San Francisco, CA
A Weekend in San Francisco: The Best 1-,2-, and 3-day Itineraries for the City by the Bay – Extranomical
Are you planning a San Francisco weekend trip? If not, we think you should be, because San Francisco is the perfect weekend getaway destination. San Francisco is filled with enough nature, history, and culture to thrill every kind of weekend visitor — from a family traveling with kids, to a couple, to a solo adventurer.
But there is so much to do and see here that you need a good plan! Especially if it is your first visit. You will want to see all of the iconic San Francisco locations in the most efficient and fun way possible. That’s where we come in!
In this guide you will find action-packed San Francisco weekend itineraries. The right itinerary for you will depend on how much time you have to spend in the city. If you only have 24 hours in San Francisco, your whirlwind itinerary is up first! But first, a couple of frequently asked questions.
The number one attraction in San Francisco is the Golden Gate Bridge. The architecture and setting of this iconic landmark is simply spectacular. For this reason, you will see that we include it in every one of our itineraries. While walking or biking on it is not strictly necessary if on a tight schedule, getting a great view and photo of it is an absolute must when visiting San Francisco for a weekend.
The most important thing to bring with you to San Francisco is layers. This is true at any time of year. With its geography and climate, you can experience every kind of weather in just one day in San Francisco. Just be prepared to throw on or off layers to adjust and you will thank us.

San Francisco is a compact and walkable city. For a weekend visit, it is our opinion that you do not need a car. In fact, a car might be a hindrance due to high parking fees. Of course if you do have a car, it will be easier to take an independent day trip out of the city, and cheaper to get to further flung places in the city like Twin Peaks.
If you are arriving to SFO without a car, simply hop on the airtrain and then Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) straight into the city. Once there, a combo of walking, short Ubers, and fun cable car rides can get you everywhere easily.
While of course we think everyone should stay as long as they possibly can in the city, with the right plan, you can see a whole lot of San Francisco in 1 day. Let’s begin with our checklist of the not-to-miss San Francisco sites.
Checklist for 1 day in San Francisco:
- Golden Gate Bridge
- Golden Gate Park
- Chinatown
- Cable Car
- Lombard Street
- Fisherman’s Wharf and Pier 39
These can all be seen in just one day in San Francisco, and you will leave feeling like you experienced all of the classic City by the Bay activities. You will most likely have time to fit in more than just this list, especially if you make your way through some sites quickly. But if you want to linger at the Golden Gate Bridge, or take your time in Golden Gate Park, you may be limited to just this list, and that is great too!
Below are two different ways to approach your single day in San Francisco. The first includes a guided tour and then the afternoon on your own. This is the option to pick to see as much as you can. The second section will be for those who want a little more freedom and time to linger where they want the whole day.
San Francisco 1 Day Itinerary with 1/2-day Tour
For those that want to see as much as humanly possible in their 1 day — start with this Morning Guided City Tour of San Francisco. It is surprisingly affordable, and will give you an excellent overview of the city in just 4 hours. It checks off the first two must-sees in our list above, plus tons of locations (many mentioned later in this guide) that would be otherwise difficult to fit into just one day on your own.
At the end of your tour, choose the Fisherman’s Wharf drop off location and grab some lunch along the waterfront. Our recommendation is to get sourdough bread bowls filled with chowder from Boudin Bakery. Wander the (admittedly touristy) area and see what there is to see.
Don’t miss the sea lions on Pier 39.

Take some spare change to the Musee Mecanique on Pier 45 and play a couple of vintage arcade games. Then continue west to Umbrella Alley on Beach Street between Larkin and Hyde. That photo in front of the “Greetings from San Francisco” mural will be a keeper.
Continue on to Ghiradelli Square for free chocolate samples and a decadent ice cream sundae for dessert. For any adults on the trip, consider a stop into the Buena Vista Cafe for a soul-warming irish coffee, especially on a chilly, foggy day.
If you are up for a steep walk, walk up Hyde Street to Lombard. The other option is the Powell & Hyde cable car, but the lines at Hyde and Beach will probably be tremendous. If you choose to take the cable car and don’t want to waste an hour in line, try walking up just one stop.
Take a picture from the top of Lombard Street.

The views of the Bay and Alcatraz Island are gorgeous. Here is your chance to walk the stairs down and then look back up at the “crookedest street in the world.” It really is a fun stop for photos and views. Just remember it is a working road and be careful of the cars.
