New shades of brown and green in the rings of impact craters. Rugged terrain and long shadows along their rims. Earth rising over the moon’s horizon and the glow of lofted dust.

These are observations the Artemis II astronauts made during their lunar flyby on April 6. While passing by the far side of the moon, they saw parts never observed with human eyes before.

The astronauts were able to catch a full view of the Mare Orientale, a dark, ringed 600-mile wide crater that straddles the near and the far sides of the moon. Human eyes had never seen the whole basin before. (The Apollo missions were timed so that the landings occurred as the crater was hidden in darkness.)

Everything to the left of the crater is the far side, the hemisphere we don’t get to see from Earth because the moon rotates on its axis at the same rate that it orbits around us.

Astronauts looked at the dark smooth plains on its concentric impact rings, noting that there was more brown near the center of the multi-ring crater. To the naked eye, the basin looked like a plain or a plateau, but through the camera lens the Artemis II crew members were able to distinguish colors from shadows.

This is a close-up view of the Vavilov crater on the rim of the larger and older Hertzsprung crater. Astronauts looked at terrain changes: smooth inside the inner rings of the crater and rugged around the rim.

Some 24 minutes into the flyby, the Artemis II crew began observing the South Pole-Aitken basin, seen in the photo below with the terminator line separating the sunlit side from the dark side.

With an immense width of about 1,600 miles, it is the largest known impact crater in the solar system. These observations will help scientists find clues to the moon’s geological history.

After Artemis II swung around the far side, the astronauts experienced a 53-minute solar eclipse.

They were able to observe the solar corona and get glimpses of a bright Venus, a reddish Mars far in the distance and a Saturn with hints of orange.

The crew described the corona as similar to “baby hair” as the sun’s light intensified.

Then, Earth came into view over the moon’s edge, an event described as Earthrise when humans first saw it in 1968.

Hall of Fame defensive tackle Steve McMichael, a key member of the Super Bowl XX champion Chicago Bears, has been diagnosed posthumously with Stage 3 chronic traumatic encephalopathy, the Concussion & CTE Foundation said Tuesday.

McMichael died April 23, 2025, after a five-year battle with ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease. He was 67.

“By sharing Steve’s diagnosis, we want to raise awareness of the clear connection between CTE and ALS,” McMichael’s wife Misty said in a statement released by the Concussion & CTE Foundation.

“Too many NFL players are developing ALS during life and diagnosed with CTE after death. I donated Steve’s brain to inspire new research into the link between them.”

ALS — amyotrophic lateral sclerosis — is a neurological disorder that destroys motor neurons. CTE is a degenerative brain disease that has been found in people exposed to repetitive head trauma; it can be diagnosed only after death.

McMichael’s CTE diagnosis was made by researchers at the Boston University CTE Center, which has found that several other former NFL players suffered from both ALS and CTE. According to the center’s director, neurologist Dr. Ann McKee, about 6% of people with CTE also have ALS.

“There is strong evidence linking repetitive brain trauma and ALS,” McKee said.

Michael kept up with the research, according to the Concussion & CTE Foundation, and pledged to donate his brain to be studied after his death.

“Steve McMichael was known for his strength, toughness, and larger-than-life presence,” said Dr. Chris Nowinski, co-founder and chief executive of the Concussion & CTE Foundation, “but his final act was to give a piece of himself back to the sports community so we might have a chance to save ourselves.”

McMichael spent 13 of his 15 NFL seasons in Chicago, earning Pro Bowl honors in 1986 and 1987. He set a Bears record playing in 191 consecutive games from 1981 to 1993 and is second on the team’s all-time sacks list with 92.5 (he had 95 total in his career).

After football, McMichael spent several years as a professional wrestler with World Championship Wrestling.

Bedridden in the advanced stages of ALS, McMichael was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in a ceremony from his Homer Glen, Ill., home in 2024.

The Associated Press contributed to this report.