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The Egyptian Lover has always been that guy

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The Egyptian Lover has always been that guy

A strobe of light dances off trees in the Santa Barbara mountains as the Egyptian Lover takes the decks. It’s the weekend before Halloween, high time for the freaks to descend. The Egyptian Lover steps into the booth, cutting his iconic figure against the night sky — Kangol hat on backward, Roland TR-808 drum machine operating as an extra appendage — L.A.’s most mythic figure of freakiness rising. The scene: A vaguely bohemian indie-electronic festival running rampant with stoned college kids dressed as Velma and Scooby, tech-house bros and aging Burners looking for a dopamine hit. It’s not immediately the kind of vibe that feels compatible with the famously raunchy electro-hop that the Egyptian Lover pioneered in the 1980s, defining an era of L.A. partying and shaping the West Coast hip-hop scene that would come after. But this infectious sound and the Egyptian Lover himself are their own universes, have been for a long time. A crowd connects because they have no other choice but to connect— even now, he holds a mystique that feels older than the pyramids. Build it and they will come.

Think of an Egyptian Lover set as a piece of performance art that takes you somewhere both far away and eerily familiar — yesterday, tomorrow, Egypt, South-Central. There is rapping, there is pop-locking, there is scratching, there is narrative and character. Each set is an homage to a version of the past that was always drawing from the future, leaving you on a unique energetic plane. Tonight, he’s pulling from the same record bag that he built 40 years ago — his earliest influences being inflection points in his set: Afrika Bambaataa’s “Planet Rock,” Prince, Kraftwerk. He sings into the mic as he plays his hits — “Egypt Egypt,” “My House (On the Nile).” He scans the crowd as his fingers do the kind of inconceivable tricks on the turntables that cemented him as one of the greats, embodying one of this most famous songs (“What Is a D.J. if He Can’t Scratch”), and plays his drum machine live with his sunglasses on in the pitch black, clear that he’s connecting to source. “Santa Barbara freaaaaaaaks,” the Egyptian Lover says into the mic. “Santa Barbara freaaaaaaaks,” the angels, monsters and Luigis in the crowd parrot back to him.

Most of the people at the festival weren’t even born when the Egyptian Lover possessed crowds of 10,000 at the L.A. Sports Arena when headlining for legendary party crew Uncle Jamm’s Army in the early ’80s, his combination of turntable skills, scent of his Jheri curl activator and burgeoning Lothario aura creating an intoxicating vibe soup that inspired collective frenzy. But his lore, his legend is felt here and everywhere else. When I tell a friend I’m writing about the Egyptian Lover, she starts dancing like a pharaoh, hands jutting in opposite directions. When I tell my mom I’m writing about the Egyptian Lover, she instinctively starts singing, “Egypt / Egypt / Egyptian Lover,” pairing it with a reflexive pop-lock, ingrained from her days dancing to his music at clubs in Tijuana.

The Egyptian Lover wears an Entire Studios shirt, and jacket, a David Yurman necklace, glasses and a hat.

The Egyptian Lover wears an Entire Studios shirt, and jacket, a David Yurman necklace, glasses from Gentlemen’s Breakfast, and his own hat.

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There’s a delicate balance between then and now for the Egyptian Lover, who goes by Egypt for those in the know. But the mistake people make is their idea of the Egyptian Lover existing strictly in terms of the past — a nostalgia act. Egypt embraces his past, keeps it as close to his chest as he does his 808. He’s never been one of those artists who wants to escape the thing that made him popular in the first place, feeling creatively imprisoned by his impact and then pivoting, only never to be heard from again. He made this world from scratch — where freakiness was encouraged, where hieroglyphics including camels, pyramids, the Eye of Horus, ankh and pharaohs are part of the visual language, where nasty lyrics paired with an entrancing electro beat are the formula. And he’s brought that world with him wherever he goes. Over his 40-year career, he’s never stopped touring. In the last few months alone he’s played nearly 20 cities across the globe.

Earlier this year, independent book publisher Bob Dominguez released an archival photobook celebrating 40 years of the Egyptian Lover’s seminal album, “On the Nile,” after working on it for two years. (808 copies of the book, also called “On the Nile,” were released total.) It charts the Egyptian Lover’s rise through old photos, from the artist’s personal collection, where the gold chains are stacked, curls are juicy, chest hair is popping and the windbreaker tracksuits are scratchy. It features interviews with L.A. musical icons who were there when it happened, including the Arabian Prince, Ice-T, Dām-Funk, and those watching his rise from afar, giving shape and understanding to what was happening in L.A., including Detroit legend Moodymann. It features hand-written parts of his history, drawings, old party fliers, lyrics jotted down from the album. Seeing all of the ephemera in one place, it strikes you how many layers and how much time it takes to truly build a world and an identity, how strong you have to be in your artistry and conviction to hold onto it for decades after.

“I don’t even want to stop,” the Egyptian Lover says into the mic on stage in Santa Barbara. “I’ve been in this s— for 40 years. Oh, yeah. I’m loving it. I’m loving it.”

Born Greg Broussard in 1963, the Egyptian Lover grew up on the east side of South-Central in a house where the record collection included Dean Martin, the O’Jays, Barry White, Tom Jones and Frank Sinatra. The classics. Broussard’s father, Creole from Louisiana, was objectively fly — “the Rat Pack guy” — a photo from the book shows him in a slick black turtleneck under a suit jacket, long pendant chain hanging down to his torso. His mother, once a choir singer and one of 16 children, had generational roots in Watts and Compton. She was supportive of her son’s burgeoning musical interests, lending him the $600 he needed to buy his first drum machine, effectively changing the course of his life and the state of L.A. music as we know it. His brother, David Broussard, is a musician, too, and served as his earliest influence — he played the saxophone and read music, encouraging his brother to hone in on his practice. “He didn’t know how to DJ, but he taught me how to DJ — he taught me everything,” Egypt says. “I was listening to this record. He said, ‘Start it over, only listen to the bass line.’ I’d never heard that before. He said, ‘Start it over, only listen to the drums.’ Now I heard the record in layers. When I started making music, I made it in those layers.”

