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Vertebra found from giant predator that ruled Earth when Mississippi was under an ocean

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Vertebra found from giant predator that ruled Earth when Mississippi was under an ocean


The scene near Starkville, Mississippi, was calm, yet something surprising was hidden below the surface. A small team of researchers was exploring local creek beds and stumbled upon a giant vertebra so large it broke their expectations.

They eventually identified it as the vertebra of a creature from millions of years ago. The bone came from a mosasaur, a powerful marine reptile that roamed the planet during the late Cretaceous period.

James Starnes, from the Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality’s Office of Geology, played a key role in determining the fossil’s identity.

Discovery of giant vertebra

Researchers spotted the muddy outline of the fossil during routine mapping of ancient rock layers. They retrieved the object and quickly realized it belonged to a massive predator that had once dominated the waters covering much of what is now Mississippi.

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“This is a true, true sea monster,” exclaimed Starnes. The discovery measured more than seven inches (18 centimeters) across, leading team members to conclude that it was one of the largest mosasaur vertebrae ever found in the state.

Predator with staggering proportions

These creatures were known to be apex predators that thrived in warm, shallow seas. They could reach lengths of more than 30 feet (9 meters) and sometimes exceeded weights that were rarely seen in land-based dinosaurs.

Their jaws were lined with rows of sharp, curved teeth suited for grasping prey. “The maximum (weight) is about 20,000 pounds (9,000 kilograms) that this animal could have gotten. This is bigger than most dinosaurs walking around on land,” exclaimed Starnes.

State museum studies giant vertebra

Team members passed the vertebra to the Mississippi Museum of Natural Science for further study. George Phillips, the museum’s paleontology curator, examined its shape and size to confirm it belonged to the species Mosasaurus hoffmannii.

“It’s the largest one from the back, or the neck for that matter, that I’ve seen,” said Phillips. Experts compared it with other specimens, noting that this single vertebra hinted at a creature that was easily 30 feet (9 meters) in length.

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Why the giant vertebra fossil matters

Mosasaurs prowled the ancient seas, sharing the waters with fish, sharks, and even relatives of modern octopus-like animals called ammonites. With powerful tails and paddles for limbs, they moved rapidly in pursuit of prey.

Finds such as the giant vertebra captivate the public because they offer a look at life just before an asteroid impact contributed to the extinction of these reptiles, around 66 million years ago.

With each discovery, paleontologists gather data that helps fill in gaps about what the region’s ecology once looked like.

Reactions from the field

“It might be the biggest one ever collected in Mississippi. That was the find of the day,” remarked Jonathan Leard, another researcher who was working with Starnes.

Beyond its sheer size, the bone’s excellent state of preservation impressed scientists. Museum specialists plan to protect and catalog it, adding crucial data to ongoing studies of Cretaceous-era species in Mississippi.

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Ancient seas in modern landscapes

Coastal waters of the late Cretaceous covered much of North America’s southern region. Vast inland seas teemed with predators that now inspire awe for their ferocity and scale.

The land around Starkville, which is dotted with creeks, was once submerged beneath waves that were home to mosasaurs.

By mapping these deposits, geologists piece together how shorelines shifted over time and how different species adapted.

Glimpse into powerful hunters

Mosasaurs, including Mosasaurus hoffmannii, blended lizard-like bodies with aquatic adaptations. They used flippers instead of legs and had long tails that propelled them with surprising speed.

These reptiles were not shy about eating fish, smaller marine reptiles, or even members of their own kind.

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Their place in the food web allowed them to dominate waters until the abrupt changes that were triggered by the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event.

The broader impact of each fossil

Every large fossil expands our knowledge of ancient biodiversity. Even a single vertebra reveals new details about feeding habits, possible migration routes, and interactions with other marine predators.

Researchers frequently compare bones from different deposits to understand variations in size among mosasaurs. They also examine growth rings, bite marks, and other clues that may unravel behavior in these massive reptiles.

Ongoing efforts in Mississippi

Local museums aim to conserve each piece of the state’s fossil record. Curators study everything from shells to entire skeletons, building a clearer timeline of ancient life.

Collaborations between government agencies and academic experts improve the understanding of life in prehistoric Mississippi.

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This recent giant vertebra find has deepened excitement for future surveys in the region, which might unveil more evidence of formidable sea creatures.

Information for this article came from a Mississippi State University press release.

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Mississippi judges could receive pay raises exceeding $10,000

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Mississippi judges could receive pay raises exceeding ,000


JACKSON, Miss. (WLBT) – More than 100 judges could soon receive pay raises exceeding $10,000 under legislation now awaiting the governor’s signature.

