Denver, CO
Will a NWSL stadium benefit Denver businesses? Experts debate if city’s $70 million investment plan will pay off
During a recent Denver City Council meeting, Ryan Fleming and fellow business advocates stepped up to the microphone. They urged city leaders to spend $70 million to help bring a new women’s professional soccer stadium to a dormant swath of Baker, arguing it would infuse the broader neighborhood with new life and customers.
“I couldn’t understand any logic why you wouldn’t want to do it,” said Fleming, an investor in a sports bar on South Broadway, adding that the ensuing tax revenue must be reason enough to approve the project.
But the true economic benefits aren’t so clear.
Decades of research show that when cities shell out millions of dollars to build stadiums, they rarely recoup their costs — and the local economies see limited growth. That’s according to an analysis of more than 130 studies of local government stadium deals published in 2022 in the Journal of Economic Surveys. Generally, research shows the facilities only move spending within different parts of a city, rather than bringing in new dollars.
“These are money pits,” said Geoffrey Propheter, a professor at the University of Colorado Denver who researches the economics of sports facilities. “The vast majority of the burden ends up being on taxpayers.”
Still, many supporters in the community — and Denver Mayor Mike Johnston, the city investment plan’s chief proponent — see the stadium project planned for the new National Women’s Soccer League team as a sign of hope for a blighted lot that has sat vacant, collecting trash and dirt, for over a decade.
The stadium would be built on the northwest portion of the 40-acre former Gates Rubber factory site. It’s tucked between the South Platte River, I-25 and the Broadway light rail station, located near a section of South Broadway that is underdeveloped. Store fronts sit empty and pedestrians rarely venture that far down the street from Broadway’s livelier blocks to the north.
The proposed deal with the new team’s ownership group calls for the city to spend tens of millions of dollars for the purchase of the property and for site and access improvements, while the team’s ownership group will be responsible for building the stadium itself.
Johnston, who announced the proposal alongside the team’s owner in April, has called the project “a transformational opportunity.”
“It’s been sitting empty and the neighbors have been waiting for this to be really activated as an economic opportunity,” he said in a recent meeting with Denver Post journalists.
Council members, some of whom are skeptical of the city’s plan and others supportive, will have to weigh that area’s hopes for revitalization with the uncertainty of how much the project would financially benefit the whole city. The council is set to take its first full vote on Johnston’s investment proposal Monday, with a final decision following on May 12.
The mayor’s administration, which designed the proposal with the team’s ownership, has produced its own economic study. It projects $2.2 billion in economic impact for the city over the next 30 years from the stadium and neighboring mixed-use development.
That impact was calculated through a complicated economic modeling process that considers direct and indirect spending from construction as well as tax revenue and consumer purchases. It’s difficult to quantify how much of that is projected to be from the spending of “new” dollars — rather than just a reallocation of spending that would have occurred anyway in other areas of the city.
If the council doesn’t agree to pitch in the $70 million, the team is unlikely to stay in Denver, the ownership group’s leader, Rob Cohen, told the council last month.
“Show us that we matter, too”
Under the proposal, the city would spend up to $50 million for the land and another $20 million for improvements to the surrounding area. The team, which hasn’t been named yet, would build a 14,500-seat stadium there at a cost of $150 million to $200 million. It also plans to bring in partners to build a neighboring mixed-use development with housing and restaurants.
Beyond the murkiness of the economic benefits is the prospect of building one of the first stadiums dedicated to women’s sports in the world.
For many, that’s the most important consideration.
“Show us women and girls of Denver that we deserve the opportunity and facilities that the men do,” Sydnee Mitchell told the council during that same meeting in April. “Show us that we matter, too.”
The city’s economic analysis also emphasizes that factor.
“The long-term community benefits such as community pride, local identity, opportunity for women in sports and youth engagement have the potential to make this project not just about dollars — but civic identity, opportunity and inspiring the next generation,” according to the analysis.
The city report also says the project would create 1,100 jobs, with a significant portion of that coming from indirect and “induced jobs,” defined as “additional jobs created as direct and indirect workers spend their earnings in the community.”
The study’s authors made their calculations assuming that the neighboring development would bring in $700 million in construction spending on a hotel, restaurants and 2,500 housing units. They also assumed that only 10% of attendees would be people from outside metro Denver.
Outside studies from a broad set of economists and journals have found that the economic benefits of stadiums are often overstated in analyses like these.
One reason the city-produced research has limited usefulness, Propheter said, is because its analysts don’t consider other possible uses of the dollars.
“An economic impact study only tells you one piece of information: the benefits,” he said. “It does not tell you what are the benefits of competing uses of funds, and what are the costs of all possible uses?”
