Connect with us

Science

A Fossil Mystery, Solved by a Spin

Published

on

A Fossil Mystery, Solved by a Spin
10cm

These fossilized “blobs” were a puzzle 310 million years old.

Advertisement

Paleontologists decided that they were odd jellyfish named Essexella asherae. But the creature’s anatomy was unlike that of any living jellyfish.

Roy Plotnick, a paleontologist at the University of Illinois Chicago, turned an Essexella specimen upside down while doing research.

Advertisement

Immediately, the seemingly amorphous blob’s true identity began to take shape.

Advertisement

What scientists thought was a free-floating jellyfish instead revealed itself to be another ocean creature altogether.

Essexella fossils date back to the Carboniferous period, when northern parts of Illinois hovered just above the equator. A local river delta fed into the sea, creating a network of brackish wetlands home to sea scorpions, centipedes and early amphibians. Many of these creatures were buried by mudslides, which protected their remains from scavengers and decay. In the 19th century, coal miners began excavating an area, known as Mazon Creek, for fuel, and the fossils turned up in their spoil heaps.

Collectors have been finding the remains of these critters in the Mazon Creek fossil beds for more than a century. Most of the fossils are entombed in ironstone nodules. Cracking these concretions reveals the imprints of soft-bodied animals that resemble bulge-eyed aliens. In the 1950s, a local collector named Francis Tully discovered the imprint of a torpedo-shaped creature with a nozzlelike mouth. The taxonomic identity of the “Tully monster” has perplexed researchers ever since.

Advertisement

Essexella was similarly perplexing. Nondescript fossils turned up by the thousands at Mazon Creek, and they were often sold at local flea markets, or even discarded.

Scientists published the first detailed scientific description of the blobs in 1979. Essexella fossils are composed of two structures — a textured, barrel-shaped region and a smooth bulb. Researchers posited that the textured area represented a skirtlike curtain that wrapped around jellyfish tentacles. The rounded region was the jellyfish bell.

But as time passed, this description struck many researchers as odd.

“We were really shoehorning it to fit the jellyfish model,” Dr. Plotnick said.

No living jellyfish have curtains around their tentacles. Such a curtain would make swimming and feeding cumbersome. The uniform shape of the blob fossils also perplexed Dr. Plotnick. “If it was a jellyfish that fell on the seafloor, it would just splatter out in all directions like an old string mop on the floor,” he said.

Advertisement

Dr. Plotnick tested some other hypotheses to explain the blobs — such as gelatinous, barrel-shaped critters called salps or colonial congregations of tiny creatures known as siphonophores — but each new identity failed to explain Essexella’s anomalous anatomy.

In late 2016, Dr. Plotnick and a colleague, James Hagadorn, a geologist at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, investigated the motherlode of blobs. They were at the Field Museum in Chicago, a repository for Mazon Creek fossils that has the world’s largest Essexella collection. Most had been donated by amateur collectors who were too intrigued to leave the fossils in the scrap heap.

The scientists sifted through drawer after drawer of the splotchy specimens. They lined up several fossils to photograph and compare side by side on a table. One of the blobs caught Dr. Plotnick’s eye. As he rotated the fossil upside down, he was struck by the clarity that the change of perspective offered.

“It looked like the bottom of an anemone,” Dr. Plotnick said. He added, “That was one of only a few times I’ve actually had the classic eureka moment.”

Artist’s impressions of the anatomy of Essexella as an anemone.

Advertisement

Marjorie Leggitt

As Dr. Plotnick brushed up on sea anemone anatomy, the ambiguous blobs came into focus. “All the things that bothered us about this being a jellyfish now makes sense,” he said.

Instead of being a jellyfish’s bell, the rounded region of the Essexella was an anemone’s burrowing base. The textured barrel was not a tentacle-enclosing curtain but the body of the anemone. Some specimens are preserved so well that the scientists could see the muscles that the anemone used to bend and contract.

Dr. Plotnick, Dr. Hagadorn and their team redescribed Essexella as an ancient anemone last year in the journal Papers in Palaeontology. Because of their soft bodies, ancient anemone species are mostly known from only a handful of poorly preserved fossils. With thousands of relatively well-preserved Essexella specimens, this once puzzling species is now the best-known anemone in the fossil record. Dr. Plotnick posits that these animals once lined the floor of the Mazon Creek estuary.

Advertisement

This isn’t the only time that paleontologists have flipped the scientific script to clarify the identity of a bizarre fossil. Reconstructing any ancient animal is tricky. After millions of years in the ground, fossils have been warped and weathered, crushed and scattered and stamped flat onto slabs of stone.

