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To Better Control Blood Sugar, Look to the Time of Day You Exercise

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To Better Control Blood Sugar, Look to the Time of Day You Exercise
  • New research points to the benefits of exercise timing on blood sugar regulation, pointing to evening exercise as the best option.
  • Researchers say to focus on moderate- to vigorous-intensity exercise done after 6 p.m. to lower blood glucose levels.

Although blood sugar control is essential for those with diabetes, it’s also key for maintaining health overall. Research indicates that blood sugar levels can affect a range of physical functions, including hormone regulation, body composition, digestive processes, and even cognitive health.

That’s why keeping control of blood glucose levels is important, and one way to help might include doing moderate- to vigorous-intensity exercise in the evening, according to a new study in Obesity.

Researchers looked at 186 men and women who were overweight or had obesity and were diagnosed with at least one metabolic impairment, such as high blood pressure or high cholesterol. Over a 14-day period, researchers tracked their physical activity and glucose levels, along with the time of day for exercise. Morning exercise was defined as before noon, with afternoon exercise between noon and 6:00 p.m, and evening exercise after that.

At the end of the two weeks, those who did more than 50 percent of their exercise in the evening had significantly lower glucose levels compared to those who were sedentary, and better glucose regulation than participants who mainly exercised in the mornings or afternoons.

The effects were especially notable for those who’d struggled with regulating their blood sugar before participating in the study, according to co-author Antonia Clavero Jimeno, Ph.D.(c), researcher in the department of physical education and sports at the University of Granada in Spain.

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Although the study participants were specifically chosen based on metabolic factors and sedentary behavior, he told Bicycling that previous evidence has shown that the results might be the same for those without those factors, and who already exercise regularly.

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“In fact, the impact of both physical activity volume and timing for glycemic control may be amplified in those with higher activity levels,” he said.

That’s backed up by previous research looking at active people who were assessed for blood sugar changes based on when they exercised. In that study, published in 2022, those who performed moderate-to-vigorous activity in the afternoon had 18 percent lower insulin resistance compared to morning exercisers, and the evening group fared even better, with a 25 percent reduction in insulin resistance.

One factor that was not explored in either study was the role of dietary changes, and this is an area that needs more research, said Clavero Jimeno. Determining whether a strategy like time-restricted eating—also called intermittent fasting—would be helpful or harmful to glucose regulation when paired with evening exercise is a next step, and is already being studied by Clavero Jimeno and his team.

“Dietary intake is, of course, recognized as crucial for glycemic control, and may influence the results overall,” he said. “But in the absence of that information, this current study does emphasize that if you want better control of your glucose levels, evening exercise, done at a higher intensity, may be beneficial.”

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Elizabeth Millard is a freelance writer focusing on health, wellness, fitness, and food. 

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99p Fitness and the battle to make exercise for everybody

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99p Fitness and the battle to make exercise for everybody

During lockdown, when we all discovered the joys of working out online at home, Richard found a huge gap in what most of the online personal trainers and gyms were providing. “A lot of well known trainer came into the space who were doing what had always bothered me about fitness establishments, that was work was very exclusive. It was inaccessible. You had these great fitness programmes showing out to do exercises like jumping squats, but with no form of adaptation for the type of clients I was training with, or the vast majority of the population.”

Seeing this Richard then moved into action: “I spent the next couple of years designing hundreds and hundreds of workouts so I could create an online platform that was inclusive and accessible to everyone.”

“But as I started to produce this, having classes, seeing it work, I start realising that if I truly believe in accessibility and inclusivity then one of the major barriers to people accessing fitness is cost. So I had the ridiculous idea of charging just 99p per person per month.”

The idea stuck and 99p Fitness was born. Not ridiculous at all, actually, but a brave move to follow a set of principles rather than simply go for the cash. It is basically on online training service, with the kind of sections you might find on other sites and apps: strength, cardio, core, meditation. What’s different are the extensive how to’s which show people how to do various exercises, and alternative ways of doing them according to their different abilities.

