Sports
Does height matter in football? Yes, but not in the way you might think
Conventional wisdom has it that being tall is advantageous. The problem with conventional wisdom is that it’s often wrong.
There are studies that correlate height with happiness and higher salaries, admittedly at the cost of shorter lifespans.
In certain sports, elite athletes are almost exclusively big, such as basketball, rowing (except the cox) and volleyball (except the libero). Successful Olympic swimmers have become bigger and heavier in recent decades.
Sports, their rules and their methods of scoring and movement select ideal body types. In gymnastics, horse riding and marathon running, athletes are much smaller.
Physiological specifics beyond rudimentary height measurements — such as the importance of wingspan in swimming and leg length in marathon running — impact and predict performance.
In football, height has always mattered, to a degree. It was historically a limiting factor for technically good but physically underdeveloped English academy players.
However, the first 59 winners of the men’s Ballon d’Or (up to 2016) had an average height of 5ft 10in (178cm), about the average height of a U.S. male. Lionel Messi, at 5ft 7in, has won the award, which recognises the world’s best footballer, more than any other male (eight times). He had to be medicated in his childhood for a growth hormone deficiency.
Longitudinally assessing height within football, for performance benefits, is complex, since humans generally have grown taller in recent decades due to improvements in health, nutrition and medicine.
A 2019 paper from the University of Wolverhampton found a significant and linear increase in player height in England’s top division between 1973 and 2013 — a 1.23cm rise every decade. Notably, it had no correlation with team performance.
Recent title-winning teams are some of the shortest in the contemporary game. Last season’s champions in the top five European leagues rank below their league’s average height. It reflects their balanced squads, even with a mix of teams playing back fives (Inter Milan, Bayer Leverkusen) and back fours (Manchester City, Paris Saint-Germain, Real Madrid).
European title-winners and league height
League
|
Average height (cm)
|
2023-24 Champion
|
Average height (rank)
|
---|---|---|---|
Bundesliga |
184.6 |
183.2 (16th) |
|
Serie A |
184.3 |
182.5 (18th) |
|
Premier League |
183.3 |
181.3 (19th) |
|
Ligue 1 |
182.2 |
181.5 (14th) |
|
La Liga |
181.8 |
181.3 (13th) |
Better teams are more balanced in all aspects — height included. They have a mix of smaller, more technical players that allow them to control games and keep possession, as well as bigger players for duels and to win matches in both boxes.
That is particularly true of Leverkusen and Inter, with the Bundesliga and Serie A the two tallest leagues in the world.
In Germany, that largely owes to weaker teams being promoted from the second tier, who compensate for technical/tactical inferiority through low blocks and defence-first styles that require height and physicality.
That has a domino effect in demanding more target-man striker profiles for counter-attacks and long balls — even as an 18-team league, the past two seasons have seen more minutes for forwards who are at least 6ft 1in in the Bundesliga than in the Premier League, La Liga or Serie A.
The frequency of back threes partially explains Serie A players being tall, but there has long been a focus on set-piece coaching and recent title winners (Inter under Antonio Conte, AC Milan under Stefano Piolo) have won the league with physical and high-line approaches. Serie A is the division that gives the fewest minutes to defenders under 5ft 8in and the most to defenders over 6ft 1in.
Its minutes for tall players have gone up but La Liga is still the home for small(er) players. Spain is synonymous with tiki-taka and possession football. Importantly, La Liga also has a higher proportion of domestic players than Europe’s other major leagues.
Most successful Spanish teams have a style rooted in the country’s identity and therefore need height in fewer positions. Of Europe’s major four leagues, La Liga gives the most minutes to goalkeepers under 6ft 1in and defenders and forwards under 5ft 8in.
Logically, height should beget height, especially in central positions — it will never not be crucial for goalkeepers and centre-backs. However, research from StatsBomb led them to create a ‘HOPS’ metric for quantifying aerial performance, relative to height.
They found that height only accounted for 22 per cent of variation in ‘HOPS’ scores, and each extra centimetre of height improved aerial ability by just 0.7 per cent. Buying big guys doesn’t guarantee aerial success.
GO DEEPER
Short centre-backs: How much does size matter in the Premier League?
Football is becoming more extreme. Across Europe’s top-four divisions, minutes for players 5ft 8in to 6ft have trended downwards since 2019-20. Head coaches use the smallest (5ft 7in and under) and tallest (6ft 1in and over) players more and more.
The Eurocentric rise of possession and positional play, and the subsequent emphasis on high and man-to-man pressing, means agile technicians are needed just as much as “proper defenders”.