City hasn’t done full cost-benefit analysis
While the city’s study took a limited look at the opportunity costs — the trade-offs of not pursuing alternative options — the in-house economist doesn’t yet have enough information to perform a full cost-benefit analysis that considers all possible uses of the $70 million, said Laura Swartz, the spokesperson for the city’s Department of Finance.
The project may offer limited benefits to restaurants and bars in the immediate area, but it’s unlikely to have much impact on the overall economy of the city, Propheter said.
“Why is moving money from one part of the city to another part of the city a good use of taxpayer dollars?” he said.
Because of a tax-break measure already approved for the former Gates site, the city also wouldn’t have a chance to collect property or sales tax there until 2043.
The team plans to ask for permission to obtain additional tax breaks to help recoup the cost of the stadium, said Dan Barrett, an advisor to the ownership group, during an April 29 meeting between the council and the mayor.
Johnston said the city would have to approve such a request, including deciding whether it has a public purpose.
Under a plan laid out by the Department of Finance, Denver largely would spend interest money that’s accrued in its 2017 Elevate Denver bond program for its contribution. That money would be used indirectly, with the city putting it toward other city projects that are being paid for through its capital projects fund; that saved money would then be used for the stadium.
Councilwoman Sarah Parady has said she’s worried that, given the uncertainty of the worldwide economy, the project will never come to fruition. That’s what happened in Commerce City with development around Dick’s Sporting Goods Park.
Opened in 2007, the stadium was originally meant to be the centerpiece of a 600,000-square-foot development to include housing, shops, restaurants and offices. Voters there approved a $64 million bond to help finance it.
The owners never built out the project, though.
“These are completely different projects,” said Cohen, the Denver NWSL team owner, pointing instead to the revitalization of Lower Downtown that occurred in the 1990s when the Colorado Rockies’ ballpark opened. “I think it is more comparable to Coors Field than it is to the stadium in Commerce City.”
If the council approves the agreement for the NWSL stadium, the team will begin soliciting public input and designing the site. The council would have a chance to consider the detailed plan in the fall — and if the project moves forward, construction would unfold with the goal of a 2028 opening for the stadium.
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Denver, CO
Golden Triangle apartment complex raises bar for incentives to attract tenants
With so many new apartments hitting the market in recent years, landlords across metro Denver are in an incentives arms race to attract new tenants. A month or two of free rent is almost a given, with more buildings offering three to four months. Fees are being discounted or eliminated, and gift cards for new tenants moving in are a common perk.
But the akin Golden Triangle, a newer 98-unit luxury apartment development at 955 Bannock St. in Denver, has pushed concessions to another level. In a sweepstakes, it recently awarded one tenant a $50,000 cash grand prize and the runner-up a year of free rent.
“We wanted to try something new. What we found, more than we thought we would, is that the sweepstakes brought the residents in these buildings together as a community. Management and staff got to know them,” said Rhys Duggan, president and CEO of Revesco Properties, which developed the building in partnership with Alpine Investments.
Duggan said the Revesco team initially considered providing a $100,000 grand prize, but talked themselves down. The sweepstakes, which started in late October, attracted 364 entries. Compared to heading up to Black Hawk or buying a lotto ticket, the odds of winning were much higher, with no money out of pocket required to enter.
Resident Claire Scobee, winner of the $50,000 grand prize, said she planned to save most of the money — after splurging on a shopping spree with her niece, according to a news release by Revesco.
“Winning was a complete surprise and feels like a once-in-a-lifetime blessing,” Scobee said. “I’m most excited to treat my family, especially my niece, and spend a fun day together making memories.”
The second prize winner, Lisa Cordova, said winning a year’s worth of free rent would allow her to focus on a project she has long wanted to do but couldn’t while working full-time.
“It gives me the momentum to finally follow through on a creative endeavor I’ve been wanting to do for a long time,” Cordova said.
Duggan said the Golden Triangle and River North submarkets have seen a lot of supply come online in a short amount of time, which has made it hard to fill up new apartment buildings.
Revesco Properties and Alpine Investments opened the doors on the akin Tennyson at 4560 N. Tennyson a few months before the akin Golden Triangle in early 2025. The akin Tennyson is nearly 90% full, while the akin Golden Triangle building is closer to 60% full, a reflection of how many new units went up in that neighborhood.
The Apartment Association of Metro Denver, which holds a quarterly media briefing to share the latest statistics, reports that concessions in the fourth quarter averaged 9.5% of total rent, which works out to four to five weeks of free rent. For new developments, free rent offers can average closer to three months.
“This is a great opportunity for a new renter to jump in. It is a renter favorable situation,” Mark Williams, executive vice president of the AAMD, said in January.
Rental concessions are the highest they have been in 19 years of the AAMD survey, but they aren’t expected to stay that way for long as developers pull back and the pipeline of new projects rapidly shrinks.
