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More neighborhood fitness spaces linked to higher physical activity levels after stroke

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More neighborhood fitness spaces linked to higher physical activity levels after stroke

Research Highlights:

  • Living in neighborhoods with more recreational and fitness centers may influence people’s engagement in physical activity during the first year after a stroke.
  • A small study found that people in New York City who survived a mild stroke were more likely to maintain the same level of physical activity as they did prior to the stroke, or even increase that activity, if they lived in areas with more recreational centers and fitness resources nearby.

Embargoed until 4 a.m. CT/5 a.m. ET, Thursday, Feb. 1, 2024

DALLAS, Feb. 1, 2024 — Stroke survivors were more likely to remain physical activity or even exercise more after their stroke if they lived in neighborhoods with easy access to recreational centers and gyms, according to a preliminary study to be presented at the American Stroke Association’s International Stroke Conference 2024. The meeting will be held in Phoenix, Feb. 7-9, and is a world premier meeting for researchers and clinicians dedicated to the science of stroke and brain health.

“We know that stroke survivors need to be physically active as part of their recovery. Our findings suggest that it’s important to have a conversation with stroke patients about physical activity resources available in their area so they are able to continue their recovery after hospital discharge,” said lead study author Jeffrey Wing, Ph.D., M.P.H., an assistant professor of epidemiology at The Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio. “If their neighborhood does not offer fitness resources, neurologists should consider discharging the patient to a rehabilitation facility where they can participate in physical activities.”

In this study, researchers examined the potential link between available fitness/exercise centers, pools and gyms and physical activity among 333 people living in New York City who had a mild stroke.The data was geocoded, assigned to the U.S. census tracts, and merged with data from the National Neighborhood Data Archive (collects information about the number of physical activity resources at the census tract level). Geocoding is the process of transforming a description of a location — such as an address or a name of a place — to a location on the earth’s surface. Researchers then examined the association between the number of fitness and recreational centers, such as pools, gyms and skating rinks per square mile, and the self-reported change in physical activity levels — more active, about the same or less active — one year after stroke.

The analysis found:

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  • About 17% of participants reported being more physically active one year after stroke, and 48% reported having about the same level of physical activity as before the stroke.
  • The odds of being more active were 57% higher among participants who lived in areas with more recreational and fitness resources (about 58 fitness resources) compared to people living in neighborhoods with fewer or no fitness resources, after controlling for age, gender, race, ethnicity, education, health insurance and body mass index.
  • Similarly, the odds of reporting the same level of physical activity one year after stroke were 47% higher in participants who lived in areas with more recreational centers and fitness resources compared to those who lived in areas with fewer or no resources available.

Previous research has shown that even moderate physical activity is beneficial for stroke recovery and can include walking, Wing said. “However, it’s important to recognize the availability or limited availability of exercise resources in a person’s immediate neighborhood and to be able to feel safe while participating in exercise activities.”

Previous research has found that the characteristics of the built environment of a neighborhood, such as access to healthy food or recreational spaces promoting physical activity, were also linked to lower incidence of stroke, Wing noted.

“The takeaway from this analysis is that it’s not that people should move to a location where there are more resources to engage in physical activity, but to urge people to find ways to be active in their own neighborhood,” said study co-author Julie Strominger, a Ph.D. student of epidemiology at The Ohio State University. “It’s the action that will lead to better outcomes, so just the action of being physically active is what really matters.”

“This study is consistent with prior research on the importance of physical activity for optimal health. The new aspect is the focus on stroke survivors,” said American Stroke Association volunteer expert and EPI and Stroke Council member Daniel T. Lackland, Dr.P.H., FAHA, professor of epidemiology and director of the Division of Translational Neurosciences and Population Studies in the department of neurology at the Medical University of South Carolina in Charleston. “It’s important for health care professionals to discuss maintaining physical activity with stroke survivors: find out if they know of a safe place to exercise, and if they do not, have that information readily available.” Lackland was not involved in the study.

Study details and background:

  • The analysis included 333 adults hospitalized for mild stroke and enrolled in the Discharge Educational Strategies for Reduction of Vascular Events (DESERVE) study.
  • The DESERVE study was a randomized clinical trial of 546 stroke survivors and conducted in New York City from 2012-2016.
  • Participants were 52% women, with an average age of 65 years; they self-identified as 35% Hispanic adults, 31% Black adults, 28% white adults and 6% as “other” race.

The main limitations of the study, according to the authors, are that the findings may not be generalizable to non-urban neighborhoods in the U.S. In addition, the data was extracted from a clinical trial that included only stroke survivors who had a mild stroke, therefore, this association may not hold true for survivors of severe stroke. Also, while people in certain neighborhoods reported more physical activity, that does not necessarily mean that they used the fitness and recreational resources in their neighborhood.

Co-authors, disclosures and funding sources are listed in the abstract.  

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Statements and conclusions of studies that are presented at the American Heart Association’s scientific meetings are solely those of the study authors and do not necessarily reflect the Association’s policy or position. The Association makes no representation or guarantee as to their accuracy or reliability. Abstracts presented at the Association’s scientific meetings are not peer-reviewed, rather, they are curated by independent review panels and are considered based on the potential to add to the diversity of scientific issues and views discussed at the meeting. The findings are considered preliminary until published as a full manuscript in a peer-reviewed scientific journal.

The Association receives funding primarily from individuals; foundations and corporations (including pharmaceutical, device manufacturers and other companies) also make donations and fund specific Association programs and events. The Association has strict policies to prevent these relationships from influencing the science content. Revenues from pharmaceutical and biotech companies, device manufacturers and health insurance providers and the Association’s overall financial information are available here.

