Health
What to Know About Adderall, Ritalin and Other Prescription Stimulants
Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. has often criticized prescription stimulants, such as Adderall, that are primarily used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
“We have damaged this entire generation,” he said last year during a podcast, referring to the number of children taking psychiatric medications. “We have poisoned them.”
In February, the “Make America Healthy Again” commission, led by Mr. Kennedy, announced plans to evaluate the “threat” posed by drugs like prescription stimulants.
But are they a threat? And if so, to whom?
Like many medications, prescription stimulants have potential side effects, and there are people who misuse them. Yet these drugs are also considered some of the most effective and well-researched treatments that psychiatry has to offer, said Dr. Jeffrey H. Newcorn, the director of the Division of A.D.H.D. and Learning Disorders at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York.
Here are some answers to common questions and concerns about stimulants.
What are prescription stimulants?
Prescription stimulants are drugs that help change the way the brain works by increasing the communication among neurons.
They are divided into two classes: methylphenidates (like Ritalin, Focalin and Concerta) and amphetamines (like Vyvanse and Adderall).
The drugs are most often prescribed to treat A.D.H.D., but they’re also used for conditions like narcolepsy or a binge eating disorder. Sometimes they are also used off-label, for treatment-resistant depression, or catatonia, a syndrome that can cause a patient to move in unusual ways, become immobile or stop talking.
The medications work by amplifying the activity of the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine in the nerve cells of the brain. Dopamine plays a role in creating the desire for something and the motivation to get it, while norepinephrine can increase alertness and make it easier to focus.
People with A.D.H.D. may have a deficit of both of these chemicals, so when they use stimulants it essentially helps “even them out,” said Dr. Anthony L. Rostain, chairman of the department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health at Cooper University Health Care, which is based in Camden, N.J.
For some users, the effects are profound. “It’s like glasses for poor vision,” Dr. Rostain said.
Are stimulants always used to treat A.D.H.D.?
No.
Not everyone who has been diagnosed with A.D.H.D. takes stimulants. There are also non-stimulant medications, like Strattera (atomoxetine). And some people don’t require any medication at all.
Other interventions, such as behavioral therapy, parent training, school supports, and lifestyle changes to regulate sleep and exercise, are important — regardless of whether someone needs medication or not.
How many people are taking them?
The use of prescription stimulants has been on the rise since 2012, particularly among adults, and has sharply increased in recent years among women as well as patients ages 20 to 39.
In 2023, an estimated 6 percent of adults had a current diagnosis of A.D.H.D. and about one-third of those patients reported taking prescription stimulant medication, according to an analysis from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
In children and adolescents, however, the number of stimulant prescriptions has been more stable in recent decades.
Overall, it is estimated that about 5 percent of children in the U.S. are currently prescribed medication for A.D.H.D. (Not 15 percent, the number stated by Mr. Kennedy during his confirmation hearing in January.)
A study published in February found that prescriptions actually declined among children after the pandemic began.
How often are prescription stimulants misused?
Government drug use surveys show that in 2022, among people 12 and older, 1.5 percent reported misusing prescription stimulants in the past year — taking the drugs without a doctor telling them to do so, or not in the manner they were prescribed. Sometimes people are aspiring to be more productive or to stay awake, but the drugs are also used recreationally, and can produce a high by swallowing, smoking or snorting the medication — or injecting it into the bloodstream.
Young adults ages 18 to 25 had the highest rates of misuse: 3.7 percent.
Among adolescents 12 to 17, the percentage of misuse was much smaller: 0.9 percent.
This number can vary depending on where they live: In some U.S. schools, as many as 1 in 4 high school students report misusing prescription stimulants, often motivated by their desire to perform better in school. Some schools report no issue with stimulant misuse.
What are the potential side effects?
Taking stimulants can cause elevated blood pressure and heart rate, a reduced appetite, difficulty sleeping, and restlessness or agitation.
Other common side effects include headaches, an increase in body temperature and abdominal pain.
Less frequently, stimulants have been known to temporarily slow a child’s growth, Dr. Rostain said, which is why they should have their height and weight monitored by a medical provider while they’re taking the drugs.
There is also a small risk of developing psychosis that may be tied to dosage. And when stimulants are misused, they can be addictive.
Patients and their doctors have to weigh the benefits of taking stimulants against these risks. A.D.H.D., particularly when left untreated, is associated with reckless behaviors like careless driving, unsafe sex, substance abuse and aggression. A recent study showed that people with the diagnosis are, on average, dying earlier than their peers — about seven years earlier for men, and about nine for women.
How long should stimulants be used?
It depends.
Studies have shown that A.D.H.D. symptoms can change over time, improving and then worsening again, or vice versa. “It’s not consistent,” Dr. Rostain said. “They wax and wane for many people.”
As a result, he added, people may end up using A.D.H.D. medications intermittently.
Still, some people take these drugs longer term, said Dr. Lenard A. Adler, the director of NYU Langone Health’s Adult A.D.H.D. Program.