Revesco has the akin Bonnie Brae under construction at 740 S. University Blvd. on the former site of the Bonnie Brae Tavern near Washington Park. The 46-unit boutique apartment is set to open early next year with up to 9,000 square feet of ground-floor retail. But the company has become much more selective about what it will build in Denver going forward.
Duggan said he can see evidence of the multifamily construction slowdown from Revesco’s office in the LoHi neighborhood. When the apartment boom was at its peak, he could count 16 cranes from his office. Now he can only count two that are active.
“That tells you what is going on right now in the Denver market,” he said.
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Denver, CO
Game Thread: Denver Nuggets vs Oklahoma City Thunder. March 9th, 2026. – Denver Stiffs
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Denver, CO
Sprint to the Summit: Inside the ‘whirlwind 14 months’ to launch Denver’s NWSL team
Rob Cohen’s bid to bring the 16th NWSL franchise to Denver was everything the league had imagined. The chairman and CEO of IMA Financial, who in 2001 founded the Metro Denver Sports Commission, not only offered a record $110 million expansion fee, but also pledged an infrastructure investment with little precedent in women’s professional sports.
Cohen proposed a 14,500-seat stadium within Denver’s city limits that would set the standard for purpose-built NWSL venues and anchor a mixed-use district designed to serve as a model across the league.
The club wouldn’t even need to be a tenant while that venue was built. Cohen committed to building a temporary stadium for the team’s first two seasons, adjacent to a new performance center and four training pitches developed from scratch.
Between the expansion fee and facility projects, excluding mixed use, Cohen is set to pour roughly $450 million into the club’s launch. The plan exemplifies NWSL Commissioner Jessica Berman’s vision of deep-pocketed owners controlling their own facilities.
Cohen expects the club to reach operating break-even within roughly five years, with infrastructure costs and financing recouped within a decade through a combination of franchise appreciation and returns from the mixed-use development. The model relies heavily on venue control and the sponsorship inventory created by the club’s stadiums and training complex.
But ambitious plans take time to execute, and Denver hasn’t had much. The NWSL’s protracted process to choose an ownership group to launch alongside Boston Legacy FC for the 2026 season dragged into 2025. By the time the league finally awarded the franchise to Denver on Jan. 30, Cohen had less than 14 months before this Saturday’s inaugural match.
“It was ‘ready, set, go,’ and we basically had nothing in place,” Cohen said. “We didn’t have a bank account, we didn’t have a single staff member, we didn’t have any of that. So, to go from that to actually being on the field of play with a full roster … it’s been a whirlwind 14 months like none I’ve ever had in my life.”
After a full sprint by Cohen and his team, Summit FC’s inaugural season is poised to reflect both strong demand for women’s soccer in the market and the constraints of an accelerated launch.
Experienced hand
To help launch an NWSL team in a matter of months, Cohen looked to someone who had done it before. In July 2023, Jen Millet joined incoming expansion team Bay FC, which had an even shorter 11-month runway, as COO. That club launched in 2024 and has ranked in the top five in NWSL attendance in its first two seasons.
After a search process led by CAA, Cohen hired Millet, who attended high school in the Denver area, as president and the first employee of his then-unnamed franchise in April 2025. Millet was an SBJ Game Changers honoree in 2020, when she was senior vice president of marketing for the Golden State Warriors and Chase Center.
Since beginning in her role, Millet has identified three key differences between her experience at Bay FC and the task ahead in Denver.
First, Bay FC’s ownership group, led by Sixth Street, had ambitions to secure a purpose-built training facility and stadium, but didn’t attempt to do so prior to launch. The club signed a five-year lease to play as a tenant at PayPal Park and secured a short-term practice facility at San Jose State, taking facilities off the table as an immediate concern.
Making facilities a top priority from the jump made the Denver project a far heavier lift.
“We’re managing four facility projects right now, which adds a degree of difficulty,” Millet said. “At Bay, we had to navigate some of that, but we weren’t in build mode on multiple projects on multiple sites at the same time we were standing up the club. That piece has been really challenging.”
Second, Millet and the executive team at Bay FC had the luxury of tapping into the resources of a private equity firm with more than $125 billion under management and more than 700 employees. While the business side at Summit FC is now up to around 55 employees, Cohen and Millet have done much of the heavy lifting themselves.
“At Sixth Street, there were seven or eight people that could navigate certain things around real estate, or capital calls, or whatever was happening — there was an army you could tap into,” Millet explained. “Rob and I had a conversation last week where we said, ‘Wow, it’s just us trying to do all of this.’ So, I think it is a lot.”
The third difference, however, has made launching Summit FC considerably easier.