The name, legend and sound of the Egyptian Lover drew from the lure of the unknown, from pop culture. It was an amalgamation of his favorite artists, infused with a genetic code that was specific to L.A. The Nile was a place far away enough from the violence of his neighborhood, where gunshots were par for the course and the streets were being hit hard by the crack epidemic. He was also an aspiring Casanova, inspired by the swag of silent film actor Rudolph Valentino, known as the Latin Lover. Egypt was moved by the Dean Martin records his dad had at home — they showed him how an artist could create a unique imprint for themselves. “No matter what record you pick out of his career, they all sounded the same. They had that Dean Martin sound — that signature,” Egypt says. “I said, ‘If I was an artist, I would do that. Every record I make will be my style — the Egyptian Lover style, not the West Coast, not the East Coast, but the Egyptian Lover style.’” (The world-building has been so strong that to this day, people still make the mistake of thinking he’s from Egypt. He’s traveled the world playing music, but that’s one place he still hasn’t made it to.)

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Broussard was shy growing up, and his way of getting to know people — or, more specifically, meeting women — was by making mixtapes and selling them with his friend and classmate Snake Puppy (a future hip-hop pioneer who would go on to be part of L.A.’s Dream Team), at James Monroe High School in the San Fernando Valley. Even the bus driver bought the Egyptian Lover’s mixtapes, which pulled everyone from Rod Stewart to Rick James into the same universe. “I had one turntable, one cassette player, a boombox and I was just making the best mixtape ever,” he remembers. “I put a rap on an instrumental song, ‘Bounce, Rock, Skate, Roll.’ I was selling that at my high school for $5 and then it got so popular one of my friends said, ‘Man, it’s supply and demand. You’re selling out before you get to school. Double the price for $10.’ Ten dollars is a lot in 1979.”

The Egyptian Lover sitting in a chair.
Portrait of The Egyptian Lover with his Roland Rhythm Composer.
The Egyptian Lover wears a  suit,  necklaces,  shoes and sweater, and his own ring, hat and glasses.

The Egyptian Lover wears a Margiela suit, David Yurman necklaces, stylist’s own shoes and sweater, and his own ring, hat and glasses.

At the time, Uncle Jamm’s Army, led by master programmer and promoter Rodger Clayton, was throwing the most legendary functions in L.A. The Egyptian Lover as we know him today was born of that ecosystem. His technical skill was instinctual and his style was unmatched — up until this point, scratching was mostly an East Coast thing. Under Egypt’s steady hand, each zip of a record sounded like an incantation. “[Fellow Uncle Jamm’s Army DJ] Bobcat always called me the devil,” Egypt remembers. “He was like, ‘There’s no way you can do these things that you’re doing.’” After a few months of DJing with Uncle Jamm’s, another member, Gid Martin, came up to him and said, Between me and you, people are only paying to get in to see if you’re DJing. They’re coming to see you.”

Egypt tells the story of how he discovered the Roland TR-808 drum machine for the first time the way someone recalls meeting the love of their life — half of it prescriptive, every inflection point memorized; the other half still novel and almost unbelievable, the miracle of discovering a foundational truth about yourself for the first time. Egypt felt something kindred in listening to “Planet Rock,” the genre-bending anthem by East Coast hip-hop pioneer Afrika Bambaataa. When he met Afrika Islam, Bambaataa’s mentee, he told him that the track was made using a drum machine. A drum machine? He’d heard of drum sets, never drum machines. “I went to the Guitar Center in Hollywood to buy it and I asked the clerk, ‘Can you show me how to program it?’ So I made ‘Planet Rock’ over and I was listening to it on these big amplifiers. I started changing the beat up a little bit and doing crazy stuff — just trying it and it was working. That’s when the clerk said, ‘Don’t turn around.’ So I turned around and I saw all these rock and roll guys who I’ve seen on MTV before looking at me, dancing and clapping. Like, ‘Whoa.’”

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The night he played his 808 live for the first time at an Uncle Jamm’s Army party in 1983 is “what transformed Egypt from a DJ to an artist,” Egypt’s brother, David, is quoted as saying in Dominguez’s book. The crowd was screaming his name while dancing, wholly possessed by the deeply ancestral, bewitchingly robotic beat of the drum machine coming from Uncle Jamm’s Army’s regular set-up — a temple of sound worship made up of 100 Cerwin Vega speakers. It was this moment, in part, that would spark a meteoric rise for Egypt, resulting in nearly a dozen albums (the latest of which was made this year), KDAY programmer Greg Mack playing his songs on a loop on the radio, and becoming the label boss of Egyptian Empire Records. “To this day, I still do my concerts based on the last hour of the Sports Arena,” Egypt says.

Egypt’s brand of electro is as physical as it is mental, the first time you hear it, it’s forever ingrained. Dominguez, who was born years after Egypt’s debut “On the Nile” came out, remembers driving around his hometown of Logan Heights in San Diego as a kid with his dad, who would play the Egyptian Lover as an education. “Egypt just caught my ear as a kid,” Dominguez, who also works in culture marketing at Nike, remembers. “Skipping up a few years, in high school when I’m independent through my music, I remember having “Egypt Egypt” on my iPod Nano. This was the song to big me up. Like, ‘I’m in the mix. I’m in it.’”

There is one thing that can be agreed upon: the Egyptian Lover is, has always been, that guy. In the book, there are photos of him in high school, posing with two women flanking either side of him. “He’s one of the best DJs in the world, especially still mixing vinyl, and he holds his own to all these guys who are basically sticking a USB in something,” his childhood friend AJ Kirby says. I get to our interview early, watch Egypt get out of his BMW from my rearview mirror and head into Mexican haunt El Cholo’s South Park location he’s been coming to for the last few years whenever he needs a quiet place to talk business. When I walk into the empty restaurant a couple minutes later, he’s sitting in a corner booth holding court, chips and salsa already on the table. The servers seem to know him. He just got back from Croatia, where over the years he’s played festivals like Love International and Dimensions. I follow his Instagram where he gives updates on tour. One of the most recent: “Berlin…. Yall ready?”