When you are finished admiring Lombard Street, hop on the cable car (or take an Uber, Or walk!) to Union Square. If it is the holiday season take a moment to admire the decorations and festivity. If you are not a big name brand shopper, continue straight across the square to Grant Street.
The northern edge of Union Square at Grant Street is the Dragon Gate entrance into Chinatown. San Francisco’s Chinatown is the oldest Chinatown in North America and the largest Chinatown outside of Asia. It is a must-visit in San Francisco.
Walk through Chinatown, admiring the colorful lanterns, murals, and countless shops beckoning you inside with trinkets and delicious small bites. Hop into the fortune cookie factory in Ross Alley (if it’s open) for a fresh sample and a bag of cookies for later.
Continue through Chinatown into North Beach.

Wander quietly through the iconic City Lights Bookstore for a moment. If you still have time before dinner, head to Coit Tower. It’s work to climb to the top, but the views of the city are worth it.
Find dinner in North Beach.
This area is known as the Little Italy of San Francisco and fantastic restaurants are plentiful. Try the Tosca Cafe for drinks or Tony’s Pizza on the edge of Washington Square for casual pizza.
If you have any energy left, and can keep your eyes open for a show, head to Dear San Francisco. This is a 90-minute love letter to San Francisco, which tells the history of the city with high flying acrobatics. The show is held at the Historic Club Fugazi, right there in North Beach.
And there you have it! That is our whirlwind one day in San Francisco itinerary for those that want to see it all. Up next is our slightly slower route for those that want to do it on their own, maybe with a little transportation help along the way.
San Francisco 1 Day Itinerary Option 2

Not a strict tour schedule type of person? Want to see a lot of San Francisco, but do it on your own agenda? Maybe the following itinerary is more your speed.
This itinerary is set up in an order that makes the best use of the hop-on hop-off bus. This “tour” is a great way to easily get from place to place in the city, but see it on your own terms. It does however follow a very specific route, which makes planning your day important to avoid unnecessary time on the bus and repeat information.
If you want to do the city completely on your own, we encourage you to do so! With a healthy amount of walking (and/or Uber) you can do everything below without purchasing a transportation ticket (except maybe for the cable car!). Skipping the hop-on hop-off bus will give you more flexibility in the order of your activities. Consider starting at the Golden Gate Bridge for an early, uncrowded stroll to the first tower and back before breakfast.
The Hop-on Hop-off bus begins daily at 10 am at their Visitor Center along Fisherman’s Wharf, and the last bus pulls into Pier 39 just before 8 pm. Buses run every 15 minutes within that time and you can hop on any of them at any time within 24 hours of your first time boarding. You can redeem tickets at any stop along the route.
Especially if your one day in San Francisco is a Saturday, we recommend starting your day at the Ferry Building. The well-known farmer’s market will be in full swing and the building is full of great places for breakfast and coffee.
When you are ready, grab one of the first couple of buses (10:16, 10:31) on Steuart St. Ride past Union Square (for now) and get off at Alamo Square for the Painted Ladies. You will probably only need 15 minutes to snap a photo of the famous houses and hop on the next bus.
Next, hop off and explore the Haight Ashbury neighborhood a bit. Soak in the hippie era vibes that still resonate here and then hop on the bus for one stop or simply walk over to Golden Gate Park.
Did you know that Golden Gate Park is bigger than Central Park? It’s true! So you definitely can’t see it all today, but prioritize what you most want to see. We recommend sticking to the east end for time’s sake (unless you rent bikes here).
Walk around Stow Lake for the cheapest experience, check out the Conservatory of Flowers for nature with a hint of Victorian glamor, or head to the Japanese Tea Garden to be peacefully transported across the Pacific. Whatever you do, don’t miss the Hamon Observation tower in the De Young Museum. It is totally free and offers a great bird’s eye view of the park.
Grab lunch either in the park or nearby.

If you aren’t quite hungry yet, buy something for a picnic lunch near the Golden Gate Bridge (the next stop!) Within the park, the De Young Cafe does not require entry to the museum. If you do end up in the west side of the park, the Park Chalet and Beach Chalet both offer lunch near the ocean. Alternatively, there are great restaurants in the neighborhoods closely surrounding the park.
Our next stop is the Golden Gate Bridge! Enjoy the drive over the iconic bridge, and then get off at the North Vista Point viewing area. If you want to get your feet onto the bridge, head out towards the first tower. We don’t think you need to go further than the tower to get the full experience, especially on a time constraint, but of course this is up to you.
