North Dakota
Gender-affirming care for minors hangs in balance as North Dakota trial begins
BISMARCK — A court in Bismarck on Monday, Jan. 27 kicked off a trial to decide the fate of North Dakota’s ban on gender-affirming care for minors.
The law, signed by former Gov. Doug Burgum in 2023, makes it a crime for health care professionals to provide gender-affirming treatment to anyone below age 18. The ban contains an exemption for adolescents who had been receiving treatment before it went into effect.
Over the course of the trial, anticipated to take eight days, attorneys will debate whether the law violates personal autonomy and equal protection rights under the state constitution.
The lawsuit is brought by North Dakota pediatric endocrinologist Luis Casas, who is challenging the ban on behalf of himself and his patients.
“This case is not as complicated as it may seem,” Brittany Stewart, an attorney for Gender Justice, said in her opening statement. “All North Dakotans have a right to personal autonomy to make decisions about the health care they need or don’t need to live happy, healthy lives as their authentic selves.”
Previously, the plaintiffs also included three North Dakota families with transgender children. South Central Judicial District Judge Jackson Lofgren
ruled earlier this month
that the families did not have standing to participate in the case because their children were receiving gender-affirming care before the law took effect, and therefore do not fall under the ban.
The families will still testify as witnesses for the plaintiffs.
Doctors and others with expertise providing care to transgender youth, including Casas, also will be called to the witness stand.
The state says the science behind gender-affirming care is not settled and that the ban is needed to protect children.
“The health care law is a constitutional regulation of practice in medicine, in the area of medical uncertainty,” Special Assistant Attorney General Joseph Quinn said in his opening statement for the state. “This is something that the Legislature has the power to do, has the right to do and it has the responsibility to do.”
Experts called by the state will testify that the standards of care are based on emerging, low-quality evidence, Quinn said.
On Monday, one of the children of the three former plaintiff families testified about his experience receiving gender-affirming care in North Dakota. The seventh grader testified under the pseudonym James Doe to protect his identity.
Doe said that today, he lives as a typical 13-year-old. He enjoys spending time with friends, plays football and is a part of the school band.
He knew he was transgender from age 4 or 5, he said.
“I kinda felt more like a boy. I liked Legos more than Barbies, more of my friends were boys,” Doe said.
Though many of his peers accepted him as a boy in elementary school, there were ways his school did not accommodate him. He had accidents because teachers wouldn’t let him use the boys restroom, for example.
After coming out to his family as transgender, he started attending therapy to help with his gender dysphoria, he said.
At age 10, Doe was referred to Casas to discuss gender-affirming treatment. He said that Casas had him wait six months to start puberty blockers.
“He made me go home to think about what I really wanted,” he said.
Doe said he started testosterone treatment at age 13. Similarly, he said Casas urged him and his family to think seriously about the treatment before pursuing it.
“It’s helped me become more comfortable with myself,” Doe said of the treatment. “Medication really makes me who I am today.”
He said he’s had to travel to Moorhead, Minnesota, to receive the treatment from Casas, which has caused him to miss school, extracurriculars and time with friends.
Most of Monday morning and afternoon, the court heard from Daniel Shumer, a pediatric endocrinologist and clinical associate professor of pediatrics for the University of Michigan.
Research indicates that transgender youth who start gender-affirming treatment during the early phases of puberty are happier and healthier than those who start gender-affirming treatment after puberty or during adulthood, he testified.
The way puberty affects the body is significant and irreversible, so being forced to undergo puberty in a way that clashes with their gender identity can be devastating to transgender adolescents, Shumer said.
“It may be nice to say that these are decisions that are best left for adults. The truth of the matter is that puberty happens during adolescence,” he said. “A young person with gender dysphoria is going through a period of time where their body is changing in a permanent way, in a manner that’s opposite to how they know themselves.”
Gender-affirming surgical procedures aren’t performed on adolescents in North Dakota. Shumer also testified that pediatric endocrinologists only prescribe puberty blockers and hormone therapy to adolescents with gender dysphoria, not pre-pubescent minors.
In his questioning of Shumer, Quinn sought to establish that experts have different opinions on
the efficacy of gender-affirming care and whether the risks of providing the medical treatment to adolescents outweigh the benefits. Quinn pointed to several articles where researchers urged caution on the administration of gender-affirming treatment to minors, and called for additional study of the topic.
Quinn asked Shumer if he is aware of any discourse over the legitimacy of the use of gender-affirming medical treatments to treat gender dysphoria.
“Certainly in state courtrooms in the last couple of years,” Shumer replied, though he maintained that the field of pediatric endocrinology has accepted the procedures as valid.
Shumer said that there is a consensus among leading medical associations that hormone therapy is safe and effective to treat gender dysphoria. He also said that the standards of care pediatric endocrinologists use to guide the treatment of adolescents with gender dysphoria are developed based on a review of clinical data.
The state before opening statements asked Lofgren to not allow the former plaintiff families to testify at the trial. Special Assistant Attorney General Daniel Gaustad argued the personal testimony of a few families is not relevant to whether the text of the law is constitutional.
Lofgren denied the request.
Prichard spared from subpoena
The plaintiffs initially had subpoenaed former Rep. Brandon Prichard, a sponsor of the ban during the 2023 session, to testify in the trial. Lofgren on Monday granted a request from the state to block the subpoena because the North Dakota Constitution protects lawmakers from being questioned about their legislative work in court.
Prichard, a Republican who represented the Bismarck area in the state Legislature until losing reelection last year, in a statement to the North Dakota Monitor said he is happy he will no longer be appearing in court, and that he hopes the health care law will stand.