In all, 128 judges would receive raises ranging from $11,404 to $13,877.

“We’re doing that for judges to retain good judges, to attract better lawyers to the bench to serve as judges,” said Rep. Robert Johnson, who voted in favor of the pay raise.

Proposed raises by position

Circuit and chancery court judges would receive a pay raise of $13,063, bringing their new salary to $171,063.

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Presiding justices of the Supreme Court would receive a pay raise of $13,877, bringing their new salary to $190,614.

Associate justices of the Supreme Court would receive a pay raise of $13,825, bringing their new salary to $187,625.

The chief justice of the Supreme Court would receive a pay raise of $12,680, bringing the new salary to $194,171.

The chief judge of the Court of Appeals would receive a pay raise of $13,275, bringing the new salary to $182,624.

Associate judges of the Court of Appeals would receive a pay raise of $11,404, bringing their new salary to $179,871.

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“We want the best people in those jobs. To attract them, you got to pay them,” Johnson said.

Teacher pay comparison

While Johnson supported the judicial pay raises, he said teachers should have also received a significant pay increase.

Lawmakers approved giving teachers and assistant teachers a $2,000 raise.

Special education teachers would get an additional $2,000, for a total raise of $4,000.

Mississippi ranks last in the country when it comes to teacher pay.

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According to the National Education Association, the average teacher salary in Mississippi is $53,704.

Johnson said state leaders should find funding to give educators a thriving wage, the same way they did for judges.

“We ought to have that same philosophy, and I have that same philosophy, and I think most people do with teachers, we need to do the same thing,” Johnson said. “Now, arguably, a teacher pay raise I’m talking about would be 10 to 20 times larger because there are more teachers than there are judges. But the philosophy is the same. If you want to attract the best people, you’ve got to pay the best people.”

The bill now heads to the governor’s desk. If signed into law, the new raises would take effect July 1.

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Lawmakers look to “Strengthen Mississippi Homes” with new mitigation program

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Lawmakers look to “Strengthen Mississippi Homes” with new mitigation program


(Photo from Shutterstock)

  • Mitigation grants could soon be available for Mississippi homeowners looking to fortify their roofs. The grants are not to exceed $10,000 and awards will be made through a lottery.

The Legislature has sent a bill to the governor that establishes the “Strengthen Mississippi Homes Program” to aid homeowners across the state in retrofitting insurable property to resist loss due to hurricane, tornado, hail, or other catastrophic windstorm events.

Both the state Senate and House unanimously passed the conference report creating the mitigation program on Wednesday.

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The program outlined in SB 2409 will be administered by the Mississippi Insurance Department. It will provide grants to retrofit dwellings to resist loss from windstorms. The retrofits must meet or exceed the FORTIFIED roof standard of the Insurance Institute for Business and Home Safety (IBHS).

While the program is being established for homeowners in all areas of the state, the Coast delegation was a driving force behind the measure authored by State Senator Walter Michel (R), chairman of the Senate Insurance Committee.

Jackson County State Senator Jeremy England (R) celebrated the legislation late Tuesday after it cleared his chamber, saying the goal of the bill is to lower insurance costs not only on the Coast, but for all of Mississippi.

“Today, we sent a bill to the Governor setting up a program that will allow incentives to homeowners to fortify to new requirements to ‘mitigate’ damage from wind storms (like stronger roofing and water protection),” England shared on social media. “Once enough homes on our coast and in our state take advantage of this program, we will see insurance rates start to drop.”

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England added that the program is one “we all should be very proud of, and that we all should take advantage of.”

State Senator Scott DeLano (R) played a key role in getting the program through the Legislature. His Coast colleague England said DeLano “led the way” as he planned meetings with engineers and specialists in preparation for the legislation and setting up the grant program.

Eligible dwellings to be considered for a retrofit grant from the Strengthen Mississippi Homes Program must be a single-family residence, not a condominium or manufactured home. The dwelling must be the applicant’s primary residence and it must be insured for windstorm loss, and if necessary, flood loss. In addition, the dwelling must be in “good repair” and has not previously been retrofitted to meet the IBHS FORTIFIED roof standard. An inspection will be performed to verify the application and condition of the dwelling.

Grants are not to exceed $10,000 per recipient and awards will be made “through a lottery or other allocation mechanism established by the Mississippi Department of Insurance for eligibility requirements by source of funds and subject to the availability of funds.”