Make your way back onto a bus and to the Palace of Fine Arts at the edge of the Presidio in the Marina District. This is a fascinating stop that will make you feel like you have been transported to Europe. It is cool to wander through and take photos, but it doesn’t take most people long.
The next stop is Lombard Street. Once again, this is a quick visit, but the views from here are awesome, and the zig zag street is just super cool. From here we recommend either walking or catching a cable car down Hyde Street to Beach.
Near the end of the cable car line you will find Ghirardelli Square. Grab some free chocolate samples, and maybe an ice cream sundae. Then walk east on Beach to take photos in Umbrella Alley before continuing along the waterfront to Pier 39. Check out the sea lions and maybe grab a mid afternoon bread bowl of chowder from Boudin Bakery.
Grab the bus from Pier 39 (or the visitor center) to Chinatown/North Beach. The other option is to remain on the bus for another 20 minutes to get off at Union Square and walk to Chinatown from there. This is really only necessary if you are a fan of big name brand shopping or if it is the holiday season.
Wander through Chinatown, admiring the neighborhood’s color and flavor. End in North Beach, also known as San Francisco’s Little Italy. Stop into the City Lights Bookstore, and maybe head to Coit Tower for a great view if you have time.
Stay in North Beach for dinner (mmm italian) and maybe even a show. Dear San Francisco at Club Fugazi is a fantastic way to end a full day in San Francisco.
San Francisco Insider Tip:
If you are here during the long days of summer, grab an Uber to Twin Peaks for the sunset. Unfortunately Twin Peaks is not along the hop-on hop-off bus route, but this is a glorious vantage point of the whole city and a romantic way to end a busy weekend day in San Francisco.
Here is a compact version of this itinerary with the corresponding hop-on hop-off bus stops.
4. Ferry Building
8. Alamo Square for Painted Ladies
9. Haight Ashbury
10. Golden Gate Park
11. Golden Gate Bridge
12. Palace of Fine Arts
14. Lombard Street
Walk/cable car to Ghirardelli Square/Umbrella Alley/Fisherman’s Wharf
16. Pier 39 (last stop of loop)
2. Chinatown/ 5. Union Square
Walk to North Beach

With two days in San Francisco you can see the highlights, plus a little more! The main addition in this section is a visit to Alcatraz, and no full weekend itinerary to San Francisco would be complete without it.
Alcatraz Island sits just 2 km from San Francisco, in the middle of the Bay. The excellent tour of the island includes a stunning ferry ride, fascinating audio guide tour of the prison, and free reign exploration of the rest of the island.
While the ambitious can fit a tour of the island into a single day in San Francisco (especially if they can snag tickets to the popular night tour) we think the time commitment fits more comfortably within a 2-day San Francisco itinerary. The rest of your extra time is best used to further explore some of San Francisco’s iconic neighborhoods and parks.
Checklist for 2 days in San Francisco:
- Golden Gate Bridge
- Golden Gate Park
- Chinatown
- Cable Car
- Lombard Street
- Fisherman’s Wharf and Pier 39
- Alcatraz
- Mission
- Haight Ashbury
- North Beach
2-Day San Francisco Weekend Itinerary with Tour

The best tour to do if you have a two day weekend to spend in San Francisco is this Alcatraz Island and Guided San Francisco City Tour. It is the same morning tour as we mention above, a short break to grab a bowl of chowder on pier 39, then an afternoon trip to Alcatraz. This packs a lot of sightseeing into the day and still leaves that evening free.
You will disembark the ferry from Alcatraz at Pier 33. North Beach is a short skip away, so we recommend heading there for the evening. If you have time, circle up into Chinatown and then explore North Beach (Coit Tower, City Lights Bookstore, Saints Peter and Paul Church…) before grabbing some dinner and hitting Dear San Francisco at Club Fugazi for your evening entertainment.
Your second day itinerary is a bit more free form. The only must-do we recommend is taking a cable car to or from Lombard Street. From there you can hit Ghirardelli Square and Umbrella Alley for chocolate and photos. If you feel your time was rushed along Fisherman’s Wharf the previous day, take more time there now.