Egypt shows me a video of a festival he played in Latvia. It’s the part of his set where he does a call and response with the crowd. A wall of thousands of bodies, not a phone in sight, are in total admiration, locked into the moment. “8-0-mothaf—-8,” they scream in reverence of Egypt’s drum machine. “8-0-muthaf—-8.” The energy is overwhelming, even through a video. It’s easy to see why touring, despite being hard on anyone, especially someone who has been doing this for decades, would drive him all these years. There’s nothing like affecting a crowd with your sound — which for Egypt’s has transcended its birthplace (L.A.), even its metaphorical birthplace (Egypt), and has gone global.

An August Virgo with no agent and an ability to respond to emails at lightning speed, Egypt has been doing his own booking for years. Since retiring from the police force, his childhood friend and former neighbor, Kirby, has been touring with him. In Santa Barbara, he was hawking some of Egypt’s records and apparel, including a letterman jacket that has the words “FREAK-A-HOLIC” running down the arm sleeve. Each show is a chance to return to the self, remind people of the story he’s telling. Egypt recalls the time he opened for Afrika Bambaataa. He wanted to see the artist perform “Planet Rock” live, but he went in a completely different direction, abandoning his hit completely. The moment stuck with Egypt for years. “I wanted to see why he is who he is,” he recalls. “He didn’t show us that. I realized I had to show them why I am who I am.”

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Egypt is self-assured and funny, cocky in a clear-eyed way. Even in his 60s, his “pyramid playboy” persona remains. There seems to be an understanding that artists like the Egyptian Lover exist in relation to their environment: In the ’80s when Egypt was DJing for thousands, a dance called “The Freak” was king — glorified grinding. While one of the main references, Prince, might have been nasty in a subtle way, songs rife with double entendre, Egypt was just nasty. Each song became permission for the crowd to become embodied: “Give me a freaky, kinky nation with a total female population / I can deal with that situation / I don’t care about my reputation,” he raps on stage in Santa Barbara to “Egypt Egypt.” Even his earworm “Dirty Passionate Yell,” released earlier this year on his “1987” album, proclaims: “I can do the things your lover can’t do / Fly you places and just spoil you / I can keep you happy every day and every night / With this ultra-freaky appetite.”

The lyrics in Egyptian Lover’s first album, “On the Nile,” served as a kind of manifestation of his last four decades in the game: “I’m the Egyptian Lover, baby / I’m number one / I’m a mixing-scratching-rappin’-lovin’-son-of-a-gun.” These days, Egypt lives what some might see as a double life. He’s been married since the ’90s, raising two stepdaughters and taking on the role of “Papa” to three grandkids who despite having no blood relation to Egypt look exactly like him. They’re close. He doesn’t have turntables or a studio in his house but he does have a playroom stacked with toys for his grandchildren.

The Egyptian Lover wears a Pro Club tracksuit, necklaces, vintage glasses and his own hat and ring.

The Egyptian Lover wears a Pro Club tracksuit, David Yurman necklaces, vintage Yves Saint Laurent glasses from Gentlemen’s Breakfast, and his own hat and ring.

The story of how he met his wife was its own kind of kindred moment, an encounter that would unknowingly carve out his path as an artist. Right after graduating high school, he was living in his parents’ backhouse and courting one of his classmates. One day, she came over and shared a new album she’d stumbled across, Kraftwerk’s “Computer World.” She asked Egypt to make a tape of it so they could both have a copy. When he heard it for the first time, it shifted something in his cellular makeup. He didn’t know music could sound like this. The German electronic band would become one of his musical touchstones forever more. “It blew me away. Like, ‘What is this?’ This is futuristic.” He ended up keeping the record and she kept the tape. After that, they lost touch. He became a touring musician, and she married someone else. Then his 10-year high school reunion happened and they ran into each other again. How could he ever forget the girl who showed him Kraftwerk? “I said, ‘Where’s your husband?’ She said, ‘I’m separated.’ We went on a date and got married,” Egypt remembers. Even with his grueling schedule, he tries not to be on tour for more than a couple weeks at a time. He’s a family man now.

“I think he’s honestly the busiest now since he’s been since the late ’80s,” Dominguez says about Egypt. In between tour dates earlier this year, he released a song with producer Josh Baker and Rome Fortune, “Dr. Feel Right.” He’s also in the process of completing his next album, set to be out mid-next year.

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There’s a lineage of L.A. DJs who would arguably not be here if it wasn’t for the Egyptian Lover ripping all those years ago. He still serves as supreme inspiration. At the release party for the archival photobook, “On the Nile,” held at Peanut Butter Wolf’s Highland Park vinyl bar, the Gold Line, L.A. DJ Spiñorita watched in reverence as Egypt signed copies of the book. His music is a mainstay in any set she plays. “The Egyptian Lover is such a legend that it goes off anywhere,” she says, but especially for what she calls a “Dodgers crowd,” in other words, L.A. people. “It’s become part of who I am as a DJ. I will say that on the mic, ‘Where the freaks at?’ The crowd gets this excited feeling of: ‘We’re free, we’re here, we’re dancing, we’re being who we want to be, we’re feeling sexy.’”

Egypt’s music has been passed down through eras, generations, places, each group or moment claiming something about it as their own. “I’ll do some concerts, and all I’ll see is young kids singing the words to the song,” Egypt says. “I’m like, ‘This is so cool.’” On New Year’s Eve, Egyptian Lover plays on home turf at Zebulon. The New Year’s Eve show in L.A. has become a kind of tradition. It’s fitting: He was always the person meant to connect our past with the future. The ‘80s to infinity.