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“If I say let’s do a press up, some people might roll their eyes and think I can’t do a situ-up. Well you might not be able to do a one finger press up, but you can do a press up while lying on the floor, or against a wall, of if somebody’s seated, they can do it against a doorframe. We break down every single exercise so you start at the very basics, and then you can progress up through from beginner to intermediate to advanced – if that’s possible for you.”

The patience, detail, and care when it comes to thinking about the people exercising, is where this fitness programme really comes into its own though: “The beginners exercises are only ever seated. They are only using household items to perform the exercise. And the instructions are very accessible as well – I work with a lot of people with visual impairment so it’s very sensitive to the language used for them. But it might just be for someone who works in the city, who just hasn’t exercised for 30 years, has high blood pressure and needs to exercise but has no idea where to start. The platform builds you up.”

This adaptive philosophy that allows everyone to take part is very refreshing in a social media world of elite fitness. Often it can seem like fitness is only for those refining six packs for their latest post.

“I just think the whole narrative on fitness and who should have access to fitness is just completely wrong,” says Richard, “If you look at the statistics, I think in 2019, only something like 11% of the adult population in England had access to a gym membership. The whole advertising world around fitness is very, very exclusive. It cuts a lot of people out.”

The challenge in today’s fitness world, as far as we’re concerned, is to start bringing in more people to benefit from exercise – physically and mentally – no matter what their physical or social or economic circumstances.

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“Often fitness is sold as for getting that elite body rather than fitness is for your good health and well being and community,” says Richard, “On social media, it’s very goal orientated. Every service offers a ripped body, there’s never just a thing of just get active. Just start to feel better. A benefit of might be that you may lose some weight, but that shouldn’t be the only reason. You’re performing cardiovascular activity, not just to burn calories, it’s to get a healthy heart and lungs. It often seems fitness is about the results and the aesthetics rather than the long-term benefit.”

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Another issue is not the barrier of money or representation but anxiety around entering a fitness space. Literally walking onto a gym floor or locker room can be daunting.

Richard: “I know for a lot of people with mental health issues, the idea of going into the often toxic masculine space of a gym and doing a workout is a very difficult step. When you’re in a low point, fitness is probably something that you need to do, knowing how beneficial fitness can be, but that that transition to get out and go to that fitness space is tough.

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What we do can hopefully tact as a stepping stone where people can get their serotonin levels going, get themselves working out, but just in a space where they’re comfortable to learn some of those exercises. Leaning how to do a correct squat in your bedroom, and then when you go to the gym, you know how to do a squat.”

Sport England did an active life survey last year and found that 25.7% of the adult population in England do less than 30 minutes of moderate activity a week. That is a concerning, reflective of tough times in the country and a lack of support for those who might benefit from exercise the most.

99p Fitness is a welcome addition to the ranks of people and organisations who want to change this. As Richard puts it, “We try and just cut down every barrier that’s gone to fitness. If you feel that any other form of mainstream fitness is not for you, I promise there’s a space for you at 99p fitness.”

 

99p Fitness are offering ‘Book of Man’ followers an additional 10% Discount if they Sign Up for a year, that’s just £10.69 for as year’s access by using code ‘BOM99P10’.

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Men Exercises: 5 best muscle building workouts for men

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Men Exercises: 5 best muscle building workouts for men

According to Miten Kakaiya, fitness and wellness coach at Miten Says Fitness. “The bench press is a staple in most muscle-building routines, and it’s easy to see why. This exercise primarily targets the chest muscles but also works the shoulder, joints, and triceps. The bench press is excellent for building upper body strength and muscle mass, particularly in the chest area.

“One of the key benefits of the bench press is its versatility. By adjusting the angle of the bench (incline, decline, or flat), you can target different parts of the chest, leading to more balanced muscle development, ” he adds.

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Serena Williams says she lost 10 pounds in one week once she stopped breastfeeding

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Serena Williams says she lost 10 pounds in one week once she stopped breastfeeding

It’s been two years since Serena Williams announced she was retiring from tennis, but the athletic legend isn’t exactly sitting still these days.