You can spend the rest of your day revisiting any of the neighborhoods you found fascinating in your tour the day before. Head back to the Mission for to-die-for burritos at Taqueria La Cumbre, or go vintage shopping in the Haight. If you are a ramen fan, run, don’t walk, to Japantown. If you didn’t have time to visit Chinatown on day 1, definitely walk through it today.
If you can’t get enough of those Victorian houses, make the side trip to Alamo Square for the famous Painted Ladies. Alamo Square is also a great place for sunset. On the other hand, if you want to see the Golden Gate Bridge again, take some time today to walk out to the first tower and back, or watch the sunset from Crissy Field or Baker Beach for fabulous bridge views.
It is also a great option to spend a portion of your second day further exploring Golden Gate Park. Read our article about the best things to do in Golden Gate Park. Hit the Hamon Observation Tower, find a zen moment (and mochi!) in the Japanese Tea Garden, maybe even row boats across Stow Lake if the weather is nice.
If you are really loving Golden Gate Park and want to see all of it in an efficient way, rent bikes! And if you end up near the western side of Golden Gate Park near dinner time, check out the Beach Chalet for great food with views of the Pacific.
2-Day San Francisco Weekend Itinerary Option 2

So we still can’t convince you to take that morning city tour? No worries. But you absolutely have to take the tour to Alcatraz still. It’s one of a kind, and the tour includes that ferry ride, which is an iconic San Francisco experience you can’t leave without.
If your first day is Saturday, start at the Ferry Building for breakfast and wander through the farmer’s market. Then take the F streetcar north along the Embarcadero to Pier 33 for your Alcatraz tour. Make sure to book these well in advance, as they do sell out!
Once you return from Alcatraz (now completely convinced of how smart we are ;)), walk along Fisherman’s Wharf. Grab that famous bread bowl chowder from Boudin Bakery for lunch and enjoy the fun tourist-trap that is the waterfront. Walk west to Umbrella Alley for photos and then Ghirardelli Square for dessert and/or Buena Vista Cafe for Irish coffee.
Walk or cable car up to Lombard Street for photos of the kooky, crooked street and then take the cable car up to Union Square. If it isn’t the holidays, walk straight through to Grant Street and the Dragon Gate into Chinatown. Slowly make your way through Chinatown and into North Beach.
Spend the rest of the day in North Beach, similar to our recommendations above. Climb Coit Tower, admire the Saints Peter and Paul Church from Washington Square Park, and find a book in the City Lights Bookstore. Find some amazing Italian food and then take in the show at Club Fugazi to end your day.
For your second day, you need to walk a bit on the Golden Gate Bridge and visit Golden Gate Park. There are good reasons to do both early as there will be less crowds. Sunday is an awesome day to go to Golden Gate Park because the main road through the park is closed to vehicle traffic. Take advantage of this for a care-free stroll or cycle.
For the afternoon, explore some more neighborhoods, like Haight Ashbury and the Mission. If you want an incredible view of the city (and the weather is clear), try either hiking or getting an Uber to the top of Twin Peaks. Spend the sunset here or maybe catch the sun shining its last rays on the Golden Gate Bridge from Baker Beach near the Presidio.

Well you obviously know the answer to this one by now! 3 days is more than enough to have a wonderful weekend visit to San Francisco. You can see all of the classic San Francisco sites, and really spend some time getting a good feel for the distinct neighborhoods.
So what to do on your third day in San Francisco? We recommend taking a day trip out of San Francisco. The Bay Area is chock full of incredible scenery, and getting out to see some of it gives you an even better sense of San Francisco than staying in the city. If you do want to stay in the city though, spread out the previous 2-day itinerary a bit and take in a couple of museums.
San Francisco has absolutely fabulous museums. If you are into art, you have to visit the SFMoMA in Union Square and/or the De Young in Golden Gate Park. If you (or your kids) love science, the California Academy of Sciences, also in GGP, is for you. You could spend many hours exploring just this one establishment, as they have an aquarium, natural history museum, 4-story rainforest, planetarium, and more!
If you are interested in a day trip close by the city, this Muir Woods Redwood Forest and Sausalito Morning Tour is for you. This tour brings you up close and personal to some of the tallest trees on earth and then ends in the charming seaside town of Sausalito across the Bay from the city.
You can either return to the city right away, or take your time exploring Sausalito before returning on the included ferry ride back across the bay. The tour is only 5 hours, so you will still have plenty of time in the rest of your day for anything else you wish to fit in or revisit.
