Alaska
Strategic Sex: Alaska’s Beluga Whales Swap Mates for Survival
An aerial view of a large aggregation of adult beluga whales in a bay during the summer in the High Arctic. (Photo credit: Greg O’Corry-Crowe and Cortney Watt, Arctic Whale Research Program – FAU/DFO)
Study Snapshot: In the icy waters of Alaska’s Bristol Bay, beluga whales survive through a surprising strategy: mating with multiple partners over several years. Researchers from FAU Harbor Branch, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, and the North Slope Department of Wildlife Management used long-term genetic analysis and behavioral observations to show that both males and females share reproductive opportunities, creating numerous half-siblings and maintaining genetic diversity in this small, isolated population.
This polygynandrous system helps buffer the population against genetic drift, the random loss of genes in small groups. By spreading reproduction across many individuals over a long reproductive lifespan, belugas reduce inbreeding and preserve long-term resilience, highlighting the critical role of both male strategies and female mate choice in shaping the next generation.
In the icy waters of Alaska’s Bristol Bay, a new study reveals how a small population of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) survive the long haul through a surprising strategy: they mate with multiple partners over several years. The combination of long-term genetics, observation and careful analysis is starting to reveal some of the most intimate insights into one of the Arctic’s most elusive whales.
Beluga whales live in a world that’s difficult for scientists to observe, so surprisingly little is known about how they choose mates, compete for partners, or raise their young in the wild.
Researchers from Florida Atlantic University’s Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute in collaboration with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, and the North Slope Borough Department of Wildlife Management in Alaska, are the first to uncover how wild beluga whales mate, who fathers which calves, and how these reproductive strategies influence genetic diversity and inbreeding.
Over 13 years, researchers collected genetic samples from 623 beluga whales in Bristol Bay, while also observing their social groupings and ages. This population is composed of about 2,000 whales and is largely isolated, with little or no mixing with other populations, offering a unique opportunity to study them as a distinct population.
Because belugas are long-lived, researchers focused on short-term mating strategies – what happens in a single breeding season or across a few years – rather than an entire lifetime. They wanted to determine if beluga whales in Bristol Bay were polygynous, where one male mates with multiple females; polyandrous, where one female mates with multiple males; or possibly polygynandrous, where both males and females have multiple mates.
Published in Frontiers in Marine Science, the study reveals that this beluga whale population engages in highly strategic mating – a polygynandrous system. Both males and females mate with multiple partners over several years. Variance in reproductive success among individuals is moderate rather than being dominated by just a few individuals. This “mate switching” results in many half-siblings and few full-siblings and may reduce the risk of inbreeding and help maintain genetic diversity despite the population’s small size and isolation.
“What makes this study so thrilling is that it upends our long-standing assumptions about this Arctic species,” said Greg O’Corry-Crowe, Ph.D., senior author, a research professor of Wildlife Evolution and Behavior at FAU Harbor Branch and a National Geographic Explorer. “Because males are much larger than females and appear to spend little time associating with mothers and calves, scientists believed belugas were likely to be highly polygynous, where males spend a lot of time competing for mates and only a few dominant males fathering most of the calves. Our findings tell a very different story. In the short term, males are only moderately polygynous. One explanation we think lies in their incredible longevity – belugas can live perhaps 100 years or more. Rather than competing intensely in a single season, males appear to play the long game, spreading their reproductive efforts over many years. It appears to be a ‘take your time, there’s plenty of fish in the sea’ strategy.”
Meanwhile, findings from the study show that females have their own equally fascinating reproductive strategy. Rather than sticking with a single partner, they frequently switch mates from one breeding season to the next. This behavior may serve as a form of risk management, allowing females to avoid pairing with low-quality males and increasing the likelihood of producing healthy, genetically diverse offspring.
“It’s a striking reminder that female choice can be just as influential in shaping reproductive success as the often-highlighted battles of male-male competition,” said O’Corry-Crowe. “Such strategies highlight the subtle, yet powerful ways in which females exert control over the next generation, shaping the evolutionary trajectory of the species.”