“That being said, it’s always appropriate when someone is stable on psychostimulants to attempt to lower the dose,” Dr. Adler added.
If a patient continues to do well, he said, then it’s worth exploring whether the medication is still needed.
Is there still a medication shortage?
Yes.
The stimulant shortage that began in 2022 continues. According to the Food and Drug Administration, as of March, methylphenidate hydrochloride extended release tablets and patches, as well as other types of amphetamine tablets, are either unavailable or in short supply.
The availability of specific drugs and formulations can vary by region, Dr. Rostain said.
“It leads to a lot of uncertainty, unpredictability and a lot of anxiety on the part of patients,” he added.
Health
Wegovy Pill Side Effects To Watch for and How It Compares to Injections
Use left and right arrow keys to navigate between menu items.
Use escape to exit the menu.
Sign Up
Create a free account to access exclusive content, play games, solve puzzles, test your pop-culture knowledge and receive special offers.
Already have an account? Login
Health
Parkinson’s risk increases with exposure to common chemical, study suggests
NEWYou can now listen to Fox News articles!
A pesticide commonly used in America’s food supply has been linked to Parkinson’s disease, new research suggests.
A UCLA study published in the journal Springer Nature Link suggests that exposure to chlorpyrifos could increase the risk of the neurological disease.
The chemical is often used on agricultural products like soybeans, fruit and nut trees, broccoli, cauliflower and other row crops, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
EARLY PARKINSON’S COULD BE DETECTED DECADES BEFORE SYMPTOMS WITH SIMPLE BLOOD TEST
The study compared 829 people with Parkinson’s to 824 people without the disease over a 45-year period, focusing on their proximity to chlorpyrifos.
The researchers also conducted mouse experiments, where mice inhaled the pesticide as humans would for 11 weeks. Experiments were also carried out on zebrafish to study cell-level brain damage.
Chlorpyrifos is often used on agricultural products like soybeans, fruit and nut trees, broccoli, cauliflower and other row crops, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (iStock)
In humans, the study revealed that long-term exposure to chlorpyrifos led to more than a 2.5 times higher risk of Parkinson’s.
In mice, exposure to the pesticide caused movement problems similar to Parkinson’s symptoms, loss of dopamine-producing neurons, increased brain inflammation and build-up of harmful proteins.
CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD THE FOX NEWS APP
Zebrafish suffered brain cell death and damage linked to failure in the cell’s “cleanup system,” according to the study press release.
Dr. Jeff Bronstein, director of the Movement Disorders Program at UCLA and professor of neurology and molecular toxicology, noted that previous human studies also suggested an association between chlorpyrifos exposure and Parkinson’s.
TEST YOURSELF WITH OUR LATEST LIFESTYLE QUIZ
“[We were] surprised that the mechanism of toxicity was apparent in both mice and zebrafish,” he said. “We rarely find such consistent results in different animal models.”
A researcher commented that the consistency in results between human and animal subjects is “rare.” (iStock)
The researcher emphasized that the association between pesticide exposure and Parkinson’s was “very strong,” and the longer someone was exposed, the higher the risk became.
“People should avoid exposure to CPF and similar pesticides (organophosphates) by not using them in their home, eating organics, and washing fruits and vegetables before eating them,” Bronstein advised.
Study limitations
The study did have some limitations, the researchers acknowledged, primarily that it was observational, meaning it shows an association but cannot prove causation.
CLICK HERE FOR MORE HEALTH STORIES
It also estimated exposure based on participants’ locations, and did not measure diet, indoor exposure or personal lifestyle behaviors. Additionally, the results of the animal models can’t be translated directly to humans.
There was also the possibility that chlorpyrifos was used along with other chemicals, which means it could be difficult to measure its specific impact, the study noted.
Chlorpyrifos is used to control different kinds of pests, like termites, mosquitoes and roundworms, among crops. (iStock)
Industry reaction
Chlorpyrifos is used to control different kinds of pests, like termites, mosquitoes and roundworms, among crops, according to the National Pesticide Information Center (NPIC) at Oregon State University.
People can be exposed to the pesticide by breathing it in or by consuming contaminated food or water.
In 2021, the EPA banned the use of chlorpyrifos on food crops, but a federal appeals court overturned that decision in 2023, allowing its use to resume on some crops while regulators revisit the rule.
CLICK HERE TO SIGN UP FOR OUR HEALTH NEWSLETTER
In January 2026, the EPA issued an update outlining plans to move forward with a rule that would ban most uses of chlorpyrifos.
“Chlorpyrifos is subject to registration review, a process required under FIFRA (the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act) in which registered pesticides are comprehensively evaluated every 15 years against current safety standards and the latest scientific evidence,” the EPA said in a statement sent to Fox News Digital.