That was a phrase from Manchester City head coach Pep Guardiola, who was referencing the necessity for speed, size and physicality against dribbling wingers. Last season, Guardiola said that if Rico Lewis (5ft 7in) “was a little bit taller, he’d be considered one of the best players in the league”.
Lewis, a small playmaker who operates as a hybrid full-back and midfielder, is a profile that City used in abundance in Guardiola’s early seasons in Manchester. For four consecutive seasons between 2018-19 and 2022-23, though, Guardiola gave increasingly fewer minutes to players under 5ft 8in and more to ones 6ft 1in and taller.
That peaked in 2022-23, Erling Haaland’s (6ft 4in) first season, and cemented a move away from the false-nine system to one with a fixed striker. At times, Guardiola has fielded a back-four of centre-backs, with Rodri (6ft 3in) as their first-choice defensive midfielder.
The decline of the small midfielder has been a league-wide trend in the Premier League in the last four years. Minutes played by 5ft 7in or smaller midfielders have dropped by 28 per cent from 2019-20 compared to 2023-24. After three years in a row of the Premier League being the top league for small midfielders, the last two seasons have seen them find the most minutes in La Liga.
Guardiola has found a balance with City. Last season, the taller trend stopped, City’s minutes to smaller players went up and taller players back down. His attacking midfielders, for instance, will always be positions taken by the best technicians, such as Phil Foden (5ft 7in) and Bernardo Silva (5ft 8in).
Arsenal are on the same growing curve that City were on. In their most recent Premier League game away to Bournemouth, nine of Arsenal’s starting XI were 6ft or taller — though, ironically, in David Raya (6ft), Arsenal have one of the Premier League’s smallest goalkeepers.
In each season under Mikel Arteta, Arsenal have given more minutes to players who are 6ft 1in-plus and in 2023-24, they accounted for almost half of their minutes played.
“The height is really important on set plays,” Arteta said in February. Their set-piece success, from corners in particular, has become such a cornerstone of their attack that Arsenal are buying bigger players and relying increasingly on corners and free kicks.
GO DEEPER
Short centre-backs: How much does size matter in the Premier League?
An under-discussed aspect of height is its impact on refereeing decisions. Academics have identified a ‘Napoleon complex’: referees give out fouls and bookings more regularly when players are bigger than them.
A study of the German Bundesliga between 2014-15 and 2021-22 found increased likelihoods of 9.4 and 7.2 per cent for fouls called and bookings given when players were taller than referees.
Football is not like rugby, where referees are analysed and their tendencies considered when constructing game plans, though it feels ripe as a possible ‘marginal gain’ for teams to factor height and differences in — particularly in the VAR era, with its extra scrutiny.
The height factor could be correlated to Arsenal’s league-high 18 red cards since Arteta’s arrival in December 2019, though they finished second in the fair-play table to City last season.
William Saliba’s sending off against Bournemouth was Arsenal’s 18th red card in the Premier League since Mikel Arteta’s first game as manager on 26 December 2019.
That’s at least five more than any other team in that time. 😬#AFC pic.twitter.com/8fLYOg5QDN
— Opta Analyst (@OptaAnalyst) October 19, 2024
The demand for physicality is still rising. Congested game schedules, multiple competitions, and the intensity of man-for-man pressing means players who can cover ground quickly and repeatedly engage in duels are needed. That tends to suit taller players, or short(er) ones who have exceptional speed, positioning and decision-making.
The same paper from the University of Wolverhampton identified a “J-shape” trend of English footballers’ ‘RPI’ between 2003-04 and 2013-14. RPI, reciprocal ponderal index, is a more robust way of quantifying body types than BMI — it divides height by the cube root of weight. To summarise, across one decade, English footballers got marginally taller but much slimmer and more angular.
Football, like all sports, is artificially selecting its ideal body type(s). In 2024, it’s a sport that suits tall players, especially with the value placed on set pieces, but the best teams will always benefit from small technicians and athletes with physical prowess, whatever their size.
(Header design: Eamonn Dalton; Photos: Getty Images)
Sports
Lakers get back on track against woeful Washington
Two days after the Lakers were saying it almost never would be easy, almost never came to town.
The Washington Wizards, who have won a league-low six times, were the cure for the Lakers after a loss Sunday to the Clippers exposed a number of their weaknesses. The postgame morale was low, LeBron James and JJ Redick openly discussing how their roster wouldn’t be able to organically improve an already narrow margin for error.
But with the midway point of the season here Tuesday, the Lakers played the one team in the NBA bad enough to make anyone — even the Lakers — feel like they’ve got it figured out.
The Lakers did the right things consistently over four quarters, barely being threatened before winning 111-88 in a game they desperately had to have before hosting Boston on Thursday night.