Interestingly, researchers did not find any differences between older and younger adults in terms of how many had young calves in the population at any one time, for either males or females. However, older mothers had more surviving calves than younger ones, suggesting experience, body condition, and mate choice boost reproductive success. Most adults – male and female – had only a few offspring at a time, reflecting slow female reproduction, and the fact that males father only a small number of calves each year.
The study underscores the importance of considering mating systems in conservation, especially for small or isolated populations. In polygynandrous systems, mate choice, partner switching, and shared reproductive opportunities spread genes more evenly, maintaining genetic diversity, limiting inbreeding, and offsetting the deleterious impacts of small effective population size. This helps buffer against genetic drift, which can otherwise erode diversity when only a few individuals reproduce.
“Understanding these dynamics matters for conservation. If only a few males father most calves, the effective population size becomes much smaller than the number of whales actually present,” said O’Corry-Crowe. “This loss of genetic diversity increases the risk of inbreeding and reduces the population’s ability to adapt to environmental change. Frequent mate switching combined with low reproductive ‘skew’ and possibly the active avoidance of mating with close relatives, may be effective strategies to maintaining the genetic health of relatively small populations.”
Much of the motivation for this study came from the Indigenous communities of Bristol Bay who worked with the team of scientists to conduct the research and to meld scientific research with Indigenous knowledge as a means to protect and co-manage beluga whales in a changing Arctic and sub-arctic. Their partnership was invaluable to the success of the project.
“We cannot afford to be complacent. Small populations still face the dangers of genetic erosion. But we can be optimistic that beluga whale mating strategies provide evidence of nature’s resilience and offers hope for those working to save and recover small populations of any species,” said O’Corry-Crowe.
Study co-authors are Lori Quakenbush, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Arctic Marine Mammal Program; Tatiana Ferrer, coordinator of research programs, FAU Harbor Branch; and John J. Citta, Ph.D., and Anna Bryan, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Arctic Marine Mammal Program.
This research was supported by the Alaska Beluga Whale Committee, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, the National Marine Fisheries Service, the North Pacific Research Board, NOAA, and FAU Harbor Branch.
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Beluga whales in the High Arctic during the summer. A group of beluga whale bulls in a bay, followed by two cow-calf pairs in a shallow river estuary. An all-male group of beluga whale bulls swims alongside a female with a young calf, showing the size difference between adult males and females and the cream-gray color of the calf. The video ends with a large aggregation of adult beluga whales in a bay during the summer in the High Arctic. (Video Credit: Greg O’Corry-Crowe and Cortney Watt, Arctic Whale Research Program – FAU/DFO)
A group of beluga whale bulls in a bay during the summer in the High Arctic. (Photo credit: Greg O’Corry-Crowe and Cortney Watt, Arctic Whale Research Program – FAU/DFO)
Two beluga whale cow-calf pairs in a shallow river estuary in the High Arctic. (Photo credit: Greg O’Corry-Crowe and Cortney Watt, Arctic Whale Research Program – FAU/DFO)
-FAU-
Alaska
These lines are adding Alaska cruises. Is your favorite on the list?
New Alaska voyages debut in 2026 as lines like MSC Cruises and Virgin Voyages expand into the booming market.
How to find the best price, perks when booking a cruise
Find the cruise that works for your budget with these tips.
Problem Solved
Travelers will have new ways to see Alaska this year.
A number of cruise lines are launching sailings to the Last Frontier in 2026, from luxury to large family-friendly and adults-only ships. About 65% of people visiting the state during the summer do so by cruise ship, according to Cruise Lines International Association Alaska, and demand is high.
“I think Alaska is always very popular, but we’re seeing that ships are selling out way quicker than they used to,” Joanna Kuther, a travel agent and owner of Port Side Travel Consultants, told USA TODAY.
With new inventory opening up this season, here’s what travelers should know about Alaska cruises.
Which cruise lines are adding Alaska sailings?
- MSC Cruises will launch its first-ever Alaska sailings aboard MSC Poesia on May 11. The ship will be fresh from dry dock to add enhancements, including the line’s luxe ship-within-a-ship concept, the MSC Yacht Club.
- Virgin Voyages’ newest ship, Brilliant Lady, will operate the company’s inaugural Alaska cruises. The adults-only cruise line will set sail there starting on May 21.