“As a mom, I’m actually way more active than what I was during tennis,” the 42-year-old said on TODAY with Hoda & Jenna earlier this year. “Obviously, (with) tennis, I was playing Wimbledons and stuff. But, as a mom, I’m gone all day.”

When she was competing as a professional athlete, Williams maintained an ultra intense training schedule. She even told MasterClass she used to “almost break my body down” so she was “ready for anything.”

Williams doesn’t need such a hardcore workout routine anymore, but she’s hardly resting on her laurels.

Curious about her commitment to fitness? Here are some of the many ways Williams stays in fighting shape.

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She enjoys multiple forms of cardio

When she’s exercising at home, Williams keeps up her energy levels by prioritizing her cardio routine.

“I do HIIT workouts (high-intensity interval training), a little stretching, a little strength training, but mostly cardio training,” she told Vogue in 2022.

She’s a fan of the Tonal home gym system

The athlete is also a fan of Tonal, a smart gym company she has invested in.

“I do the cardio exercises on Tonal, which is really helpful for me just to get my body back and used to calisthenics. I don’t necessarily want a trainer in my room or in the gym with me, so just having the Tonal trainers is a relief. It’s just something different from what I’ve been doing for the past 20-plus years, and it’s refreshing,” she told Vogue.

She loves riding her Peloton bike

If you’ve ever owned a Peloton or took one for a spin, you know the endorphins are addictive, and it turns out that Williams agrees.

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“Those Peloton people are so inspirational!” she told Self in 2021. “They’ll be like ‘If you can get through this, you can get through your day, so you gotta do it!’ I’m like ‘I got you! I’m here!’”

She knows when to take breaks

Williams goes hard at the gym, but she isn’t afraid to press pause when her body tells her it needs a break. In 2022, she told Vogue she “definitely listen(s)” to her body.

“My favorite type of cardio is running, but my body has to be fit to be able to run or else my knees will hurt. After playing tennis for so many years, you just wear and tear down your knees, so the elliptical has been growing on me, too,” she said.

“I’m basically trying to do cardio every single day–even if it’s, like walking a few miles, it still counts. I had a tough last week, so this week has been a little bit lighter–I took two days off. Next week, I’ll be back to seven.”

She loves dancing

Off the tennis courts, Williams likes to bust a move to stay active. In 2016, the athlete told People she dances “a lot.”

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“It’s a fun way to get a workout in instead of going to the gym and jumping on the treadmill for 30 minutes. I really enjoy that,” she said.

She doesn’t ‘live to eat’

Williams enjoys eating, but she tends to approach food with a more practical outlook.

“My philosophy is eat to live. Don’t live to eat,” she told Women’s Health in 2021.

Of course, the athlete has treats herself, but she looks at food as something that enables her to function first and foremost.

“You need it to survive. And (that’s) very hard to live by, cause I definitely love to snack, but this is what I want. These are my goals,” she said.

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She’s tried going vegan and enjoyed it

Williams’ sister Venus Williams was diagnosed with an immune system disorder called Sjogren’s (SHOW-grins) syndrome in 2011. The disorder typically causes dry eyes and dry mouth, per the Mayo Clinic, but it can also impact joints, the thyroid, kidneys and liver.

After learning about her sister’s diagnosis, Williams decided to add more plant-based foods to her diet since the sisters were living together at the time.

“I remember thinking, ‘I can’t bring all this bad food into the house,’ so I changed my diet as well. I realized that I didn’t feel weaker, I didn’t feel like (my body) was missing something, and I actually had a lot of energy,” she told Essence in 2022.

Describing herself as an “on-and-off vegan,” Williams told Vogue she was dedicated to veganism for around six years and the experience was “great.”

“Now, I’m trying it out again because I really want to be healthy. And to be healthy, I need to eat healthy. When I don’t eat healthy, I just feel terrible–to be honest, I feel like I almost have pain,” she said. “So now, I eat vegan about six days out of the week. And then if I want, like, some eggs or something, I do that on the seventh day.”

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She used to adjust her diet while training

Athletes’ bodies need more fuel to stay energized, so Williams used to make a habit of loading up on carbs when she was in her tennis heyday.