“EPA is currently developing a revised human health risk assessment for chlorpyrifos as part of that review, and will consider this study alongside any other relevant submissions,” the agency said in a statement sent to Fox News Digital. (Getty)
“EPA is currently developing a revised human health risk assessment for chlorpyrifos as part of that review, and will consider this study alongside any other relevant submissions. Where the science calls for stronger protections or tolerance revocations, EPA will act without hesitation and without delay.”
Fox News Digital reached out to several manufacturers of the chemical for comment.
“People should avoid exposure to CPF and similar pesticides.”
Corteva, an Indiana agrichemical company formed in 2019 through the merger of Dow Chemical and DuPont, announced in 2020 that it would end production of chlorpyrifos within the year, citing declining sales.
In April 2022, the German chemical company BASF requested the cancellation of its pesticide registrations for products containing chlorpyrifos.
CLICK HERE TO SIGN UP FOR OUR HEALTH NEWSLETTER
“BASF does not manufacture chlorpyrifos and does not have any pesticide registrations issued by the U.S. EPA for chlorpyrifos-containing products,” the company told Fox News Digital.
No products from Corteva or BASF were included in the study linking chlorpyrifos to Parkinson’s disease.
Health
‘Call a Boomer’ payphones help cure loneliness, spark friendships across generations
NEWYou can now listen to Fox News articles!
Along a bustling sidewalk in Boston, a bright yellow payphone invites folks to “call a Boomer.”
Almost 3,000 miles away in Reno, Nevada, a nearly identical phone prompts residents of Sierra Manor – an apartment complex for seniors – to “Call a Zoomer.” The goal is simple: to get strangers to talk to each other.
The project, often referred to as simply “Call a Boomer,” is the latest initiative from Matter Neuroscience, a New York-based company dedicated to mapping the “biomarkers of happiness.”
NEARLY HALF OF SENIORS IMPROVE WITH AGE — AND RESEARCHERS THINK THEY KNOW WHY
By connecting “two of the loneliest demographics” (older adults and younger adults), the project aims to prove that on a molecular level, “humans need one another in order to be happy,” according to Calla Kessler, a social strategist at Matter Neuroscience.
Along a bustling sidewalk in Boston, a bright yellow payphone invites folks to “Call a Boomer.” (Matter Neuroscience)
“Younger adults and older adults tend to experience the highest levels of loneliness of any age group,” the company wrote on its website. “So the goal of this project is to inspire generational connection through meaningful conversations, despite differences in age, lifestyle or politics.”
GRANDPARENTS WHO BABYSIT THEIR GRANDCHILDREN STAY MENTALLY SHARPER, NEW STUDY REVEALS
The hope, according to Kessler, is that the calls will shift the brain’s focus from stress to bonding.
“Our neuroscience angle is cannabinoids over cortisol,” Kessler told Fox News Digital. “Cannabinoids are the feel-good neurotransmitter in our brain that creates that warm feeling with a friendship — and when you activate cannabinoids, you’re counteracting the negative effects of cortisol, which is our primary stress hormone.”
“Younger adults and older adults tend to experience the highest levels of loneliness of any age group,” the company noted. (Matter Neuroscience)
This isn’t Matter’s first round of payphones. Its initial experiment connected one of the most liberal cities in the U.S. (San Francisco) with one of the most conservative (Abilene, Texas).
“We basically just wanted people to find common ground and encourage people to think beyond labels,” Kessler said.
CLICK HERE FOR MORE HEALTH STORIES
She noted that the negative results were “almost negligible,” with most participants enjoying their time speaking to different people.
CLICK HERE TO SIGN UP FOR OUR HEALTH NEWSLETTER
Now, the focus has shifted from political labels to generational divides.
The negative results have beem “almost negligible,” with most participants enjoying their time speaking to different people. (Matter Neuroscience)
As the “Call a Boomer” experiment continues, the team is busy collecting audio files of these intergenerational chats to prove that simple connections with other humans can help improve mental health.
CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD THE FOX NEWS APP
“Our research is essentially trying to find a non-pharmaceutical cure to depression,” Kessler added.
TEST YOURSELF WITH OUR LATEST LIFESTYLE QUIZ
Looking ahead, she said, “we’ll definitely be doing fun things that we hope get people’s attention and inspire them to learn a little more about themselves.”
-
Detroit, MI5 days agoDrummer Brian Pastoria, longtime Detroit music advocate, dies at 68
-
Oklahoma1 week agoFamily rallies around Oklahoma father after head-on crash
-
Georgia1 week agoHow ICE plans for a detention warehouse pushed a Georgia town to fight back | CNN Politics
-
Alaska1 week agoPolice looking for man considered ‘armed and dangerous’
-
Movie Reviews5 days ago‘Youth’ Twitter review: Ken Karunaas impresses audiences; Suraj Venjaramoodu adds charm; music wins praise | – The Times of India
-
Education1 week agoVideo: Turning Point USA Clubs Expand to High Schools Across America
-
Science1 week agoLong COVID leaves thousands of L.A. county residents sick, broke and ignored
-
Sports3 days agoIOC addresses execution of 19-year-old Iranian wrestler Saleh Mohammadi