“It just starts with a very professional approach from our team,” Redick said. “That was one of our more complete games, regardless of what time of season it was or who the opponent was. Like, we just, we had a really professional approach.”
The Wizards (6-36), in the early stages of a rebuild with eyes on the top of the NBA draft, haven’t won since Jan. 1. Kyle Kuzma and Jordan Poole are their best offensive options and backup center Jonas Valanciunas and forward Corey Kispert their only other veterans, Washington fully committed to the future.
Compared to the Lakers (23-18), whose eyes are squarely on the present, that made Tuesday predictably one-sided — though the Lakers still needed to execute.
Anthony Davis had 29 points and 16 rebounds while bullying rookie Alex Sarr. James, fresh from watching his beloved Ohio State win the college football national championship Monday in Atlanta, had his ninth triple-double of the season with 21 points, 13 assists and 10 rebounds. Austin Reaves, despite a four-for-15 shooting night, still finished with 16 points and eight assists, and Dorian Finney-Smith had 16 points off the bench in just 22 minutes.
The Lakers did it by attacking the paint and finding the open player, the team scoring on more than a handful of lobs.
“It’s… just being ready to make the passes on time, on target,” James said. “And when we do that, we look pretty good.”
The biggest highlight came when Reaves found James for a lob off an offensive rebound, with the 40-year-old Lakers star dunking on Valanciunas.
“I got hype. Screaming so loud, I almost passed out,” Davis said. “I mean, it wasn’t one of his best ones, but I’ve seen better. But it was a good one.”
The Lakers held Washington to 35.8% shooting from the field and 25.6% from three and limited the Wizards to 11 points in the fourth quarter.
“We went out, we had a game plan, we executed that,” James said. “I thought defensively, we were great. We were in tune with what they wanted to do, what they tried to do. And offensively, we shared the ball, limited our turnovers. We were really good.”
Sports
‘That’s for you, b—’: Why Yankees great CC Sabathia was a Hall of Fame teammate
New York Yankees catcher Austin Romine was buckling his shinguards in the dugout when he heard a booming voice and immediately looked up.
It was CC Sabathia. He was pissed.
“First dude,” Sabathia said.
It was Sept. 27, 2018. Sabathia was set on revenge against the Tampa Bay Rays, after reliever Andrew Kittredge aimed a 93-mph fastball at Romine’s head and narrowly missed in the top of the sixth inning with the New York Yankees ahead, 7-0, at Tropicana Field.
He decided he was going to hit catcher Jesús Sucre to lead off the bottom of the inning to send a message. He was going to do it even it meant getting ejected and finishing the season just short of a contract incentive that would have netted him $500,000.
Aware of the pending payday, Romine briefly tried talking Sabathia out of it. He knew Sabathia started the game needing to throw seven innings for the bonus, and the lefty was two innings shy.
“Nope,” Sabathia said, walking away. “First dude.”
On Tuesday, the Baseball Hall of Fame will announce whether Sabathia has earned first-ballot enshrinement.
When voters from the Baseball Writers’ Association of America contemplated Sabathia’s resume, they weighed all the stats and accolades. They considered that he was the ace when the Yankees won the World Series in 2009, a feat the team hasn’t accomplished since. They noted his 2007 American League Cy Young Award with the Cleveland Guardians, plus his 3,093 strikeouts, 251 wins and six All-Star appearances over his 19-year career. And some likely were still awed that Sabathia saved the Milwaukee Brewers’ 2008 playoff run by making each of his final three starts of the season on three days rest.
What the voters couldn’t quantify, however, was the outsized impact he had on his teammates and the respect he garnered throughout the game.
Never was that more on display on a public stage than in Sabathia’s last start of 2018.
After Sabathia forfeited the half-a-million dollar bonus by plunking Sucre on the butt and getting thrown out, he pointed to Kittredge in the Rays’ dugout and TV cameras could read his lips:
“That’s for you, bitch.”
At the time, it seemed like a shocking move. He had thrown just 54 pitches over five innings, and he was cruising, dotting his signature slider on both sides of the plate and handcuffing righties with the cut fastball that resurrected him late in his career. He wasn’t going to get another chance in the regular season to reach the incentive.
But to Romine and to manager Aaron Boone, it wasn’t a surprise.
All game, the Rays had chirped from their dugout at Sabathia for pitching inside and then hitting Jake Bauers on the hand.
When Romine collapsed to the dirt to avoid Kittredge’s fastball, he had a simple question to the catcher Sucre: “Why?”
For Sabathia, there was no question what had to happen next. He had to protect his teammates, even if home plate umpire Vic Carapazza already had issued warnings to both dugouts.