Grooming Carla Perez
Production Cecilia Alvarez Blackwell
Styling assistants Berlin Ventura, Jael Valdez

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Portrait of The Egyptian Lover

The Egyptian Lover wears an Emporio Armani jacket and hat, a Pro Club shirt, Second/Layer pants, David Yurman necklace, vintage Cazal glasses from Gentlemen’s Breakfast, stylist’s own shoes, and his own ring and hat.

Lifestyle

We beef with the Pope and admire the Stanley Cup : Wait Wait… Don’t Tell Me!

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We beef with the Pope and admire the Stanley Cup : Wait Wait… Don’t Tell Me!

Promo image with Phil Pritchard, Alzo Slade, and Peter Sagal

Bruce Bennett, Arnold Turner, NPR/Getty Images, NPR


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Bruce Bennett, Arnold Turner, NPR/Getty Images, NPR

This week, Phil Pritchard, NHL’s Keeper of the Stanley Cup, joins us to about taking the cup jet-skiing and panelists Alonzo Bodden, Adam Burke, and Dulcé Sloan beef with the Pope and get misdiagnosed. 

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Where can I throw a party to feel like a kid again?

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Where can I throw a party to feel like a kid again?

I have a “big” birthday coming up. It’s the big 70 (gulp!). I’d like to throw myself a party, but one that might seem more fit for a 7-year-old than a 70-year-old (except when it comes to the food). I would like for there to be activities or games such as scavenger hunts, escape rooms, billiards, pinball, karaoke, pin-the-tail-on-the-donkey — you name it. But my friends and I also appreciate gourmet-quality food like the stuff that’s served at Providence, Crustacean and Mélisse. Is there any way to combine all of that into a party for 20-30 people? — Marla Levine

Looking for things to do in L.A.? Ask us your questions and our expert guides will share highly specific recommendations.

Here’s what we suggest:

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Marla, I love that you want to celebrate your milestone birthday in a playful way that sparks your inner child. Who says you can’t run around and play games with your friends just because you’re a “grown-up”?

Similar to you, I prefer fun activities over stuffy, formal parties. I’ve celebrated my birthday at a go-kart racing track and a bowling alley. One year, I hosted an adult field day at the park with sack races, water balloons and snow cones, so I have some fun ideas for you. While many of these spots don’t offer gourmet-level cuisine — unless you consider chicken tenders and fries fancy — I’ve paired them with nearby restaurants that you can walk to. Depending on your vibe, you can do the activity first then walk to dinner, or vice versa.

One of my favorite adult-only barcades in Los Angeles is EightyTwo in the Arts District. Not only is it nestled between an array of bars, shops and restaurants, it is home to more than 50 vintage pinball and arcade machines. They have all of the classics like “Donkey Kong,” “Galaga,” “Mario Bros.,” “Ms. Pac-Man” and “Mortal Kombat.” On certain nights, you can catch live DJ sets as well. For a meal, consider the Michelin-recommended restaurant Manuela, which received a stamp of approval from the late Times restaurant critic Jonathan Gold. Tucked inside of the Hauser & Wirth complex, Manuela is a farm-to-table establishment with a variety of modern American bites to choose from. Whatever you do, be sure to order cream biscuits for the table.

An activity that instantly makes me feel like a kid again is singing — OK, more like belting — my favorite song into a microphone while surrounded by loved ones. One of the coolest karaoke spots in L.A. is Break Room 86, a nostalgic speakeasy hidden inside Koreatown’s Line hotel, which has private karaoke rooms, live DJs (and sometimes dancers, including a Michael Jackson impersonator) and an ice cream truck that serves boozy ice cream and Jell-O shots. Times senior food editor Danielle Dorsey says, “Entering the bar feels like you’ve stepped through an ’80s time machine with vintage arcade games, stacks of box TVs with static-fuzzy screens and tape cassettes decorating the walls.” Break Room 86 doesn’t open until 9 p.m., so check out Openaire for a sunset dinner. Led by Michelin-starred chef Josiah Citrin (the same guy behind one of your favorites, Mélisse), the rooftop restaurant offers elevated American fare such as a brick-pressed jidori chicken and grilled branzino — and it’s inside a glorious light-filled greenhouse.

Another spot that would make for an enjoyable birthday celebration is Highland Park Bowl, the oldest functioning bowling alley in L.A. Built in 1927 during the Prohibition era, the venue still has that vintage aesthetic with old pinsetters that serve as chandeliers, a revamped mural from the 1930s and eight refurbished bowling lanes. There’s also a billiards room and a full bar (with a tasty cocktail menu that rotates twice a year). When you get hungry, take a quick walk to Checker Hall, a neighborhood bar and restaurant that serves California-Mediterranean food such as skewers, turkish chicken and chicken schnitzel. Actor-comedian Hannah Pilkes told The Times it’s her “favorite bar in all of L.A.” How she described it: “It has the best cocktails and it almost feels like you’re in New Orleans when you step inside. It has a beautiful patio overlooking Highland Park. The decor is funky and kitschy yet classy; it’s magical.” Afterward, you can take another short walk to Jeni’s Splendid Ice Creams for a sweet treat (if you don’t have a cake).

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My colleague Todd Martens, who writes about theme parks and immersive experiences, says it’s difficult to find escape rooms that can accommodate 20 to 30 people, but if you don’t mind splitting up and staggering your start times, check out Hatch Escapes near Koreatown. The venue can accommodate about 10 people at a time. Martens wrote about their room called “the Ladder,” which he describes as a “90-minute interactive movie with puzzles, taking guests through five decades, beginning in the 1950s, in which they will play an exaggerated game of corporate life.” The room “incorporates a wide variety of games, puzzles, as well as film and animation,” he adds. If this theme doesn’t spark your interest, there are three other options, including “Lab Rat,” which can accommodate 12 people.

You sound like a fun person, so I have a feeling that anything you do will be a good time. I hope that these suggestions are helpful in planning your special day. If you end up visiting any of these spots, please send us a photo. We’d love to see it. Happy birthday!