Another day trip option is to start in Muir Woods and then go to wine country! This Redwoods and Wine Country Tour will require a bit more of a time commitment (10 hours), but wine lovers should definitely consider this option. Napa and Sonoma are legendary in the wine scene, and are just so enticingly close to the city!
If you are interested in seeing another itinerary option for your 3 days in San Francisco, check out our First Timer’s San Francisco 3 Day Itinerary.
Enjoy your weekend visit to San Francisco!

Kat is a blog writer, personal assistant, and avid hiker, reader, and world traveler. She loves finding the hidden gems in each new place she visits, and has an unhelpful tendency to add three new places to her travel bucket list for every one she checks off.
Published on: January 16th 2024
San Francisco, CA
The True Story of the Military’s Secret 1950 San Francisco Biological Weapons Test | KQED
Episode Transcript
Katrina Schwartz: It’s a foggy September day in 1950s San Francisco. For most Bay Area residents, it’s a normal day…people get up and head out to work or school…just like any other day. The San Francisco Examiner is full of news about the Korean War and a reminder that daylight savings ends soon.
On the ocean, just outside the Golden Gate, floats a Navy boat. On deck, men hold up what look like big metal hoses and point them at San Francisco. There’s a long, low cloud over them that could be mistaken for part of the area’s usual fog, but it’s not.
Two days later, Stanford hospital, which was located in San Francisco at the time, started noticing something odd. Doctors started seeing some patients complaining of serious chest pain, shortness of breath, chills and fever — symptoms of what’s called serratia marcescens infection. Doctors had never seen this bacteria at the hospital before, and certainly not in so many patients at one time. Eleven people got sick, and one would die.
Is it possible that the U.S. military was testing biological weapons on its own citizens? That’s what one Bay Curious listener wants to know. We’ll get into it right after this. I’m Katrina Schwartz, and you’re listening to Bay Curious.
Sponsor message
Katrina Schwartz: The question we’re answering today is whether it’s possible the U.S. government was spraying bacteria over its own citizens to learn more about how to stage a biological attack on an enemy. And it’s true. In 1950, the military sprayed bacteria over an unsuspecting Bay Area for eight days, with no medical monitoring plan.
It was just one of hundreds of experiments that the military carried out in secret across the nation from the 1940s through the 1960s. These tests would affect people’s lives and help shape our country’s policy on biological weapons. Reporter Katherine Monahan takes us back to that time to help us understand how and why this happened.
Sounds of archival newsreel static
Katherine Monahan: The U.S. was obsessed with the threat from the Soviet Union.
Archival newsreel: In 1950, men throughout the world learned to look at the brutal face of communism…
Katherine Monahan: The Cold War was in full swing, and the Korean War had just begun. Only a few years out of World War II, people feared a World War III was on the horizon. And Army spokesmen said the only intelligent move was to prepare.
Clip 1: For many years, information has been needed about the effects of a biological warfare attack on man.
Clip 2: Because today the threat cannot be ignored.
Clip 3: If we adopt a pacifist attitude the end can only be a communist dictatorship of the world.
Katherine Monahan: During WWII, the U.S. government had created a chemical weapons research division within the military. And in the late 1940s, it began testing on human subjects.
Matthew Meselson: A very small circle of people knew anything about this. After all, it certainly wasn’t public knowledge.
Katherine Monahan: Matthew Meselson is a Harvard molecular biologist and geneticist who served as a government consultant on arms control. He was instrumental in changing our nation’s policy on biological weapons.
Matthew Meselson: Research on weapons goes on all the time. Otherwise, you’d be caught with your pants down, so to speak. If a war broke out.
Katherine Monahan: The program was centered at Fort Detrick in Maryland, where the Army produced, tested, and stockpiled pathogens like anthrax and botulism, as well as defoliants like Agent Orange.
The military wanted to know how these substances could be used to attack different populated areas. For example, whether a small boat offshore could spray a biological weapon to cover a coastal city like San Francisco.
Matthew Meselson: They needed something that was, first of all, thought to be harmless because they certainly didn’t wanna kill everybody in San Francisco or Oakland. And that could easily be detected by simple methods.
Katherine Monahan: So the Army used substances that would disperse like a biological weapon, but weren’t actually harmful, as far as they knew.
For the San Francisco experiment, they chose two bacteria: bacillus globigii and serratia marcescens. Serratia marcescens is found naturally in water and soil, and it’s not normally dangerous to healthy people, but then it’s not normally sprayed into the air in large quantities.
