Since its Feb. 4 debut, the film has amassed a massive cumulative gross of $86.8 million from 13,467,811 admissions, moving further up the list of South Korea’s all-time highest-grossing films.
Pixar’s “Hoppers” held steady in second place, earning $1.1 million from 173,213 admissions. The animated feature has reached a cumulative gross of $3.5 million since its Mar. 4 launch.
The local horror-mystery “Samakdo” debuted in third place, earning $246,268 over the weekend. Directed by Chae Ki-jun and starring Jo Yoon-seo and Kwak Si-yang, the film follows an investigative reporting team that uncovers the existence of absolute evil while looking into a mystery believed to have disappeared during the Japanese colonial era. Since its opening on Mar. 11, the film has earned $354,305.
In fourth place, Brad Pitt racing drama “F1” saw a re-entry into the top five following a re-release. The film added $322,138 over the weekend, bringing its South Korean lifetime total to $37.1 million from over 5.2 million admissions.
The espionage thriller “Humint” took fifth place, earning $109,668. Directed by Ryoo Seung-wan and starring Zo In-sung and Park Jeong-min, the film has now reached a cumulative gross of $13.2 million from nearly 2 million admissions.
The Japanese anime film “Attack on Titan The Movie : The Last Attack” re-entered the charts in sixth place with $92,656. Directed by Hayashi Yuichiro, the film provides a cinematic conclusion to the series. Its cumulative total in South Korea now stands at $6.6 million.
A re-release of Joe Wright’s 2005 film “Pride & Prejudice” took seventh place, earning $57,934.
Rounding out the top 10 were the musical drama “Choir of God” in eighth place with $40,397 (total $9.1 million), the local comedy-drama “Mad Dance Office” in ninth with $32,424 (total $254,019), and the Oscar-winning Norwegian drama “Sentimental Value” in tenth with $37,966 (total $394,081).
The overall market collective gross for the weekend was $10.8 million, down from last week’s $14.2 million.
World
New terror group with reported Iran ties claims 4 attacks across Europe
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A new terrorist group with suspected links to the Iranian regime emerged in Europe last week. Harakat Ashab al-Yamin al-Islamiyya (The Islamic Movement of the Companions of the Right) has claimed responsibility for four attacks on Jewish targets across the continent.
A synagogue in Liège, Belgium, was the first target of an explosive attack on Monday. An arson attack on a Rotterdam synagogue followed overnight on Friday and an explosive device was set off at a Jewish school in Amsterdam the next evening.
Several sources have linked an additional attack at a Jewish site in Greece on Wednesday with the group, though no specifics were given about the target or method of attack.
BROTHER OF MICHIGAN SYNAGOGUE ATTACKER WAS HEZBOLLAH TERRORIST, ISRAEL ALLEGES
The scene of an explosion at the synagogue in the rue Leon Fredericq, in Liege on March 9, 2026. The synagogue was hit at around 4am by a blast. A previously unknown terrorist group, Harakat Ashab al-Yamin al-Islamiyya, claimed responsibility.
Joe Truzman, senior research analyst at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies and editor of the FDD’s Long War Journal, told Fox News Digital that when he saw the statement from the organization following their Monday attack, he “thought it was a little bit amateurish.” Truzman said that after videos from the group became to emerge, he “realized that there’s probably something more here to this organization.”
He said that the war in Iran has likely “compelled the group, for whoever is behind this, to start launching these attacks.” Truzman said he “suspect[s] this organization is being directed” and that there is “an entity behind it.”
Truzman says he suspects the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) itself, which he says “has been active in Europe” and has “attempted to eliminate or assassinate dissidents.” Though he does not discount them being entity of an Iraqi militia group.
A pedestrian walks past a synagogue on ABN Davidsplein in Rotterdam, western Netherlands on March 13, 2026 after an arson attack. A formerly unknown terrorist group, Harakat Ashab al-Yamin al-Islamiyya, claimed responsibility. (Media TV via ANP / AFP via Getty Images)
In addition to anticipating further attacks from Ashab al-Yamin, Truzman said that he is concerned that “the dissemination of [terror] videos online may compel other people to commit antisemitic attacks” in Europe. According to Truzman, Ashab al-Yamin’s videos are “starting to gain traction. They’re starting to get the views, and people are seeing it. And maybe the ones that are radicalized already or are going to be radicalized, may be influenced by these videos, and may commit an antisemitic attack or an attack on a Jewish site.”