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Photos: How overfishing in Southeast Asia is an ecological and human crisis

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Photos: How overfishing in Southeast Asia is an ecological and human crisis

Various species of sharks — some of which are endangered, while others are listed as vulnerable — are hauled on shore at dawn at the Tanjung Luar port on June 9, 2025, in East Lombok, Indonesia. Tanjung Luar is one of the largest shark markets in Indonesia and Southeast Asia, from where shark fins are exported to other Asian markets — primarily Hong Kong and China — and their bones are used in cosmetic products also sold to China.

Nicole Tung/Fondation Carmignac


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“We were fighting over who had caught more fish, and then I saw my crewmate pushed overboard by the captain,” Akbar Fitrian, 29, an Indonesian crewmember says as he recounts an incident aboard a Chinese-owned fishing vessel in 2022. “The ship then started to drive away as my crewmate tried to swim towards us. And then I don’t know what happened. The captain never reported the incident.”

The seas of Southeast Asia — home to some of the richest in biodiversity in the world — have long been in decline. Since the 1950s, the Center for Strategic and International Studies estimates that 70-95% of fish stocks have been depleted and are at risk of collapse, perpetuated by the rise of industrial-scale fishing, much of which is illegal. Legal overfishing is another factor, and both are propped up by weak regulations, insufficient monitoring and insatiable demand. Approximately half of the world’s global marine fish catch comes from the seas of Southeast Asia, according to the U.N., and it comes at a calamitous cost.

In the United States, approximately 50% of the imported seafood comes from Asia, with nearly $6.3 billion in trade coming from China, Vietnam, Indonesia and India alone, according to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

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Behind the illicit seafood trade is an opaque world standing at the crossroads of intertwining issues. There is the legacy of brutal human rights violations that have enabled sea slavery to become the norm. Those involved in the efforts of organizations like the international Freedom Fund and Thailand’s Labour Protection Network, which work to end modern-day slavery in the region, say many workers are murdered at sea, abused and often brought into a cycle of debt bondage.

There is the lawless nature of the seas, which has emboldened traffickers to exploit desperate fishermen and impoverished casual laborers. Then there are the geopolitical factors at play: In a race to dominate the seas, China and, to a lesser extent, Vietnam, the Philippines, Taiwan and Malaysia have all built outposts and bases on shoals, reefs and atolls. Fishing fleets — of which China has the largest in the world — are fast becoming more militarized as a result.

All of this has imposed a heavy cost on unique ecosystems and led to devastating socioeconomic impacts on artisanal and small-scale fishers.

Three countries illustrate the intersectional nature of overfishing:

Thailand

Fishing vessels are seen docked together at a landing site in Chumphon, Thailand, on Wednesday, January 22, 2025.

Fishing vessels are seen docked together at a landing site in Chumphon, Thailand, on Jan. 22, 2025.

Nicole Tung/Fondation Carmignac

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“Fish were in abundance before,” says Mimit Hantele, 53, a member of the Urak Lawoi tribe on the island of Koh Lipe in Thailand. “But now, the fishing season is a lot shorter, the variety of fish is far fewer, and I sell less. So I take tourists out on scuba expeditions to earn money.”

For generations, the Urak Lawoi plied the rich waters around them for sustenance. Sea gypsies in a time past, the villagers evolved to rely only on what they could catch and used simple fishing equipment cast from small wooden boats.

Then, in the 1970s, came the big Thai and Malaysian fishing boats. Fishermen on Koh Lipe say the boats fish illegally around the island, appearing only at night to escape detection and in a protected national forest area. The ships use purse seiner nets and demersal trawlers, destroying the coral underneath and, consequently, the habitat for fish. Such overexploitation has led the Indigenous group to turn to tourism to make up for lost income and declining fish stocks. “Fishing is in our blood,” Hantele said, but “our way of life has changed. We can’t rely only on the fish.”

Frozen Spanish mackerel and other species of fish are seen in the cold storage of a facility owned by a Thai family of commercial fishers, in Samut Sakhon, Thailand, on Wednesday, January 15, 2025.

Frozen Spanish mackerel and other species of fish in cold storage in Samut Sakhon, Thailand, on Jan. 15, 2025.

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Fishermen mend nets in Samut Sakhon, Thailand, on Wednesday, January 15, 2025.

Fishermen mend nets in Samut Sakhon, Thailand, on Jan. 15, 2025.

Nicole Tung/Fondation Carmignac

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Small scale artisanal fishermen shake sardines from the nets to gather them en masse, after returning to shore with their catch, in the Gulf of Thailand, off the coast of Prachuab, Thailand, on Monday, January 20, 2025.

Small-scale artisanal fishermen shake sardines from nets to gather them en masse after returning to shore with their catch, in the Gulf of Thailand, off the coast of Prachuap, Thailand, on Jan. 20, 2025.

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According to a 2001 report from the U.N., roughly 80% of fishers in Southeast Asia at the time were small-scale or artisanal, relying on traditional practices. However, declining nearshore fish stocks have forced many artisanal fishers to venture farther from shore in search of commercially valuable species. Added to that are government subsidies for fuel and tax breaks for commercial fishing vessels, which have propped up the seafood industry. Rapid advancement in maritime technology has made fleets far more effective at finding rich hunting grounds while avoiding detection by switching off their monitoring systems.

Oranee Jongkolpath, 30, a veterinarian at Thailand's Marine and Coastal Resources Research and Development Center in Rayong province, prepared to clean a hawksbill turtle with a double amputation in Prasae, Thailand, on Saturday, January 18, 2025. The injured hawksbill turtle was found by fishermen in a garbage patch, and was likely entangled in ghost nets - fishing nets lost or discarded by fishermen - causing severe damage to its two front flippers.