Additional Resources:

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About the American Stroke Association

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The American Stroke Association is devoted to saving people from stroke — the No. 2 cause of death in the world and a leading cause of serious disability. We team with millions of volunteers to fund innovative research, fight for stronger public health policies and provide lifesaving tools and information to prevent and treat stroke. The Dallas-based association officially launched in 1998 as a division of the American Heart Association. To learn more or to get involved, call 1-888-4STROKE or visit stroke.org. Follow us on Facebook, X.

For Media Inquiries and AHA Expert Perspective:

AHA Communications & Media Relations in Dallas: 214-706-1173; ahacommunications@heart.org

Karen Astle: 214-706-1392, Karen.Astle@heart.org

For Public Inquiries: 1-800-AHA-USA1 (242-8721)

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heart.org and stroke.org

Fitness

I Spent Years Believing Exercise Wasn’t for Me—Until I Ran My First Half Marathon at 35

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I Spent Years Believing Exercise Wasn’t for Me—Until I Ran My First Half Marathon at 35

“No one forced you to be here”: it’s a statement I’ve heard many times in many different ways over the years; at parties I didn’t enjoy, on weekends away when I had, in fact, felt forced to attend. Most recently, I said it to myself as I shuffled towards the start line at the Hoka Hackney Half Marathon. It was true; no one had forced me, and while that saying had previously always felt loaded — usually spewed in sulky moments when I wasn’t being fully amenable to the whims of whoever was lodging the insult at me — more recently, I have found it empowering.

I have a history of recoiling at anything with even a whiff of bootcamp vernacular, but at my weekly Pilates session, instructor Lucy Borrie likes to remind us that we chose to be there, and for the first time in my life, I’ve found that reminder reassuring rather than reprimanding. Before, I’d taken the saying as confirmation that I wasn’t meant to be there — that the space, and exercise at large, were not for me. No one forced you to be here, so if you’re not enjoying this, or you can’t complete the routine, then you are the problem: that is what I took that saying to mean.

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A Great Athlete is a Healthy Athlete: Muaz’s Journey to Becoming a Fitness Captain

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A Great Athlete is a Healthy Athlete: Muaz’s Journey to Becoming a Fitness Captain
Renee Dease (left) and Muaz Khan (right).

Fitness Captains as of 2025

All 7 Regions

Have Health fitness Captains Representaiton

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1,329

Health Messengers added in 2025

2,255

Total Fitness Captains

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Every May, Special Olympics celebrates Fitness and Sport Month, recognizing the power of sport to support athlete health, fitness, and performance. To celebrate, I met with Special Olympics Pakistan athlete and Fitness Captain Muaz Khan to learn about his journey to becoming a Fitness Captain.

Muaz has been an athlete for six years and a Fitness Captain for two years. Fitness Captains are athlete leaders who promote health, fitness, and healthy lifestyle habits within their Special Olympics teams and communities. They are trained to lead their sports teams in fitness activities, including warm-ups, cool downs, and exercises that enhance overall health and sports performance.

Today Fitness Captains are represented across all seven Special Olympics Regions in 80 Programs worldwide. In 2025 alone, a record-breaking 1,329 new Fitness Captains were trained, bringing the global total to 2,255.

Driven by a passion for fitness, Muaz became a Fitness Captain and today inspires his fellow athletes to practice healthy habits every day. After completing the Fitness Captain training two years ago, he embraced the idea that a great athlete is a healthy athlete and gained skills to lead safe and effective warm-ups and cool-downs while teaching his teammates about habits that improve fitness and sports performance.

With this new knowledge in hand, Muaz became a peer-leader for his teammates on and off the field. During practice and at Games, Muaz conducts warm-ups and cool-downs. He understands how important both are for sports performance. “Warm-ups are important because it prepares athletes to start being active before playing any match. Athletes get tired after playing, so cool-downs help them relax their bodies.”

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Muaz also shares health tips during training sessions, often times emphasizing how healthy eating habits are crucial to both health and fitness and referencing Special Olympics Fit 5 Guide. “I tell my teammates that they should drink eight glasses of water each day and have three home-cooked, healthy meals.”

Implementing Fitness through Sport within practice and competition expands the reach of health and fitness programming through a focus on three connected outcomes:

  1. Performance: Including endurance, speed, strength, and flexibility
  2. Health: Including energy, healthy weight, and fewer injuries
  3. Wellbeing: Including reduced risk of disease and improved quality of life
A group of three people standing in the middle of a gym perform fitness exercises in front of a group of people sitting on bleachers.
Muaz (middle) and fellow Fitness Captains lead morning exercises.

In addition to teaching his teammates healthy habits, Muaz also inspires his classmates to stay active daily. Every day at school, Muaz leads fitness activities and exercises he learned from the Fit 5 Guide.

“My favorite part about being a Fitness Captain is the Fit 5 activity. I conduct the Fit 5 activity every morning in front of my entire school.”

Muaz Khan, Special Olympics Fitness Captain and Athlete

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At the end of our conversation, Muaz shared advice to athletes considering becoming a Fitness Captain, “My life has changed a lot since becoming a Fitness Captain. I learned about the importance of exercise and so I do it very often, which has helped me become healthier. Once you become a Fitness Captain, your life will also change.”

Interested in learning more about Fitness Captains? Check out the Fitness Captain webpage and email Gwendolyn Apgar (gapgar@specialolympics.org) for more information on how to offer a training.

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Fitness

This equipment-free workout is designed to be done at your desk to build strength and muscle

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This equipment-free workout is designed to be done at your desk to build strength and muscle

If you were interested in joining the military, there are some fitness tests you would need to pass in order to qualify.

But not all military roles are physical. In fact, many military workers are desk-based and experience the same challenges as regular office workers,

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