“The only time I eat pasta is when I’m playing/training. Usually, you’ll never see me eating pasta otherwise. Cause I feel like I’ve had to eat it so much in my career. It’s just like, I never want to see pasta again,” she told Women’s Health in 2021.

She likes to stay hydrated

Williams aims to drink a gallon of water or more each day to stay hydrated.

“That is one thing that I make sure that I always do,” she told CNBC in 2020.

While chatting with Glamour in 2021, Williams elaborated on the importance of drinking plenty of fluids.

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“Hydration is super important for everything from skin to muscle recovery, so I try to make sure I always have water next to my bed. I also avoid snacking, especially sugar, as that tends to keep me awake longer,” she said.

The tennis star also swears by Gatorade to perk her up when she wakes up feeling dehydrated or tired.

Pregnancy didn’t stop her from working out

Pregnancy can feel like a workout in and of itself, but Williams still hit her fitness goals during her two pregnancies.

In 2023, she took to YouTube to share one of her pregnancy workouts and admitted that it’s “very difficult” to stay in shape while you’re expecting a child.

“I learned that when you’re pregnant, you burn so many calories as much as a triathlon athlete. So I’m trying to take advantage of that and continue to burn those calories,” she said.

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Williams noted that her hips are especially tight during pregnancy and started her workout with warmup stretches.

After using the elliptical machine (and adding some arm exercises with a weighted ball), the athlete uses the treadmill while doing arm exercises with dumbbells.

While focusing on her legs and glutes, Williams did some squats and also added in some more arm exercises, all while her daughter Olympia watched.

She gave herself time to get back to the gym after giving birth

Staying in shape is a priority for Williams, but she also has a practical attitude when it comes to post-baby weight loss. After giving birth to her second daughter Adira in 2023, the athlete took her time building up her strength.

Two months after she welcomed her baby girl, Williams posted a photo of herself in the gym with her eldest daughter.

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“Olympia watching me try to get my ab muscles working again. Here comes fitness!” she captioned the post.

In January 2024, Williams took to Instagram to post a video of herself lifting weights.

“Alright, I’m getting back into the swing of things,” she said in the brief clip. “This is not my usual weight, but it’ll do until I get back to where I need to be.”

A month later, the mother of two posted a relatable reflection about body image on her Instagram post.

“Loving yourself is essential. I find that I have to remind myself of that self-love through all different stages in my life. Right now I love that my body is not picture perfect. I love that I smell like milk — that milk sustains @adiraohanian I love getting to know a new version of my body. It is a change, but it’s a change that has been well worth it. So start this week, knowing that you are loved, and that starts with you,” she wrote. “Ok, now I’m about to go to the gym 🤪.”

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In May 2024, Williams updated her Instagram followers on her postpartum weight loss journey. The star shared she’s been working hard to fit into a denim skirt she bought to wear after giving birth. While she’s not quite there yet, she promised to keep working toward it — something her followers applauded her for.

She’s raising confident daughters

Bodies come in all different shapes and sizes, and Williams wants to teach her daughters that they’re beautiful.

“What I’ve learned about embracing my power and strength and what I would like to pass on to my daughter is to love who you are,” Williams said during an interview with Tonal home gym in 2022 before second daughter, Adira, was born.

“And that’s really the message that I’ve always passed on. I definitely want her to embrace herself and love herself and understand that it’s important to have self-confidence.”

She had an easier time losing pregnancy weight after she stopped breastfeeding

After giving birth to her first daughter, Williams was surprised that she had a hard time losing her pregnancy weight while breastfeeding.

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“What I’ve learned through the experience — everybody is different, every person is different, every physical body is different,” she said in 2018 at a news conference. “For my body, it didn’t work, no matter how much I worked out, no matter how much I did, it didn’t work for me.”

After she stopped breastfeeding, the athlete said she lost 10 pounds in one week.

“It was crazy. I just kept dropping. That’s when I learned that everything was different,” she said. “Sorry to go on about that, but I wanted to say that so women out there know that’s not true. Everyone takes things different. I think it’s important for us to share that message.”

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