It has a unique property that makes it easy to track.
Matthew Meselson: It’s bright red, and that’s why the Navy decided to use it, because when you plate a sample from the air on a petri dish, there’s only one thing that makes nice red colonies and they’re very easy to see.
Katherine Monahan: While the testing team sprayed the bacteria along the coast, monitors at 43 sampling stations around the Bay Area held up little cones to collect it, and found that it had traveled as far as 23 miles, covering the East Bay as well. The Army summarized its findings in a report.
Voice over: Every one of the 800,000 people in San Francisco exposed to the cloud at normal breathing rate (10 liters per minute) inhaled 5,000 or more fluorescent particles.
Katherine Monahan: That’s per minute. The test, Meselson said, showed that it was indeed possible to attack a coastal city by spraying a biological weapon from a boat offshore.
Matthew Meselson: Presumably, of course, if it was a real war, you’d use something like anthrax that would kill people.
Katherine Monahan: But this supposedly harmless bacteria may have killed someone.
Music featuring chimes
The winds carried the spray directly over Stanford hospital. Eleven patients developed serratia marcescens infections. And one of them — a 75-year-old Irish American named Edward Nevin — died, when the bacteria made its way into his heart.
Its source was a mystery.
Meselson would be one of the first members of the public to connect Edward Nevin’s death to the military’s experiment. But not until 15 years later, when a lab assistant shared a secret with him. Her boyfriend had worked at the Navy’s Biological Laboratory Facility in Oakland.
Matthew Meselson: Her boyfriend told her that one day the commander of this naval base called a meeting of everybody and told them that a recent test they had just done, probably was responsible for the death of a man, and if anyone ever talked about that publicly, that the Navy would make sure that that person could never find a job anywhere in the United States.
Katherine Monahan: The Pentagon declined to interview for this story, but said in a statement that it is “committed to safeguarding our nation and our citizens.”
Meselson was already gravely concerned about the U.S. biological weapons program because he’d worked for the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency in 1963. He had high security clearances and was given a tour of Fort Detrick in Maryland, where the biological weapons were developed.
Archival newsreel: At Camp Detrick, a National Guard airport near Fredrick, Maryland, requisitioned for this purpose, a new chapter in an uncharted adventure was to begin.
Matthew Meselson: We came to a seven-story building. So I asked the Colonel. What do you do in this building? And he said, we make anthrax spores there. So I said something like, well, why do we do that?
Archival newsreel: The aim: defensive and offensive protection against this new weapon.
Matthew Meselson: And he said, because anthrax could be a strategic weapon. Much cheaper than hydrogen bombs. Now, I don’t know if it occurred to me right away. But certainly on the taxi ride back to the State Department, it dawned on me that the last thing the United States would like is a cheap hydrogen bomb so that everybody could have one.
Katherine Monahan: Meselson began alerting members of the government that this was madness. He was friends with Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and was able to get the message through to President Richard Nixon.
Matthew Meselson: You don’t wanna make powerful weapons very, very cheap. This would create a world in which we would be the losers. It’s obvious. It’s a simple argument and that’s what made the United States decide to get out of it.
Katherine Monahan: In 1969, Nixon ended U.S. research into biological weapons and ordered all offensive toxins destroyed. And in 1972, the U.S. signed on to the international Biological Weapons Convention — still in effect today — in which almost all nations agree not to develop or stockpile biochemical weapons.
Around this time, the public started to find out about the more than 200 tests that had been done on them. And people were horrified. One of the first experiments people learned about was in the New York City subway system. Here’s a reenactment from a 1975 Senate hearing. Senator Gary Hart of Colorado is questioning Charles Senseney, a physicist at Fort Detrick.
Voice actor for Gary Hart: How was the study or experiment conducted?
Voice actor for Charles Senseney: Well, there was one person that was the operator — if you want to call it an operator — who rode a certain train, and walking between trains, dropped what looked like an ordinary light bulb, which contained biological simulant agent. And it went quite well through the entire subway system.
Voice actor for Gary Hart: Were the officials of the city of New York aware that this study was being conducted?
Voice actor for Charles Senseney: I do not believe so.
Voice actor for Gary Hart: And certainly the passengers weren’t?
Voice actor for Charles Senseney: That is correct.