Sometimes, a fossil’s preservation alone is enough to disorient researchers. For decades, paleontologists were stumped by why armor-clad dinosaurs called Ankylosaurs were almost always fossilized upside down. In 2018, a team posited that the heavily armored animals often went belly up because of bloating as their carcasses floated out to sea.

And then there are the evolutionary oddballs that are difficult to decipher no matter the orientation of their fossils. In 1869, the paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope mistakenly placed the skull of an Elasmosaurus, a marine reptile, at the end of the creature’s tail instead of its elongated neck. Othniel Charles Marsh, another paleontologist, seized on Cope’s error, igniting a rivalry that would fester into the so-called Bone War.

Researchers couldn’t make heads or tails of Hallucigenia when it was found in rock.

The Natural History Museum / Alamy

Advertisement

The head was the tail and the tail was the head on the wormy creature.

De Agostini via Getty Images

Even weirder was Hallucigenia. For decades, researchers could not make heads or tails of the creature, a worm covered in tentacles and stiltlike spines. Then they realized that its head was really its tail, and vice versa. “That was fun and not a mere detail,” said Jean-Bernard Caron, who is a paleontologist at the Royal Ontario Museum and a co-author of a study in 2015 that determined a bulb on one end of the Hallucigenia was the creature’s head. Better-preserved fossils of a related animal in China also revealed that Hallucigenia, like Essexella, was originally reconstructed upside down.

Advertisement

“Clearly Hallucigenia has seen many flips,” Dr. Caron said.

While Dr. Caron’s work helped straighten out Hallucigenia, a recent paper upends his 2012 description of Pikaia, an enigmatic wormlike creature from the Burgess Shale in Canada that was purported to be an early forerunner to vertebrates. The new study suggests that a mysterious tubelike organ that researchers thought ran along Pikaia’s back (and may have been an early nerve cord) is actually the animal’s gut cavity, running along its belly.

“The animal is now on its head!” Dr. Caron said. Yet another fossilized creature got a new story when it turned over.

Advertisement
Continue Reading
Advertisement
Click to comment

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.

Science

Former Cedars-Sinai OB-GYN surrenders license after sexual abuse complaints

Published

on

Former Cedars-Sinai OB-GYN surrenders license after sexual abuse complaints

Former Cedars-Sinai Medical Center obstetrician-gynecologist Barry J. Brock has surrendered his medical license following an accusation of negligent care from the state medical board.

Brock, 75, signed an agreement late last month to give up the license he has held since 1978, rather than contest an accusation the Medical Board of California filed in September regarding a former patient’s treatment. The surrender took effect on Wednesday.

While Brock “doesn’t admit any factual allegations,” his attorney Tracy Green said, he elected to surrender his license rather than invest time and money into a hearing.

Under the terms of the agreement, Brock is barred from legally practicing medicine in California for the rest of his life.

Advertisement

Brock retired from medicine in August. Since then, at least 176 women have filed lawsuits alleging that Cedars-Sinai and other facilities where Brock worked knowingly concealed his sexual abuses and misconduct, including medically unjustifiable procedures that at times resulted in lasting physical complications.

Brock has denied all allegations of impropriety. The OB-GYN was a member of the Cedars-Sinai physician network until 2018 and retained his clinical privileges there until mid-2024.

Cedars-Sinai confirmed in July that it suspended Brock’s hospital privileges after receiving “concerning complaints” from former patients. His privileges were terminated a few months later.

“The type of behavior alleged about Dr. Barry Brock is counter to Cedars-Sinai’s core values and the trust we strive to earn every day with our patients,” the medical center said in a statement. “We recognize the legal process must now take its course, and we remain committed to Cedars-Sinai’s sacred healing mission.”

The accusation that led to the surrender of his license focused on a patient who sought treatment in 2018 for a blighted ovum, a form of miscarriage in which the fertilized egg fails to develop into an embryo.

Advertisement

According to the complaint, the patient reported to Brock’s office in September 2018 for a dilation and curettage to remove remaining tissues from her uterus.

Brock ordered the patient to undress in front of him, the complaint stated, and didn’t wear gloves during the procedure, which was done without a chaperone present.

The patient experienced severe pain during the visit and bled for two months afterward, the complaint said, and no follow-up care was provided. When she visited a physician’s assistant in November 2018, the complaint said, she learned that Brock had failed to complete the dilation and curettage successfully, and she had to undergo the process a second time to remove the remaining tissue.

The complaint alleged that Brock didn’t administer sufficient pain medication and failed to properly complete the procedure or follow up with pathology findings.

While Brock’s license surrender resolves this accusation, he still faces the civil lawsuits.

Advertisement

Suits were filed on behalf of 167 women last year, and nine more women sued the former physician earlier this month, alleging that Brock groped their breasts and genitals inappropriately during appointments, often with bare hands, and made sexually harassing comments.