- The Ritz-Carlton Yacht Collection will debut its first Alaska cruises this year on its Luminara vessel. The first of those sailings will depart on May 28.
Those join other operators like Holland America Line, Princess Cruises, American Cruise Lines, Norwegian Cruise Line, Royal Caribbean International, Disney Cruise Line, Celebrity Cruises and more.
What are the draws of Alaska cruises?
Glaciers are a major attraction for visitors. “One of the major (draws) is Glacier Bay,” said Kuther. “…And then the other one is definitely the wildlife.”
That includes bears, whales, moose and salmon. In addition to its many natural wonders, the state is also a cultural destination where visitors can learn about its Native peoples.
When is the best time to take an Alaska cruise?
That depends what you’re looking for. The Alaska cruise season generally runs from April through October, and Kuther said visitors will tend to see more wildlife between the end of June through August.
“That’s super peak season,” she said. “That’s also where you’re going to have more families, more crowds.” Some locals have also said those crowds are putting a strain on the very environment tourists are there to see.
Travelers may find less packed ships and ports by visiting earlier or later in the season – and there are other perks. If passengers go in May “it’s still a little bit snowy, so your scenery is going to be really cool,” Kuther said. Travelers visiting in September or October, meanwhile, could have a better shot at seeing the northern lights.
Where do ships usually sail?
The most popular itinerary is the Inside Passage, according to Kuther. That often sails round-trip from Seattle or Vancouver with stops such as Juneau, Skagway and Ketchikan. “People will go back to Alaska and do different routes,” she said. “This is a very good way to start.”
Other options include one-way cruises between Vancouver or Seattle and Anchorage. Travelers can also take cruisetours that combine sailings with land-based exploration, including train rides and tours of Denali National Park and Preserve.
Tips for Alaska cruises
- Book early: Alaska itineraries sell out quickly, and so do shore excursions. Unique offerings like helicopter tours and dog sledding are popular, and there are only so many spots.
- Consider a balcony cabin: This is “almost a must” in Kuther’s opinion. Crew members may make announcements about whales or other sightings near the ship, and guests with their own private viewing spot won’t have to race out on deck.
- Pack carefully: “Packing is an art when it comes to Alaska,” Kuther said. “It really is, because you need so many things.” Her top three picks are bug spray, layers of clothing for the fluctuating temperatures and a waterproof jacket in case of rain.
Nathan Diller is a consumer travel reporter for USA TODAY based in Nashville. You can reach him at ndiller@usatoday.com.
Alaska
Alaska lawmakers push Trump administration to waive $100k visa fee for international teachers
Alaska
Alaska’s voter roll transfer: Republicans bash hearing questioning if lieutenant governor broke the law
JUNEAU, Alaska (KTUU) – A legislative hearing into the legality of Alaska’s voter roll transfer to the federal government ended in partisan accusations Monday, with one Republican calling it a “set-up” and others saying it was unnecessary, while Democrats defended it as needed oversight.
“Andrew (Gray) and the committee has a bias. I mean, that much is obvious from watching it,” Rep. Kevin McCabe, R-Big Lake, told Alaska’s News Source walking out of the hearing before it gaveled out. “Most of the testimony was slanted against the state and against the federal government.”
The House State Affairs and Judiciary committees met jointly Monday to hear testimony about whether Dahlstrom violated the law when she transferred the entirety of Alaska’s voter rolls to the federal government.
Rep. Steve St. Clair, R-Wasilla, agreed with his Big Lake counterpart that the hearing was unnecessary.
“I think we’re speculating on what the intent of the DOJ is and I believe we need to wait and see,” he said.
Rep. Andrew Gray, D-Anchorage and chair of the House Judiciary Committee, pushed back when told of his Republican colleagues’ reaction.
“I think that I went above and beyond to try to include everybody,” Gray said as he left the meeting. “If people are saying that if the Obama administration had asked for the unredacted voter rolls from Alaska, that all these Republicans around here would have just been like, ‘oh, take it all. Take all of our information.’
“That is not true. That is absolutely not true,” Gray added.