Katherine Monahan: The public was appalled. Even more so when a subsequent hearing and report revealed more tests — in greyhound bus stations in Alaska and Hawaii, in the national airport in Washington D.C., on the Pennsylvania Turnpike, in Texas, and the Florida Keys.
Edward Nevin III remembers when he first learned about the San Francisco experiment, now known to the public as Operation Seaspray.
Edward Nevin III: I was on the BART train going into my office in San Francisco for Berkeley, where I lived.
Katherine Monahan: He was reading the San Francisco Chronicle, as he usually did on his way to work, and saw that his grandfather was the man who died in Stanford hospital.
Edward Nevin III: I was reading it with sort of an upset that the government would do something like that. And, uh, I turned to the back page and it says, ‘The only person who died was Edward Nevin.’ That’s how I learned it.
Katherine Monahan: Eddie III, as his grandfather used to call him, had been 9-years-old when his grandpa went into the hospital for a simple surgery, with a full recovery expected. His family had been stunned and puzzled by his death.
Edward Nevin III: I remember sitting in a ‘41 Chevy, my family’s car, uh, outside, waiting for my parents who went in to see him. They didn’t want the children in there. So I have absolute memory of that moment.
Katherine Monahan: Eddie III by 1976 was a trial lawyer in his early 30s. And he decided to sue the United States government.
He called his huge Irish American family together to discuss it.
Edward Nevin III: One aunt, God love her, said, uh, ‘Eddie, you’re pretty young, are you sure we shouldn’t get someone that’s been around a while, you know?’ I said, ‘I don’t think anyone will do it. There’s no real money in it.’
Katherine Monahan: The family was reluctant at first. They didn’t want the publicity. And they knew Eddie’s grandfather, a proud immigrant who loved America, would not have wanted to sue his country.
Edward Nevin III: He had his citizenship papers on the wall of the living room in the home. I truly believe he would’ve told me not to do it if he were alive. I’m sure he would’ve said no.
Katherine Monahan: But Eddie III was determined, and his family came to see it as the only way to find out what had truly happened to their loved one. So in 1981, the trial of the Nevin family — all 67 of them — vs. the United States began.
It was action-packed. At one point, an army general challenged Eddie III to a fistfight outside the courtroom.
Edward Nevin III: People were really mad at me. They, they were, they felt like they were quite a heroes themselves for doing this hard work, you know? And so they were upset that I would even imagine bringing a case like that.
Katherine Monahan: The military maintained that the test was safe, and the death was a coincidence. And that, anyway, the government had legal immunity from being sued by a citizen for a high-level planning decision like this one.
For the family’s side, Dr. Meselson and other scientists argued that the serratia found in Edward Nevin’s blood was likely the same serratia the military had sprayed over the city. And that they should have considered that there was potential for it to cause disease.
Edward Nevin III: The judge did one fine thing. He said, there’s no jury in this case. I will give the jury box to the press. And so they filled the jury box every day.
Katherine Monahan: That is where the real trial took place, Nevin figures, in the minds of the American people. He says every day he was interviewed outside the courthouse, and the story ran in newspapers across the country.
Katherine Monahan in scene: Did you ever think that you were gonna win?
Edward Nevin III: No. But we still had to tell the story. To have a citizen submitted to that kind of risk is awful.
Katherine Monahan: The Nevins lost their case. They appealed, lost again at the 9th Circuit, and appealed again to the U.S. Supreme Court, which declined to hear it.
Looking back on it all, Dr. Meselson, who campaigned to ban chemical weapons, is relieved that the era of secret chemical warfare testing on the public is over.
Matthew Meselson: This kind of weapon is really useful only if you want to kill civilians. And that’s not a very good thing to do in a war. Who knows where it could lead. It’s turning our knowledge of life against life. It’s a bad idea.
Katherine Monahan: Today, so far as we have evidence for, no country in the world is developing new biological weapons.
Katrina Schwartz: That story was brought to you by KQED reporter Katherine Monahan.
Bay Curious is produced at member-supported KQED in San Francisco.
Our show is produced by Gabriela Glueck, Christopher Beale and me, Katrina Schwartz. With extra support from Maha Sanad, Katie Sprenger, Jen Chien, Ethan Toven-Lindsey and everyone on Team KQED.
Thank you for listening and donating and being members. We appreciate it so much. Thank you, and have a great week.