Oranee Jongkolpath, 30, a veterinarian at Thailand’s Department of Marine and Coastal Resources’ research and development center in the Rayong province, prepares to clean a hawksbill turtle in Prasae, Thailand, on Jan. 18, 2025. The turtle was found by fishermen in a garbage patch and was likely entangled in ghost nets — fishing nets that are lost or discarded by fishermen — that had caused severe damage to its two front flippers.

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A seafood merchant displayed dried seahorses for sale, at a landing site in Chumphon, Thailand, on Wednesday, January 22, 2025. Dozens of countries around the world are involved in the dried seahorse trade, with Thailand, the Philippines, Vietnam, and India being the largest exporters. As the trade of seahorses, typically used for traditional medicines, has sharply increased, the seahorse catch has declined over time. Seahorses are a protected species and are listed on the CITES Appendix II.

A seafood merchant displays dried seahorses for sale in Chumphon, Thailand, on Jan. 22, 2025. Dozens of countries around the world are involved in the dried seahorse trade, with Thailand, the Philippines, Vietnam and India being the largest exporters. As the trade of seahorses, which are typically used for traditional medicines, has sharply increased, the seahorse catch has declined over time. Seahorses are among the species protected under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.

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Lax regulations on the most destructive types of fishing, particularly demersal trawling and cyanide fishing, the capture of juvenile fish that prevents the replenishment of stocks, the poor oversight of labor laws and the exploitation of workers desperate to earn a living have all contributed to the devastating knock-on effects for communities along coastlines and the potentially irreversible environmental consequences.

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Members of a crew working on a Thai fishing vessel, who are mostly from Myanmar, prepared to show their documents to Port In Port Out inspectors after returning to shore to ensure all members were present, at a landing site in Chumphon, Thailand, on Wednesday, January 22, 2025. Port In Port Out (PIPO) inspection centers were set up in 2018 following an outcry in the international community over Thailand’s gross human rights abuses in its fishing industry. The purpose of PIPO inspectors is to monitor Thai fishing vessels, in order to curb exploitation of workers and migrant laborers by doing crew check lists, welfare checks, investigating their working conditions, which includes human trafficking and forced labor indicators. Some rights advocacy groups who have investigated the workings of PIPO have criticized their effectiveness in combating substandard work conditions, which have led to the deaths and injuries of several migrant fishermen.

Members of a crew working on a Thai fishing vessel, most of whom are from Myanmar, prepare to show their documents to Port In Port Out (PIPO) inspectors in Chumphon, Thailand, on Jan. 22, 2025. PIPO inspection centers were set up in 2018, following an outcry in the international community over Thailand’s gross human rights abuses in its fishing industry.

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A Burmese dock worker sorted different fish species after a catch from a Thai vessel was unloaded at a landing site in Ranong, Thailand, on Thursday, January 23, 2025.

A Burmese dock worker sorts fish after a catch from a Thai vessel was unloaded in Ranong, Thailand, on Jan. 23, 2025.

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In Thailand last year, artisanal fishermen held protests over the rollback of major fisheries reforms implemented a decade ago that had helped to rebuild fish stocks in Thai waters. Thai corporations, which own a significant share of commercial fishing vessels, pushed the government to deregulate the fishing industry to increase their profits. Protestors focused on their concerns that relaxing the rules would revive illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and lead to increased overfishing. The rollbacks, they argued, would reduce transparency and accountability across the industry and reduce checks on gear and labor. Less transparency would lead to less knowledge about what is left in the sea. In turn, sustainability decreases, hurting artisanal fishers who depend on the sea for sustenance and livelihoods.

The Philippines

Filipino fishermen unload catches of Yellowfin tuna, Bigeye tuna, and Blue Marlin, after being at sea for approximately one month, at General Santos fish port, the Philippines, on Wednesday, May 21, 2025. General Santos is known as the Philippines’ tuna capital and hub for tuna fishing and exports of the products. The city hosts numerous processing facilities where the fish, primarily tuna, is packaged or canned for sale to the Filipino market and for export worldwide.

Filipino fishermen unload Yellowfin tuna, Bigeye tuna and blue marlin at a fish port in General Santos, the Philippines, on May 21, 2025.

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The first time Donald Carmen was harassed by Chinese boats off the coast of Palawan was in December 2024. The following February, they harassed him and another fisherman again, getting close enough to hit their outriggers. “They forced us to move away and recorded us with cell phones and cameras. I have been fishing in this area since 2016, and back then, everyone was free to fish. I would catch 400-500 kilograms of fish in a night, about 60 nautical miles offshore. Now, because I don’t dare venture out as far, I’m lucky if I catch 200-300 kilograms over three days,” Carmen said as he steered his banca just weeks later, on the lookout for Chinese fishing boats and militia.

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A drone image of the shoreline in Rizal, Palawan, the Philippines on Wednesday, May 28, 2025. Many fishermen here have lost more than half their incomes because of harassment by Chinese ships, limiting the distances they can go out to sea to fish for specific species. Many filipino commercial and small-scale fishers are being chased or hassled by Chinese Coast Guard, Navy, and militia ships while out at sea. Previously, attacks or harassment in this area did not exist, but was well-documented in other areas. Since August 2024, incidences of harassment have started and increased since. Many Filipino fishermen believe that the Chinese are now moving to build outposts in the nearby Sabina Shoal to dominate both trade routes and the fishing industry. For many fishermen, it means losing half or more of their income, forcing many to quit or to turn to agriculture on land to make up for the shortfall.

A drone shot of the shoreline in Rizal, Palawan, the Philippines, on May 28, 2025. Many fishermen here have lost more than half their incomes because of harassment by Chinese ships, limiting the distances they can go out to sea to fish for specific species.

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Fisherman Vincent Gehisan, 36, seen at home with his family members in Quezon, Palawan, the Philippines, on Saturday, May 24, 2025. Vincent was hassled and detained for nearly a day at sea by Chinese Coast Guard and Navy ships while out on a resupply mission the year before, and is now afraid to venture far from the Filipino shore to fish.