“Fans in the Bay area were really excited about Bay coming, and I would never diminish that,” Millet said. “But in Denver, from Day 1, the response to the club has been 10X that. It’s probably a factor of the market being a little bit smaller and easier to impact, but everybody has been locked in on this club in the market since announced. It has really helped us move through this expedited timeline with more ease.”
That excitement was reflected in season-ticket deposits, which quickly converted into sales. The team secured 8,500 season-ticket holders before capping sales to leave room for groups and single-game buyers at the 12,500-seat temporary stadium. Summit FC granted even more deposit holders who remain on the waitlist access to their membership program, Club 5280, which comes with merchandise discounts, special ticket offers and exclusive events.
The true scale of the enthusiasm will be on display at the team’s home opener at Empower Field at Mile High Stadium, home of the Denver Broncos. As of late February, the team had sold more than 45,000 tickets for the March 28 match, positioning it to break the NWSL attendance record of 40,091 set by Bay FC at Oracle Park last year.
Denver’s sporting build also differed from past NWSL expansions. Summit FC and Boston Legacy FC are the first teams in league history to launch without the benefit of an expansion draft or a college draft, leaving the club to construct its roster entirely through free agency and international signings.
Time crunch
Warm temperatures and minimal snowfall made for terrible skiing this past winter in Colorado, but provided Denver Summit FC with ideal construction conditions for key infrastructure ahead of its inaugural season.
The team broke ground last June on a 20,000-square-foot training center, temporary stadium and four shared-use fields on a 43-acre site owned by the city of Centennial. The project stems from a partnership with the Cherry Creek School District and the city that Cohen began developing with CAA Icon before securing the franchise.
Once Summit FC moves to its permanent stadium in Denver as early as 2028, the school district will become the primary tenant of the Centennial venue, while the club retains the right to use the facility for its academy and a potential second team.
“Once we learned that Cherry Creek School District was planning on building their own stadium anyway, we started having discussions with them and saying, ‘Hey, if we do this together, you can spend half the money you were going to spend, we can spend half the money we were going to spend, and we can create something that’s a legacy for the community down the road,’” Cohen said.
The club expects to move into the performance center in June, roughly a year after breaking ground. With a more generous launch runway, that pace might have positioned Summit FC to open its inaugural season fully settled into its new facility. Instead, the team will train at a local rugby stadium for the first few months of the season.
It also will play just three of its first 12 matches at home and won’t open its own stadium until July, after the league’s midseason World Cup break. Following the opener at Mile High, the club will stage two additional early-season home matches at Dick’s Sporting Goods Park, home of MLS’s Colorado Rapids. Its first game at the 12,500-seat Centennial Stadium is scheduled for July 3.
“I don’t think any expansion team would say that’s a great way to start, and it is heavily loaded with some of the best teams in the NWSL,” Cohen said. “But it is what it is. You can’t complain about it. You just have to deal with it.”
While the team has yet to break ground on its permanent stadium, which will ultimately anchor a mixed-use development in Denver called Santa Fe Yards, Cohen is hopeful it will be ready for the start of the 2028 NWSL season. The political process was bumpier than anticipated, but the city council agreed to contribute $70 million to the project.

Beyond facilities, one aspect of the business in which Summit FC could have used more time is sponsorship sales. The club retained Legends to lead its commercial efforts and scored a major win with its sale of performance center naming rights to Chicago-based CommonSpirit Health.
Financial terms were not disclosed, but Cohen said the deal is the richest naming-rights agreement for a women’s sports practice facility and exceeds comparable deals in MLS, as well as the average value of similar agreements in the NBA and NFL.
While the club also has announced deals with Canvas Credit Union, Xcel Energy and LaCroix, it has yet to sell some of its most valuable inventory, including front-of-kit placement and naming rights to Centennial Stadium. Sponsorship will be key to making the economics of the temporary stadium pencil out.
“A lot of those conversations on the sponsorship front, especially bigger assets, just take more time to develop,” Millet said. “You’ve got to be within a brand’s budgeting cycle. You’ve got to allow time for C-level approvals on those things. So, the turn on those doesn’t move as quickly through the business as it is to stand up something like ticketing.”
Millet expects the team to begin the season with six or seven corporate partners, and to add more throughout the season. Having a schedule backloaded with home matches at Centennial Stadium, where the team controls signage, will ensure late-joining sponsors don’t miss out on as much value early in the season.
With the NWSL expanding at a rapid clip and franchise valuations continuing to soar, the league under Berman’s leadership has prioritized ownership groups willing to invest in purpose-built infrastructure for its clubs. Summit FC is a prime example of that vision and evidence that big ideas require time to execute.
“My recommendation to the league is if you’re going to have a new expansion team and they have to build infrastructure as a part of their standing up of the team, it’s almost impossible to do what we’ve done in 14 months,” Cohen said. “We got it done, but I would encourage the league to allow the runway to be longer.”
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