He said that the attacks “have been mostly unsophisticated, but things may change, and they may start targeting people, too, during the day, when it’s busy.” So far all attacks have come at night.
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Israel’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs posted on X that the group was tied to the regime in Tehran. “A jihadi group tied to an Iranian proxy” was responsible for the string of attacks. They noted that “the IRGC continues to sponsor and export terror across the globe.”
Onlookers are increasingly tying the attacks back to the war in Iran. The World Jewish Congress raised alarm bells about Ashab al-Yamin on X, stating that “security analysts believe the group may be part of Iran’s expanding network of proxy actors operating far beyond the Middle East.” The Congress called on governments to “treat this threat with the seriousness it deserves, dismantle the networks behind these attacks, and ensure Jewish communities can live and worship in safety.”
Amichai Chikli, Israel’s Diaspora Affairs Minister, called the attacks “part of a troubling pattern.” He explained that “terror networks linked to the Iranian axis are trying to expand their arena of activity into European cities and Jewish communities.”
Military members of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) in western Tehran, Iran (Morteza Nikoubazl/NurPhoto via Getty Images)
The State Department did not respond to questions about whether it had previously been tracking Ashab al-Yamin, or if it planned to issue a warning to Americans traveling abroad to avoid Jewish institutions, but an alert from the U.S. embassy in the Netherlands on Monday warned, “Following recent targeted explosive incidents in the Netherlands and in other major European cities, the U.S. Mission to the Netherlands reminds U.S. citizens to maintain good personal security practices and exercise heightened situational awareness, consistent with the Department of State’s recent Worldwide Caution alert.”
The alert added, “As noted in the Travel Advisory for the Netherlands, terrorist groups continue plotting possible attacks in the Netherlands. Terrorists may attack with little or no warning, targeting tourist locations, transportation hubs, markets/shopping malls, local government facilities, hotels, clubs, restaurants, places of worship, parks, major sporting and cultural events, educational institutions, airports, and other public areas.”
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Israel’s National Security Council recently warned its citizens traveling abroad to conceal items that might identify them as Israeli or Jewish and to “avoid visiting sites identified as Jewish or Israeli” following the first of three shootings at Toronto synagogues in early March.
World
How badly has the Iran war hit the global economy? The tell-tale signs
The United States-Israeli war on Iran and Tehran’s retaliatory strikes across the Gulf region have upended global financial and energy markets, raising concerns of a global economic crisis – and even of a recession.
Here’s a look at tell-tale signs that reveal the global economic fallout from this war:
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Energy prices
Since the US-Israeli strikes on Iran began on February 28, Tehran has launched a wave of ballistic missiles targeting Israel, US military bases, oil depots and other infrastructure across the Gulf region.
Iranian attacks on several vessels passing through the Strait of Hormuz have also dramatically reduced traffic in the narrow channel, through which about 20 percent of global oil and gas supplies transit. On Thursday, Iran also attacked fuel tankers in Iraqi waters.
All of this has combined to send oil prices soaring. As of Monday morning, Brent crude, the industry benchmark, was priced at $106 per barrel, up more than 40 percent from $72 per barrel on February 27.
According to Muyu Xu, a senior crude oil analyst at Kpler, liquified natural gas (LNG) prices have risen even more sharply – by almost 60 percent – since the start of the war.
On March 2, QatarEnergy suspended its LNG production after an Iranian drone attack, straining the global LNG market. Qatar supplies 20 percent of the world’s LNG.
Prices of refined products from petrol and gas oil to jet kerosene and fuel oil have also seen significant increases, and that trend is expected to continue if energy flows through the Strait of Hormuz remain largely shut, Muyu added.
“As crude oil and refined products from the Middle East Gulf are unable to reach buyers, countries, particularly in Asia, are scrambling to secure alternative supplies at higher prices and adopt emergency measures to manage inventories and demand,” she told Al Jazeera.
About 84 percent of the crude oil and 83 percent of the LNG that passed through the strait in 2024 was bound for Asia, according to data from the US Energy Information Administration.
China, India, Japan and South Korea accounted for nearly 70 percent of those oil shipments with about 15 percent bound for the rest of Asia, according to the agency.
