In the ever-evolving world of fitness and health trends, few figures have captured as much attention and controversy as the Liver King. Known for his bold claims about primal living, intense workouts, and unconventional dietary practices, Liver King has amassed a significant following. However, recent scrutiny from exercise scientists, including Dr. Mike of Renaissance Periodization, sheds new light on the validity of these practices.
An Introduction to Liver King’s Controversy
Liver King, or Brian Johnson as he’s known off-screen, has built his brand on a narrative of returning to primal roots through rigorous physical training and a diet he claims mimics ancient practices. Central to his philosophy are “ancestral tenets” which he asserts are crucial for optimal health and fitness.
Dr. Mike, an exercise scientist with a background in sport and exercise science, as well as competitive bodybuilding and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, has taken a critical stance. In a recent analysis, Dr. Mike dismantles Liver King’s claims, questioning both their scientific basis and practical application.
Decoding Liver King’s Ancestral Diet and Training
Liver King advocates for a diet rich in organ meats, bone marrow, and other foods he deems essential for primal nutrition. His approach emphasizes consuming the entire animal, from “nose to tail,” which he believes provides a comprehensive spectrum of nutrients vital for health.
However, Dr. Mike highlights the inconsistencies and impracticalities of such a diet in modern contexts. He points out that while organ meats do offer nutritional benefits, there is no scientific evidence supporting the necessity of consuming them exclusively or in such large quantities. Most nutrition experts agree that a balanced diet incorporating a variety of food groups is more effective and sustainable for long-term health.
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Moreover, Liver King’s diet ignores modern advances in nutrition science. Contemporary dietary guidelines are based on extensive research, showing that a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains promotes overall health and prevents chronic diseases. The hyper-focus on organ meats and other primal foods might also lead to nutritional imbalances and deficiencies if not carefully managed.
Red meat is rich with Iron
The Truth About Liver King’s Training Regimen
Liver King’s training regimen is equally contentious. He promotes intense physical activities like carrying heavy loads over long distances and exposure to extreme cold as ways to enhance strength and resilience. These methods, while invoking a sense of primal toughness, are critiqued by Dr. Mike for their potential risks and limited effectiveness compared to more conventional exercise approaches.
Dr. Mike advocates for evidence-based training methods that prioritize progressive overload, compound movements, and structured rest periods. He argues that these methods not only build strength more efficiently but also reduce the risk of injury associated with extreme training practices. Compound movements like squats, deadlifts, and bench presses are foundational in building muscle and strength because they engage multiple muscle groups simultaneously, promoting functional fitness.
Additionally, the extreme elements of Liver King’s regimen, such as carrying heavy loads over long distances, can lead to overuse injuries and chronic pain. Modern exercise science emphasizes the importance of a balanced workout routine that includes cardiovascular, strength, flexibility, and mobility training to ensure holistic fitness and prevent injuries.
Epigenetics and the Misuse of Scientific Terms
Liver King often references epigenetics to justify his dietary and training choices. However, Dr. Mike clarifies that while epigenetics is a legitimate field of study, Liver King’s application of the term is misleading. Epigenetics refers to the study of how gene expression can be influenced by environmental factors, but it does not validate extreme dietary or training regimes as claimed by Liver King.
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The misuse of scientific terms like epigenetics can be misleading for individuals seeking genuine health advice. It’s crucial to understand that while lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise can influence gene expression, these effects are complex and cannot be simplified into blanket statements endorsing extreme behaviors. Reputable health and fitness advice should be grounded in robust scientific evidence, considering the multifaceted nature of human biology.
Shielding and Other Dubious Health Practices
Liver King advocates for shielding against modern environmental “dangers” like Wi-Fi and synthetic clothing, claiming they disrupt natural biological rhythms. Dr. Mike dismisses these claims, citing scientific consensus that these technologies pose no significant health risks when used appropriately.
The idea of shielding oneself from everyday modern conveniences is based more on fear-mongering than scientific reality. Research has shown that everyday exposure to Wi-Fi and synthetic clothing has minimal to no adverse effects on human health. Instead of focusing on these unfounded concerns, individuals should prioritize well-established health practices such as regular physical activity, balanced nutrition, adequate sleep, and stress management.
The Reality Behind the Persona
Beyond the controversies, Liver King’s persona raises questions about authenticity and credibility. Dr. Mike asserts that while Liver King’s message may resonate with some seeking alternative health approaches, his methods lack scientific rigor and may pose risks to followers’ health.
Moreover, the revelations about Liver King’s use of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) further undermine his claims of achieving his physique through natural and ancestral means. This discrepancy highlights the importance of transparency and honesty in the health and fitness industry. Aspiring to unrealistic standards set by individuals who do not disclose their use of PEDs can lead to disappointment, disillusionment, and potentially harmful behaviors in those trying to emulate them.
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In conclusion, the Liver King phenomenon serves as a cautionary tale in the fitness and health industry. While his charisma and unconventional approach may attract attention, consumers are urged to critically evaluate the scientific basis of health and fitness claims.
Dr. Mike’s analysis underscores the importance of evidence-based practices supported by peer-reviewed research. As consumers navigate the landscape of fitness influencers and health trends, skepticism and informed decision-making are crucial.
For those genuinely interested in improving their health and fitness, Dr. Mike recommends seeking guidance from certified professionals and relying on established principles of exercise science and nutrition.
In the end, the Liver King saga reminds us that while the allure of ancestral lifestyles and extreme fitness practices may be compelling, health decisions should always be grounded in scientific evidence and reasoned analysis.