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The state Insurance Department is allowed to contract out the implementation and management of the program at a cost of no more than 5% of annual deposits into the Strengthen Mississippi Homes Program Fund. An annual report on the program is to be submitted by the department to the governor and the Legislature each December 1.

Lawmakers also established an advisory council to meet three times a year “for the purpose of advising the Mississippi Department of Insurance in performance, efficiency, and operations of the Strengthen Mississippi Homes Program.” The advisory council will consist of three state senators, three members of the state House of Representatives, and the Executive Director of the Mississippi Windstorm Underwriters Association.

“Lower insurance rates for homeowners are right around the corner,” Senator England said. “This is going to be one of the unheralded wins of the 2026 legislative session.”





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No. 13 LSU Set for Final Home Slate Against Alabama, Mississippi State

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No. 13 LSU Set for Final Home Slate Against Alabama, Mississippi State


BATON ROUGE, La. – The No. 10 LSU women’s tennis team hosts its final regular-season home matches this week, opening against Alabama on Thursday, Apr. 2, at 5:00 p.m. CT, before closing with a Senior Day matchup against Mississippi State on Saturday, Apr. 4, at 11:00 a.m. CT.

According to the latest official ITA rankings (Mar. 31), LSU ranks No. 13 in the dual season team rankings.

Last time out, the Tigers suffered two setbacks at home against No. 7 Texas, 4-2, and No. 3 Texas A&M, 4-1. Freshman Addison Lanton led the way, going a combined 3-1 in singles and doubles over the weekend.

Attendance at all LSU matches at the LSU Tennis Complex is free. Attendees will be required to comply with the university’s clear-bag policy.

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LSU holds a 12-7 record on the season and has clinched the doubles point in 11 of its matches. The Tigers own a 49-29 singles mark and a 28-19 doubles record.

The Tigers feature three ranked singles players in No. 34 Cadence Brace, No. 64 Kayla Cross, and No. 122 Addison Lanton in the latest ITA rankings. Furthermore, LSU has three ranked doubles pairings: No. 11 Cross and Ella McDonald, No. 51 Kenna Erickson and McDonald, and No. 82 Brace and Cross.

Cross holds a 3-1 singles mark on the season. The sophomore holds two ranked victories on the campaign, highlighted by taking down Auburn’s then-No. 50 Ekaterina Khairutdinova, 6-4, 0-6, 6-0.

Brace holds a 5-3 mark on the top spot, behind three ranked victories, highlighted by taking down Vanderbilt’s No. 33 Bridget Stammel, 6-3, 6-1.

McDonald checks in with a 5-3 singles mark. She posted a ranked victory to clinch the match win against Florida’s No. 26 Gabia Paskauskas, 6-2, 6-3.

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Against NC State, McDonald and Cross struck up a partnership to take down NC State’s then-No. 2 Broadfoot/Victoria Osuigwe, 7-6(6). Since then, the duo has a 3-1 record this season, all against ranked opponents.

Beyond teaming with Cross, McDonald has earned five doubles wins on the season with Erickson. Likewise, Erickson has collected four singles victories, riding a two-match winning streak, on the third and fifth courts this season.

Lanton continues her strong freshman campaign with a team-leading 13-2 mark behind victories on the first, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth courts. Lanton is also currently riding a four-match winning streak in singles. In doubles play, the freshman has earned eight total victories with four different partners.

Following ITA Kickoff Weekend, on Jan. 28, Carolina Kuhl was named the SEC Freshman of the Week. Kuhl has registered a 10-7 record in singles play.

Alabama holds a 12-7 overall record with four wins in SEC play. The Crimson Tide is represented in the ITA singles rankings by No. 71 Kristina Paskauskas, No. 73 Klara Milicevic, and No. 118 Karla Bartel. Head coach Jonatan Berhane is in his third season at the helm of the program. LSU holds a 36-17 all-time record against Alabama and is riding a two-match winning streak.

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Mississippi State is 15-8 on the season with three victories in conference play. The Bulldogs hold three ranked pairings in No. 20 Charlotte Kempenaers-Pocz and Chiara Di Genova, No. 32 Kempenaers-Pocz and Gianna Oboniye, and No. 52 Oboniye and Athina Pitta. Chris Hooshyar is in his third season as the program’s head coach. LSU is 36-13 in all-time matchups against the Bulldogs and rides a five-match winning streak dating back to 2021.

For more information on the LSU women’s tennis program, follow the Tigers on X @lsuwten, Instagram @LSUWTen, and Facebook.com/lsuwten.





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