According to a March 9 report by Neil Shearing and his team of economists at the global macroeconomic firm Capital Economics, if the conflict is short-lived and Iranian attacks on the Gulf countries and in the Strait of Hormuz cease, “oil and LNG prices would fall back sharply with the price of Brent crude reaching $65pb [per barrel] by the end of the year.”
But in case of a longer war, the report noted: “Oil prices would rise further during the conflict to around $130pb in Q2 [second quarter]. … Shipments through the Strait of Hormuz would resume in Q2 although prices remain higher than in the first scenario by year end.”
“Even if the conflict is contained to three months, we think Brent crude oil prices could rise to an average of $150pb over the next six months or so,” the economists forecasted.
Lower productivity
As import costs for energy-guzzling economies are rising, their economic productivity is also beginning to decline.
According to data analysed from Global Petrol Prices, a data platform that tracks and publishes retail energy prices across about 150 countries, at least 85 countries have reported increases in petrol prices since February 28. Some nations announce price changes only at the end of each month, so higher prices are expected for many others in April.
So far, Cambodia has recorded the highest petrol price increase of nearly 68 percent, rising from $1.11 per litre (a quarter of a gallon) of 95 octane on February 23 to $1.32 on Wednesday. Vietnam follows with a 50 percent increase, then Nigeria at 35 percent, Laos at 33 percent and Canada at 28 percent.
These price increases at the pump have led governments to take drastic steps to conserve fuel.
Pakistan has introduced a four-day workweek for government employees with 50 percent of the staff working from home on rotation. Government offices in the Philippines have moved to a four-day workweek too. Thailand has made work from home mandatory for government officials.
Myanmar’s government has imposed a rule under which cars may drive only on alternate days. In Sri Lanka, vehicle owners must register online to buy fuel, then use a QR code at the pump to purchase petrol or diesel. The move is aimed at regulating how much each individual consumer buys.
All of this, economists said, impacts the productivity of economies. They manufacture less and deliver fewer services, further deepening the economic crisis.
And this is just the start.
Muyu noted that shipowners are also hesitating to take new orders as bunkering prices hit new highs every day. “They worry that the freight rates they receive may not be sufficient to cover rising fuel costs,” she said.
“The economic impact of the Strait of Hormuz closure is only beginning to emerge. In the coming weeks, we are expecting to see further evidence of rising fuel prices, restrained demand [such as less driving or rationing] and eventually the effects filtering through to macroeconomic indicators such as inflation,” she warned.
Stock markets
According to a report on Sunday from Bloomberg News, global stocks have fallen 5.5 percent since the war began with Asian stock markets being the worst hit.
Here’s how the 10 biggest stock exchanges have performed since February 28:
- New York Stock Exchange (NYSE): As of Monday morning, the NYSE Composite Index had fallen by 6 percent compared with the close on February 27.
- Nasdaq Stock Market: Shares trading on this barometer of tech stocks had fallen by 2.4 percent in the same timeframe.
- Shanghai Stock Exchange: As of Monday, the Shanghai Composite Index has fallen by 1.86 percent since February 28.
- Tokyo Stock Exchange: Also as of Monday, the Japan Nikkei 225 index has fallen by 11 percent since February 28.
- National Stock Exchange of India: The Nifty50, the benchmark index of India’s largest stock exchange, has fallen by 7 percent since February 28.
- Hong Kong Stock Exchange: As of Monday, the Hang Seng Index has fallen by about 4 per cent since the start of the war.
- London Stock Exchange: London’s FTSE 100 has fallen by 5.3 percent since the war began.
- Saudi Exchange (Tadawul): The Tadawul All-Share Index has been down by 9.6 percent since February 28.
- Euronext: Europe’s STOXX 600 has fallen by 6 percent since the war began.
- Australian Stock Exchange: As of mid-March, the ASX has fallen more than 6 percent due to the war.
Frederic Schneider, a nonresident senior fellow at the Middle East Council on Global Affairs, said Asian and other stock markets falling more than the US reflects their larger exposure to the energy crisis. It is also reflective of the fact that the US remains a global anchor market and many of the corporate winners of the war, including defence and oil corporations, are based in the US.
Russian stocks, meanwhile, have trended upwards as “Russia is a major non-Gulf hydrocarbon supplier standing to benefit from the war,” he added.