Rep. Ted Eischeid, D-Anchorage, backed his House majority colleague, questioning whether Republicans would have preferred if the topic not be addressed at all.
“The minority folks on the committee had a chance to ask questions,” he said. “I think this is a meeting we needed to have. Alaskans have asked for it. I think there’s still a lot of unanswered questions. So shedding light on the state’s actions, that’s bias?”
Dahlstrom did not attend the hearing. Gray said she was invited multiple times but cited scheduling conflicts. The lieutenant governor oversees the Alaska Division of Elections under state law.
In her most recent public statement — published Feb. 25 on her gubernatorial campaign website, not through her official office — Dahlstrom defended the voter roll transfer, saying the agreement with the DOJ was “lawful, limited” and that Alaska retains full authority over its voter rolls.
“The DOJ cannot remove a single voter from our rolls,” she wrote. “Its role is limited to identifying potential issues, such as duplicate registrations or individuals who may have moved or passed away.”
Representatives from the state’s Department of Law and Division of Elections both testified in defense of Dahlstrom’s decision. Rachel Witty, the Department of Law’s director of legal services, told the committee the state viewed the DOJ’s purview.
“The DOJ’s enforcement authority is quite broad,” Witty said. “And so, we interpreted their request as being used to evaluate and enforce HAVA compliance.”
HAVA — the Help America Vote Act — is a federal law that sets election administration standards for states.
Lawmakers also heard from an assortment of outside witnesses who largely questioned the legality of Dahlstrom’s actions, including former Lt. Gov. Loren Leman, who served under Republican Gov. Frank Murkowski, and former Attorney General Bruce Botelho, who served under Democratic Gov. Tony Knowles.
The Documents: A Months-Long Timeline
As part of the hearing, the committee released months’ worth of documents between the Department of Justice — led by Attorney General Pam Bondi — and Dahlstrom’s office, detailing the effort to transfer Alaska’s voter rolls over to Washington.
The DOJ first asked Dahlstrom to release the voter rolls in July of last year, citing the 1993 National Voter Registration Act, which requires states to allow federal inspection of “official lists of eligible voters.”
Dahlstrom agreed to release the records in August, providing a list of voters designated as “inactive” and “non-citizens,” along with their voting records and the statewide voter registration list — but it did not include what the DOJ wanted.
“As the Attorney General requested, the electronic copy of the statewide [voter registration list] must contain all fields,” reads an email sent 10 days after Dahlstrom agreed to release the data, “including the registrant’s full name, date of birth, residential address, his or her state driver’s license number or the last four digits of the registrant’s social security number.”
Dahlstrom agreed to provide the full details months later, in December, citing a state statute that permits sharing confidential information with a federal agency if it uses “the information only for governmental purposes authorized under law.” Those purposes, she wrote in the email, are to “test, analyze and assess the State’s compliance with federal laws.”
“I attach some significance to the fact that it took the State … nearly four months to respond to the Department of Justice’s demand,” former AG Botelho told the committee.
That same day, Dahlstrom, Alaska Division of Elections Director Carol Beecher and DOJ Assistant Attorney General Harmeet Dhillon signed a memorandum of understanding governing how the data could be accessed, used, and protected.
Dahlstrom’s office publicly announced the transfer nine days after the MOU was signed — nearly six months after the DOJ first made its request.
“Alaska is committed to the integrity of our elections and to complying with applicable law,” Dahlstrom said in the December statement. “Upon receiving the DOJ’s request, the Division of Elections, in consultation with the Department of Law, provided the voter registration list in accordance with federal requirements and state authority, while ensuring appropriate safeguards for sensitive information.”
A 10-page legal analysis from legislative counsel Andrew Dunmire, requested by House Majority Whip Rep. Zack Fields, D-Anchorage, concluded that the DOJ’s demand defied legal bounds.
“The DOJ’s request for state voter data is unprecedented,” Dunmire’s analysis states, adding that the legal justification the DOJ used to demand access to the data has never been applied this way before.
“Multiple states refused DOJ’s request, which has resulted in litigation that is now working its way through federal courts across the country,” he adds.
The Senate holds an identical hearing Wednesday, when its State Affairs and Judiciary committees take up the same questions.
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