“This is why these civil lawsuits and these women coming forward … are so, so important. He can’t avoid this,” said Lisa Esser, an attorney representing the nine plaintiffs. “He’s going to be held accountable.”

Continue Reading

Science

State rescinds suspension efforts for troubled nursing home in Hollywood

Published

on

State rescinds suspension efforts for troubled nursing home in Hollywood

The California Public Health Department has dropped efforts to suspend the license of a Hollywood nursing home whose actions were found to have led to two patient deaths in recent years.

Brier Oak on Sunset was among seven Los Angeles County facilities that received notice last month that the state was moving to suspend their licenses.

At the time, the state believed all seven companies had received at least two “AA” violations within the last two years, a spokesperson for the Public Health Department said.

An AA violation is a relatively rare penalty issued for errors that contribute substantially to a resident’s death. California law allows the suspension or revocation of a nursing home’s license once a facility gets two such violations within a 24-month period.

Advertisement

Although Brier Oak received its AA violation notices 22 months apart, the residents’ deaths took place about 26 months apart, state records show.

“We recently determined that Brier Oak’s Notice was based on citation issuance date, not the date of the incidents that gave rise to the citations,” the health department said in a statement. “Therefore, this Notice of Suspension has been rescinded.”

Brier Oak on Sunset didn’t immediately respond to a request for comment.

The state investigation found that staff oversights at Brier Oak led to the deaths of two residents in 2022 and 2024.

In August, a patient died after rolling off a bed while her nurse was tending to a different patient, the state said in its citation report, which noted that paramedics found the woman lying on the floor in a pool of blood.

Advertisement

In May 2022, a patient died roughly 50 hours after her admission to Brier Oak. An investigation determined that staff neglected to administer crucial medications, the state said.

In a September 2022 phone interview, the patient’s family member told state investigators that “Resident 1 ‘did not get her medications for two days [from admission] and staff let her die,’” the state wrote in its report. The family member continued: “She did not deserve to die.”

The patient’s family was awarded $1.29 million in arbitration this month after a judge found that the facility was severely understaffed at the time of her arrival and should not have admitted her.

“Respondent’s Facility acted with recklessness in that they knew it was highly probable that their conduct would cause harm, and they knowingly disregarded this risk,” Superior Court Judge Terry A. Green wrote in the interim arbitration award.

License suspension efforts are still proceeding against Antelope Valley Care Center in Lancaster, Ararat Nursing Facility in Mission Hills, Golden Haven Care Center in Glendale, Kei-Ai Los Angeles Healthcare Center in Lincoln Park, Santa Anita Convalescent Hospital in Temple City and Seacrest Post-Acute Care Center in San Pedro.

Advertisement

Attorneys for Ararat said that the suspension was “unwarranted” and that it will be appealing. The other facilities didn’t respond to requests for comment.

Continue Reading

Science

A Near-Full ‘Strawberry Moon’ Will Shine Again on Wednesday Night

Published

on

A Near-Full ‘Strawberry Moon’ Will Shine Again on Wednesday Night

Night sky observers are being treated this week to a view of a red-tinted full moon — known in June as a “strawberry moon” — a phenomenon that occurs when the moon sits low on the Southern Horizon.

This summer, the reddish color is particularly pronounced because the moon is sitting at the lowest position it will reach for about 19 years.

The strawberry moon’s colorful hues were visible Tuesday night, and it reached its brightest point Wednesday around 4 a.m. Eastern time.

Here’s what it looked like:

According to folklore, the name “strawberry moon” came from Algonquin Native American tribes to commemorate strawberry gathering season. Another name for the full moon in June is “rose moon,” which may have come from Europe.

Advertisement

“Most of the traditional names we use seem to come from Native American usage, but some are clearly European in origin, like the one in December, called ‘the moon before yule,’ a reference to Christmas,” said James Lattis, a historian of astronomy at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Summer full moons are always low relative to winter full moons in the Northern Hemisphere, and therefore are more reddish in color, Dr. Lattis said. That’s because viewing the moon through the atmosphere gives it a reddish hue, much like the colors visible during a sunrise or sunset, he said.

“If one looks straight up into the sky, there’s less atmosphere,” he said. “If you’re looking through the horizon, you’re looking through the most atmosphere.”

Dr. Lattis said that he had viewed the moon on Tuesday night in Wisconsin, and that it was notable for the pinkish hue it had from smoke in the air from wildfires. He said the sight may not be as dramatic elsewhere.

“I hate to discourage anybody from going out and looking at the moon — it’s a wonderful thing to do, and a lot of times, if you don’t give somebody a reason, they’ll never do it,” he said. “But it’s just another full moon.”

Advertisement
Continue Reading

Trending