Vincent Gehisan, 36, enjoys a meal at his home in Quezon, Palawan, the Philippines, on May 24, 2025. Gehisan was hassled and detained for nearly a day at sea by Chinese Coast Guard and navy ships while out on a resupply mission the year before and now says he’s afraid to venture far from Filipino shores to fish.

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People sang karaoke at a local bar whose clientele are mainly fishermen on their days off, near the main fish port complex in General Santos, the Philippines, on Wednesday, May 21, 2025. Areas around fish ports are usually filled with small restaurants, bars, karaoke and pool cafes, and brothels, catered towards the fishermen who come back on shore for a short break. General Santos is known as the Philippines’ tuna capital and hub for tuna fishing and exports of the products. The city hosts numerous processing facilities where the fish, primarily tuna, is packaged or canned for sale to the Filipino market and for export worldwide.

People sing karaoke on May 21, 2025, at a local bar near the main fish port complex in General Santos, the Philippines, where the clientele are mainly fishermen on their days off.

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Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing is inextricably linked to the geopolitical struggle for maritime dominance in the South China Sea. Over the past two decades, China has rapidly scaled up its fishing militias in a race to assert control over a vast area while trying to meet the country’s insatiable demand for seafood. Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia and Taiwan have followed suit on a much smaller scale.

The South China Sea — or the East Sea, as Vietnam calls it, and the West Philippine Sea, as it’s known in the Philippines — is one of the world’s most strategic waterways. China’s use of its fishing fleet to control trade routes and dominate territory to create maritime buffer zones threatens the food security and livelihoods of fishers in the region.

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Family members of Filipino fishermen placed bait on fishing lines ready to be used, in Quezon, Palawan, the Philippines, on Saturday, May 24, 2025.

Family members of Filipino fishermen place bait on fishing lines in Quezon, Palawan, the Philippines, on May 24, 2025.

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Filipino small-scale fishermen unloaded their catch of the day at General Santos fish port, the Philippines, on Thursday, May 22, 2025. General Santos is known as the Philippines’ tuna capital and hub for tuna fishing and exports of the products. The city hosts numerous processing facilities where the fish, primarily tuna, is packaged or canned for sale to the Filipino market and for export worldwide.

Small-scale Filipino fishermen unload their catch a fish port in General Santos, the Philippines, on May 22, 2025. The city is known as the Philippines’ tuna capital and hub for tuna fishing and products exports.

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While Chinese aggression has persisted for years in areas off Zambales, a province of the Philippines, it has only recently affected waters off the coast of Rizal in Palawan, as China is believed to be building up its presence in the Sabina and Bombay shoals, much closer to the Filipino coast — encroaching on the Philippines’ claim to the Kalayaan Island Group — from its original areas of claim like the Spratly Islands and the Scarborough Shoal. Among some of the tactics used by Chinese fishing militias to deter fishermen are water cannons, using swarming and encircling techniques, military-grade lasers and ramming fishing boats to intimidate and drive them from fishing grounds.

As countries in the region militarize their fishing fleets, the cost will ultimately be detrimental to ecological sustainability and geopolitical stability.

Indonesia

Indonesian fishermen unloaded various types of species including sharks and wedgefish, which are one of the most threatened species, in Tegal, Indonesia, on Friday, June 13, 2025.

Indonesian fishermen unload various species, including sharks and wedgefish, which are one of the most threatened, in Tegal, Indonesia, on June 13, 2025.

Nicole Tung/Fondation Carmignac

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In Indonesia, poverty, lack of opportunities and desperation have pushed thousands of Indonesian men into trafficking circles, while others are lured by the promises of a well-paid job in the construction or service industries before being put aboard a fishing vessel unbeknownst to them. Patima Tungpuchayakul, the founder of Thailand’s Labour Protection Network, says hundreds of fishermen go missing from commercial vessels each year, and many more are brutalized while facing appalling conditions and inhumane, unsanitary conditions on board, often at the mercy of the captain or the ship’s owners.

Labor rights activists at the Migrant Resource Center in Pemalang, Indonesia, fishermen and a widow of a woman still fighting for compensation after her husband’s death say agencies in central Java are adept at recruiting Indonesian crew to work primarily on Chinese fishing vessels, entrapping them in a cycle of debt bondage and, in many cases, effectively enslaving them at sea. Workers are not offered compensation for death or injuries unless they or their families were aware of what kind of insurance the vessel owner had for them. In the worst circumstances, they face brutal working conditions and 16- to 22-hour workdays and are often subject to physical violence.

Fish mongers gathered to sell the catch brought in at dawn by local fishermen at the Tanjung Luar port on Monday, June 9, 2025, in East Lombok, Indonesia.

Fishmongers gather to sell the catch brought in at dawn by fishermen at the Tanjung Luar port on June 9, 2025, in East Lombok, Indonesia.

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A drone image showing the largest commercial fish port in Indonesia, Muara Angke, where hundreds of commercial fishing vessels are docked, in Jakarta, Indonesia, on Sunday, June 15, 2025.

A drone image of the largest commercial fish port in Indonesia, Muara Angke, where hundreds of commercial fishing vessels are docked, in Jakarta, Indonesia, on June 15, 2025.

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Tofa S, 29, a fisherman who recounted his stories of working on a Chinese-owned commercial fishing vessel, posed for a photo in Pemalang, Indonesia, on Friday, June 13, 2025. Both Tegal and Pemalang are known as hubs for recruiting laborers who then work on commercial fishing vessels for Chinese, Taiwanese, and Korean companies.

A fisherman poses for a photo in Pemalang, Indonesia, on June 13, 2025. Both Tegal and Pemalang are known as hubs for recruiting laborers who then work on commercial fishing vessels for Chinese, Taiwanese and Korean companies.

Nicole Tung/Fondation Carmignac

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Southeast Asia is still a hub for slave labor, primarily in Thailand and Indonesia, where the seafood trade contributes much of the tuna, shrimp and trash fish used for fishmeal to the supply chains of major retailers and pet food brands in the U.S. and Europe.