“The trial is over a narrow set of facts and my testimony wouldn’t have provided anything new from what I already discussed in the deposition,” Prichard said. “My expectation was for the plaintiff’s legal team to treat me hostile and try to dig into my time as a legislator, which is privileged.”
Court records show that in a deposition, Prichard said he believes transgender people are “choosing against God.” He also said he suspects scientific research that suggested gender-affirming care is a safe and effective treatment for adolescents with gender dysphoria is fabricated by LGBTQ rights groups.
Attorneys for the plaintiffs have
told the court previously
that even minors who fall under the law’s exemption cannot access gender-affirming care in North Dakota, since medical providers are uncertain how to interpret the law.
The trial is a bench trial, which means Lofgren will issue a verdict.
This story was originally published on NorthDakotaMonitor.com
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SIOUX FALLS, S.D. — Quinnipiac and North Dakota are playing in the NCAA regional final in the Denny Sanford Premier Center. The winner advances to the NCAA Frozen Four in Las Vegas.
Time: 6 p.m.
Place: Denny Sanford Premier Center, Sioux Falls, S.D.
TV: ESPN2 (GF Ch. 26/621 HD).
Stream:
Watch ESPN.
Radio:
The Fox (96.1 FM).
UND 1, Quinnipiac 0 — Jack Kernan 10 (Will Zellers) 6:03. Quinnipiac defenseman Braden Blace attempts to chip a puck out of the zone, but Zellers holds it in and gets it to Kernan along the halfwall. Kernan curls off the wall and into the left circle and snaps a puck five-hole on Bobcats goalie Dylan Silverstein for his 10th goal of the season.
UND 2, Quinnipiac 0 — Cody Croal 10 (Tyler Young, Abram Wiebe) 8:13. Kernan rims a puck around the wall to Wiebe at the left point. Wiebe fires a shot toward the top of the crease, where Young tries to tip it in. It goes to the top of the crease, where Croal sweeps it between his legs and into the back of the net for his third goal of the regional.
UND 3, Quinnipiac 0 — Jack Kernan 11 (Abram Wiebe) 12:20. Wiebe makes a fantastic play at the blue line to strip the puck from Quinnipiac forward Aaron Schwartz. Kernan picks it up near the left point, circles to the right circle and snaps one past Silverstein. The Bobcats yank Silverstein after the goal and put in Matej Marinov.
Forwards
26 Dylan James—29 Ellis Rickwood—9 Will Zellers
7 Mac Swanson—17 Cole Reschny—21 Ben Strinden
19 Cody Croal—15 Jack Kernan—14 Tyler Young
22 David Klee—20 Cade Littler—24 Josh Zakreski
Defenseman
4 Jake Livanavage—2 Bennett Zmolek
25 Abram Wiebe—6 E.J. Emery
16 Andrew Strathmann—18 Keaton Verhoeff
13 Sam Laurila
Goaltenders
35 Jan Špunar
31 Gibson Homer
1 Zach Sandy
Not in lineup: F Ollie Josephson (inj), F Anthony Menghini, F Dalton Andrew, D Jayden Jubenvill, D Ian Engel
Forwards
27 Andon Cerbone—28 Chris Pelosi—11 Aaron Schwartz
20 Mason Marcellus—12 Markus Vidicek—19 Ethan Wyttenbach
23 Antonin Verreault—14 Victor Czerneckianair—10 Tyler Borgula
18 Anthony Cipollone—26 Matthew Lansing—8 Matthew McGroarty
Defensemen
15 Graham Sward—6 Charlie Leddy
7 Elliott Groenewold—22 Braden Brace
25 Nate Tivey—3 William Gilson
5 Brady Schultz
Goaltenders
29 Dylan Silverstein
33 Matej Marinov
31 Samuel Scopa
Not in lineup: F Jeremy Wilmer (inj), F Alex Power, F Ben Riche, D Logan McCutcheon
Referees — Andrew Bruggeman and Sam Hernandez (Big Ten)
Linesmen — Sam Shikowsky and Tommy George (Big Ten)
Supervisor — Steve Piotrowski (Big Ten)
UND is using the same lines as Thursday’s regional game against Merrimack. . . Quinnipiac is using the same lines as Thursday’s game against Providence. . . The Fighting Hawks are looking to go to their first NCAA Frozen Four since 2016, when the program won its eighth national championship. . . Quinnipiac is looking to return to the Frozen Four for the first time since 2023, when the school won its first national title. . . UND and Quinnipiac have met twice in the NCAA tournament. UND beat the Bobcats in the 2015 NCAA regional in Fargo and in the 2016 NCAA national championship game.
Schlossman has covered college hockey for the Grand Forks Herald since 2005. He has been recognized by the Associated Press Sports Editors as the top beat writer for the Herald’s circulation division four times and the North Dakota sportswriter of the year twice. He resides in Grand Forks. Reach him at bschlossman@gfherald.com.
FARGO — Medical professionals in North Dakota are learning how they can better treat brain injuries. The North Dakota Brain Injury Network held its annual Mind Matters conference on Friday, March 27.
The event educates professionals, caregivers and families about care for individuals with brain injuries. Several speakers presented during the conference, highlighting new research and trends. Some people who experienced their own injury also spoke, which organizers say can help attendees learn more about life with a brain injury.
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GRAND FORKS — A judge on Friday, March 27, ruled a former chief deputy in Benson County can remain out on bail, despite being arrested.
Travis Lee Carlson was
charged with more than a dozen offenses
last year related to police misconduct. They include three felony counts of tampering with public records.
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