As Romine dusted himself off, Sabathia left the Yankees’ dugout to shout at the Rays. Boone held him back, walking him to the dugout.
In the process, Boone asked Sabathia not to retaliate. He knew it was a futile request.
“I remember being like, ‘Yeah, let’s not have him throw at anyone here,’ and knowing in my head that I don’t think he’s listening to me in this spot,” Boone said.
The fastball Sabathia hit Sucre with was 92.5 mph — the fastest pitch he threw all night.
“It speaks volumes to the old school baseball player he was, and the kind of baseball player he came up with,” Romine said. “No one is throwing at your guys, especially at the head. I think that really set something off in him. I’m never going to say it was about me. It was about his team. It was about his catcher and about his team being thrown at, and he’s been the guy to protect his team throughout his career. You’re throwing at the nine-hole backup catcher, and that’s one thing. You’re not going to throw at the three-hole, four-hole hitters.”
“That’s the type of guy you want to go to battle with,” Aaron Judge said at the time.
“I don’t really make decisions based on money, I guess,” Sabathia said after the 12-1 win. “I just felt like it was the right thing to do.”
Romine played parts of eight seasons as Sabathia’s teammate. He said Sabathia was a de facto captain in the Yankees’ clubhouse, and that the respect Sabathia received from his opponents was unlike anything he’d ever seen.
“He’s still the only guy ever where, generally, leadoff hitters come over and they tip their hat to the opposing manager,” Romine said. “Well, they would do that, and CC would be sitting on that water cooler, and the leadoff hitter would tip their hat to CC. It was funny to watch.”
“He’s getting ready to go to the Hall of Fame because of his excellence on the mound and the numbers he put up and the things he did,” Boone said. “But I think you’d be hard pressed to find somebody that he ever played with that probably didn’t have him near the top of their all-time teammate list. He’s such a connector. Easy to relate to. Easy to talk to. Made you feel important. Lived for the team over his own personal stuff.
“The great ones that are like that, and Judgey is like that a little bit too. I feel like there’s an underlying confidence that they know that they are going to get theirs and do well. So they don’t really even care about it. It’s about winning and the team, and they live it. CC lived it over and over again.”
At the end of the season, the Yankees gave Sabathia the bonus even though the ejection meant he came up just short.
“Grand scheme of things,” Boone said, “and the career he had, the $500,000 — it didn’t matter to him. Just didn’t matter. His first thing was being a teammate — being a great teammate. The competitive part of things.
“In the end, it just added to the legend of CC.”
(Top photo of Sabathia after his ejection against the Rays in September 2018: Mark LoMoglio/Icon Sportswire via Getty Images)
Sports
Coveted rookie card of Pirates star Paul Skenes pulled by young collector after offer from MLB team
The coveted one-of-a-kind autographed MLB debut patch card of Pittsburgh Pirates pitcher Paul Skenes is no longer on the market.
An 11-year-old collector from Southern California decided to pull the card, which was featured in the 2024 Topps Chrome Update set.
The card of Skenes, who was named the 2024 National Leage Rookie of the Year, drew significant interest when the trading card and collectible manufacturer unveiled it in November.
Shortly after the card became public knowledge, the Pirates became vocal about getting it.
While any Skenes autographed card carries some value, the MLB debut patch edition is a one-of-a-kind collectible, making it highly sought.
The Pirates offered a lengthy package of perks in exchange for the card. A pair of premium Pirates season tickets for a three-year period, a meet and greet with Skenes and autographed jerseys were among offerings from the team.
Despite the latest turn of events, the Pirates confirmed the team remains ready to honor the offer.
ICHIRO SUZUKI HEADLINES NEWEST BASEBALL HALL OF FAME CLASS; 2 OTHERS ELECTED TO COOPERSTOWN
“An 11-year-old collector just pulled the Paul Skenes 1/1 Debut Patch card! Our offer still stands… you know where to find us,” the Pirates posted on X Tuesday.
LSU gymnast Livvy Dunne, who is dating Skenes, added another incentive to whomever locates the card.
“Let’s raise the stakes…the person who finds this card can sit with me at a Pirates game in my suite,” Dunne wrote in a post to her Instagram story.
Skenes, 22, delivered a season to remember in 2024, finishing 11-3 with a 1.96 ERA and 170 strikeouts.
Before winning NL Rookie of the Year, Skenes was named to the MLB All-Star team. Skenes was the top pick in the 2023 MLB Draft and made his big league debut in May.
Rookies have worn MLB debut patches on their jerseys since 2023. Topps acquired the patches and created the unique cards.
In November, Sports Collectors Digest projected the card could command a six-figure price tag.
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