“There is now less physical violence and coercion — but coercion is now more debt-based,” says Rosia Wongsuban, a program advisor at the Freedom Fund, a nonprofit working to end modern-day slavery. “Working conditions are the same. Because of a labor shortage, there aren’t enough workers to operate on vessels, and then the crew needs to take the extra burden.”

“In order to work on the fishing vessel, which was Chinese-owned, I was given a loan of 4 million Rupiah,” Akbar Fitrian, 29, a fisherman interviewed in Jakarta, explains. “1 million went to paying for fishing equipment, and then I had to work until I paid back the other 3 million. Sometimes, I had to keep borrowing more to continue working to pay off the initial loan. Sometimes I would only end up with enough salary to buy cigarettes. Sometimes I went into the red.”

Anis Khuprotin, 28, at the gravesite of her husband, Muhammed Nur, in Tegal, Indonesia, on Friday, June 13, 2025. Anis’s husband died on board a commercial fishing vessel after a piece of equipment came loose and struck him in the head. Staff members from the recruiting agency which hired her husband, told her he had died of a heart attack instead of admitting the truth, in an attempt to avoid paying insurance fees to the family. Anis found the truth out after a crew member, who was a friend of Muhammed’s, sent a video of him bleeding from head and nose, but still alive, and explained that the captain refused to radio the water police to send a helicopter to evacuate him. By the time the ship reached shore, it was too late to save Muhammed.

Anis Khuprotin, 28, rests her head on the gravesite of her husband, Muhamad Nur, in Tegal, Indonesia, on June 13, 2025. Anis’ husband died on board a commercial fishing vessel after a piece of equipment came loose and struck him in the head. Staff from the recruiting agency the hired her husband told her he died of a heart attack instead of admitting the truth in an attempt to avoid paying insurance fees to the family.

Nicole Tung/Fondation Carmignac


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Indra, 28, who declined to provide his last name, dressed as a clown and played music in his neighborhood to earn some extra money, in Jakarta, Indonesia, on Saturday, June 14, 2025. Indra, who previously worked on a commercial fishing vessel, recounted harrowing experiences out at sea where he witnessed abuses of his fellow cremates. Since returning home, Indra has refused to sign up for another job on a commercial fishing vessel, but has limited opportunities owing to the lack of a school degree. He is currently working in a warehouse packing boxes, and dresses as a clown in his neighborhood to earn income.

Indra, 28, who declined to provide his last name out of fear for his safety, dresses as a clown and plays music to earn some extra money in his neighborhood in Jakarta, Indonesia, on June 14, 2025. Indra, who previously worked on a commercial fishing vessel, recounted harrowing experiences at sea, where he said he witnessed abuses of his fellow cremates. Since returning home, he’s refused to sign up for another job on a commercial fishing vessel, but says he has limited opportunities owing to the lack of a school degree. He currently works in a warehouse, packing boxes, and dresses as a clown to earn extra income.

Nicole Tung/Fondation Carmignac

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Local fishermen played a card game on Maringkik Island on Tuesday, June 10, 2025, in East Lombok, Indonesia. Many locals are fishermen working on their own small-scale boats or work on commercial ships fishing for sharks between the Indonesian and Australian waters, bringing their catch to the nearby port of Tanjung Luar. Tanjung Luar one of the largest shark markets in Indonesia and Southeast Asia, from where shark fins are exported to other Asian markets, primarily Hong Kong and China, was bones are used in cosmetic products also sold to China. Shark meat and skins are consumed locally as an important source of protein. In recent years, facing heavy criticism because of the unregulated shark fishing industry, the Indonesian government has sought to bring in stricter controls over commercial hunting of sharks in an attempt to balance the needs of fishermen as well as the need to protect dwindling shark populations.

Fishermen play a card game on June 10, 2025, on Maringkik Island, off the caost of East Lombok, Indonesia.

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For the nearly 10 million people who rely on these fisheries for their livelihoods and source of protein, the future of Southeast Asia’s fisheries hangs in the balance, at the mercy of consumer demand and political will to enforce laws. The region faces not just ecological collapse, but deepening poverty, food insecurity and social instability if illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing continues unchecked. Overfishing occurs because high demand and global overconsumption for seafood far exceed the ocean’s ability to replenish itself. Growing markets — especially in China, the European Union and North America — have transformed fish and fish products into a highly profitable global commodity. Exports from Southeast Asia alone amount to over $5 billion worth of fish products to the United States each year, illustrating the scale of international trade. This demand fuels industrial-scale fishing operations such as bottom trawlers and purse seiners, which sweep through vast areas of ocean indiscriminately. Supported by government subsidies, these fleets prioritize maximum yield, even when fish stocks are already severely depleted.

But decline is not inevitable. With stronger regional cooperation, transparent supply chains, corporate accountability and informed consumer choices, Southeast Asia can reclaim stewardship over its waters. The survival of its fisheries — and of the communities that depend on them — hinges on decisions being made now, far from shore.

Various species of sharks, some of which are endangered, while others are listed as vulnerable, hauled on shore at dawn by commercial fishermen at the Tanjung Luar port on Tuesday, June 10, 2025, in East Lombok, Indonesia. Tanjung Luar is one of the largest shark markets in Indonesia and Southeast Asia, from where shark fins are exported to other Asian markets, primarily Hong Kong and China, was bones are used in cosmetic products also sold to China.

Various species of sharks — some of which are endangered while others are listed as vulnerable — are hauled on shore at dawn by commercial fishermen at the Tanjung Luar port on June 10, 2025, in East Lombok, Indonesia.

Nicole Tung/Fondation Carmignac


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This body of work, based on a nine-month-long investigation supported by the Fondation Carmignac, is on exhibit at the Bronx Documentary Center through April 26.

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Nicole Tung is a photojournalist working primarily in the Middle East and Asia. You can see more of her work on her website, NicoleTung.com, or on Instagram, at @nicoletung.

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