San Francisco, CA
Death of beloved neighborhood cat sparks outrage against robotaxis in San Francisco
The death of beloved neighborhood cat named KitKat, which was struck and killed by a Waymo in San Francisco’s Mission District last week, is sparking uproar in the city and across the internet. Now local politicians and community leaders are harnessing momentum to put new limits on the fast-spreading autonomous vehicle industry.
KitKat was a regular fixture at the deli and liquor store Randa’s Market, and was well known in the neighborhood and on social media. In a recent podcast interview, Daniel Zeidan, part of the family that owns Randa’s, described KitKat as unequivocally adored.
“The nickname that they had for him was the mayor of 16th Street,” Zeidan said. “He would walk down there, stare up at the employees and wait for them to throw chicken at him … He really ran the block.”
But on 27 October, KitKat was struck by a Waymo autonomous vehicle, which in recent years has become a ubiquitous sight around the city. Waymo confirmed the death in a statement to the Guardian. “While our vehicle was stopped to pick up passengers, a nearby cat darted under our vehicle as it was pulling away,” a company spokesperson said.
Tributes have poured in across social media for KitKat, who could often be found curled up behind the counter at Randa’s, or strolling into the nearby Dalva bar to receive a royal reception. A shrine has popped up outside of Randa’s, replete with photos of KitKat, bouquets of flowers and well-wishes.
Local legislators are using the incident to call for limits on the industry’s growth. Jackie Fielder, a San Francisco city supervisor, said she plans to introduce legislation that would allow counties to decide whether they will permit the operation of autonomous vehicles, and is calling upon the California legislature to consider doing the same. Fielder said the bill will be similar to a 2024 effort in the California legislature.
“We are absolutely coming for your bottom dollar,” Fielder said of Waymo in a Tuesday press conference held outside of Randa’s Market. Speakers included local politicians, union leaders and transit advocates, who touched on fears of job replacement via AI and the loss of local political control against tech companies.
Justin Dolezal, a local bar owner and head of a small business coalition, also spoke about KitKat’s role in the community, and in favor of the resolution.
“The mayor of this space was taken by technology that none of us asked for, and crucially to this resolution, none of us consented to,” Dozel said.
KitKat’s death is the latest swell in waves of anti-AI sentiment and concerns over autonomous vehicles, although others point to data showing a firm safety record. While Waymo says it operates around 1,500 cars across the US, exact numbers for San Francisco’s fleet are unclear. Protestors and activists have taken to disabling Waymos by placing traffic cones on their hoods or even setting them on fire. Cruise, another autonomous taxi company, agreed last year to shell out more than $8m in 2024 to a Bay Area woman who was dragged over 20ft of pavement by an autonomous vehicle. Questions have also arisen over how to ticket and discipline autonomous vehicles when they violate traffic laws.
Waymo declined to comment on the proposed legislation in a written statement to the Guardian but said that “trust and the safety of the communities we serve is our highest priority”.
“We send our deepest sympathies to the cat’s owner and the community who knew and loved him, and we have made a donation to a local animal rights organization in his honor,” the statement said.
As politicians push for change, some have taken upon themselves to honor KitKat in distinctly Silicon Valley-style ways. Zeidan has released a memecoin honoring KitKat’s legacy, and also said that he was disappointed to see others launch their own imitation tokens in an attempt to profit off KitKat’s death.
Zeidan hopes to use proceeds to support local veterinarians and animal welfare organizations. He was inspired to do so after the veterinarian that attempted to save KitKat’s life dropped the cost of the entire medical bill.
“We wanted to honor the cat,” Zeidan said. “We want to support shelters, we want to support local animal organizations that help animals.”
San Francisco, CA
San Francisco man found guilty of murder in brutal beating of elderly woman exercising
SAN FRANCISCO – A young man has been found guilty of murder in the brutal beating of an 89-year-old woman who died a year after the attack.
Verdict
What we know:
Keonte Gathron, 25, was convicted Tuesday in the killing of Yik Oi “Huang Popo” Huang, who was robbed near her Visitacion Valley home in January 2019.
The Attack
The backstory:
Huang had stepped outside to do her daily exercises at the Visitacion Valley Playground when she was attacked.
After beating and robbing the elderly woman, authorities said Gathron went to Huang’s nearby home and burglarized it.
Huang was found on Raymond Avenue, a few blocks from her home, bloodied, disoriented, and suffering from severe head injuries. She died a year later, in January 2020, from complications related to her injuries.
The park where the attack occurred was later renamed Yik Oi Huang Peace and Friendship Park in honor of the woman.
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