Inflation and stagflation fears
Last week, the International Monetary Fund’s managing director, Kristalina Georgieva, warned that if the war is prolonged, it poses an inflationary risk on the global economy.
“We are seeing resilience tested again by the new conflict in the Middle East,” Georgieva said on March 9 at a symposium hosted by Japan’s Ministry of Finance while warning policymakers to be prepared for it.
Oil price shocks have also historically summoned stagflation – increasing inflation coupled with rising unemployment. Economists pointed to the crises of 1973, 1978 and 2008 as evidence that every significant spike in oil prices has been followed in some form by a global recession.
Schneider at the Middle East Council on Global Affairs warned that debt-ridden Global South countries may face a debt crisis if interest rates are hiked in the Global North to combat inflation.
But Schneider highlighted that China is more insulated against the economic fallout of this war because it has overseen a large-scale energy diversification campaign over recent years, making enormous investments in renewables, nuclear power and coal; diversifying its hydrocarbon suppliers; and amassing a huge strategic reserve.
“China has also largely internalised supply networks, minimising disruptions. But as an export nation, China’s economic health will suffer from a global economic downturn,” he added.
In the West, Schneider said Europe is feeling the economic impact of the war because the continent had already been cut off from Russian hydrocarbons through attacks on the Nord Stream gas pipelines and sanctions on Russia.
“Europe’s industries are already strained by high energy costs, and this war is definitely putting another stressor on top in an economy that has been suffering from long-term declining growth,” he said.
As for the US, he said, the country is energy self-sufficient, but petrol prices are a flashpoint of public discontent.
“Just as with food prices, they hit disadvantaged parts of the population harder. Farmers, a vocal constituency in the US, are also hit by energy and fertiliser prices, which are large cost factors, after already having suffered from Trump’s trade wars. Furthermore, the US energy grid has already been strained by the AI boom. All of this combines during a midterm election year,” he added.
GDP growth rate
Shearing and his team of economists at Capital Economics have forecasted in their report that if the war ends in a few weeks, “outside the Gulf economies, the impact on GDP (Gross Domestic Product), inflation and monetary policy will be limited.”
“Economies in Asia and Europe are most exposed, but we would not envisage making major changes to forecasts. The only central banks to hike interest rates in response to the crisis are likely to be those in EMs (emerging markets) with fragile balance sheets (example: Turkey, Pakistan).”
In case the war continues for several months, however, the economists predicted that the macroeconomic consequences would be more significant.
“GDP growth in the euro-zone is likely to slow to just 0.5 percent y/y (year on year)” in the second half of the year while “economic growth in China is likely to fall below 3 percent y/y (year on year).”
The economists predicted the US would outperform other economies by growing by 2.25 percent in 2026.
“Inflation peaks at over 4 percent year on year in the euro-zone, 3 percent year on year in the US and 2.5 percent year on year in Japan,” they forecasted and added that this would lead to the European Central Bank raising interest rates and the Bank of Japan tightening its policy.
Travel and aviation impacts
The war has not only sent oil prices surging but has also upended global travel, pushing airline ticket costs on some routes sky-high.
More than two weeks into the conflict, the Gulf’s biggest carriers are still struggling to return to pre-war flight volumes with airspaces either shut or operating under major restrictions with a persistent threat of missiles and drones.
But it isn’t just these airlines that have been affected.
Australia’s Qantas Airways, Scandinavia’s SAS, Air New Zealand and India’s two biggest carriers, IndiGo and Air India, have all announced airfare hikes, blaming an abrupt spike in the cost of fuel on the war.
Jet fuel prices, which were about $85 to $90 per barrel before the attacks on Iran, have soared to $150 to $200 a barrel, New Zealand’s flag carrier said last week.
Several Asian and European airlines, including Lufthansa and Ryanair, have oil hedging in place, securing a part of their fuel supplies at fixed prices. Oil hedging is the process of locking in the price of oil to buy or sell the commodity in the future.
Flights from Asia and Australia towards Europe and the US have also been taking longer flights to avoid the Gulf due to airspace closures in the region. This has further bumped up airline ticket prices.
Schneider noted that the airline rerouting is not good news for European airlines, which are already shut off from Russian airspace, making flights to Asia even longer and costlier.
“This crisis could also spill over into the rest of the year with a dampened tourism outlook and a potential cost-of-living crisis,” he said.
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