Watch Dr. Mike’s full analysis on YouTube for a deeper dive into the controversy surrounding Liver King’s diet and training claims.
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After a period of inactivity, getting your fitness back can feel like a tough slog.
Jason Smith, a personal trainer, nutritional advisor and founder of Fit in Midlife, knows this from personal experience. He got fit again at 50 after years of inactivity, then started training people of a similar age, helping them to do the same.
One type of client that Smith often works with is the ex-athlete—someone who was sporty in their teens or 20s, but became less active with age.
These people are often ready to jump back in at the deep end: running long distances or lifting heavy weights, but find their brain is writing checks their body can’t cash.
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“Your brain still thinks that you can do the things that you used to do,” says Smith.
“Your body has had the longest rest period it’s ever going to have and during that period of time, your muscles have gone into atrophy, your cardiovascular system has diminished and you won’t be as capable as you were when you were in your 20s. This is just an unfortunate fact of life.”
“It can be really demotivating because you don’t feel capable,” adds Smith. “You don’t feel as though you’re actually able to do anything. But of course, the truth is very different.”
Start your week with achievable workout ideas, health tips and wellbeing advice in your inbox.
And in Smith’s experience, there are two things that will help you overcome the dejection that can come when expectations meet reality.
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1. Find something you enjoy
Smith tells me that the first run he went on after deciding to move more turned into a walk. “Once I’d run about 300 meters, I realised it was much harder than I thought it would be,” he says.
Instead of stopping, Smith decided he was going to do the distance he planned, but by walking, breaking into a jog now and then.
“Despite not being able to do what I intended to do when I left the house, I enjoyed being out in the fresh air, moving my body and being active,” he says.
Now he runs because he loves experiencing beautiful places.
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“You don’t have to set a personal best every time that you go for a run,” he says.
“It doesn’t hurt to enjoy the environment while you’re out there,” says Smith. “If you see something that you want to stop and look at, stop and look at it.
“You are still doing the run. You are still improving your cardiovascular fitness. You are still burning calories. You are still getting your heart rate up.”
2. Be consistent and add small challenges
Because he enjoyed his first outing, Smith tried again, and crucially, he tried to do a little more running than last time.
“The next time I went, I was able to run a little bit further and walk a little bit less,” he says. “And I went again. Over time, walks turned into proper runs.”
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“By being consistent, you will build up the strength, endurance and stamina that make you more capable,” says Smith. “Start easy and gradually increase the challenge.
“Go to that next lamppost if you’re running, or an additional repetition on each of your sets if you’re weight training.”
“These things add up and make all the difference.”
Three weeks later, he ran up his nearest hill without stopping at all. “It was such a great feeling,” he says.
And that’s how Smith advises formerly athletic midlifers to return to exercise. Find a form of movement they enjoy and aim for achievable, consistent progress. These two simple things will set you up for success in the future.
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“You will feel stronger. You will feel fitter. You will have probably lost a little bit of weight as well,” says Smith. “This will also mean you’ll feel a little lighter and more energized. Then you will feel good about the progress that you’ve made.”
You don’t need a gym to exercise. Here’s how to work out at home.
ProblemSolved, USA TODAY
Whether you’re focused on building muscle, improving your balance or working on your ability to complete longer, sustained workouts, one thing’s for sure: you’ll need to take small, actionable steps to reach your fitness goals.
Remember, you don’t need to drastically overhaul your life on January 1. In fact, before making any major changes to your dietary pattern and exercise routine, it’s best to have a conversation with your doctor first, especially if you live with any chronic conditions. In the long run, you’ll most benefit from taking small, actionable steps to help achieve your fitness and nutrition goals, the experts say.
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We asked fitness experts to break down their top tips to help you kick off 2026 stronger than ever.
How to fit exercise into a busy schedule
If you’re hitting the reset button on your fitness routine, start small and choose an exercise you enjoy, says Dr. Kimberly Burbank, a primary care sports medicine fellow and team physician at UCLA Athletics. You don’t necessarily need to do the movements traditionally associated with exercise to get a good workout in, either. “I really encourage people to choose (a movement) they actually enjoy doing, because they will probably stick with it more,” she says.
To help set attainable fitness goals, one route is to use the SMART framework of goal setting, recommends Dr. Brandee L. Waite, a professor and vice chair of Wellness & Community Engagement Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation at UC Davis School of Medicine, the medical director of the UC Davis Health Sports Medicine Clinic and the director of Lifestyle & Longevity Medicine Innovation.
The SMART acronym stands for goals that are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and time bound, and what’s great about using this framework in an exercise context is that you’re able to approach fitness as you would any other appointment — if it’s scheduled on your calendar, there’s a greater likelihood you’ll honor it, Waite says.
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We all know physical fitness is crucial. But how many days weekly should you work out?
When it comes to fitting exercise into a busy schedule, “I try to encourage consistency over perfection,” Burbank says. Often, her patients will express frustration that they’ve missed a week of exercise — and therefore their entire workout schedule has been thrown off. While it’s important to “be as consistent as you can, (understand) that you don’t have to be perfect to still make a meaningful difference,” she says.
If you’re someone who prefers to exercise in the morning, try to make it easy for yourself when you wake up. “It’s so easy when that alarm goes off to just ignore it and move on. But if you have laid out your clothes the night before, have your coffee prepped (and) have your bag packed, then there’s so many (fewer) variables and barriers,” Burbank says.
How often should you exercise?
There’s no perfect cadence as to how often you should exercise. “What works really well for one person, will not work at all for another person. So, it does need to be personalized and realistic,” says Waite. However, there is something to be said about shorter, more frequent workouts. There’s a lower risk of injury, and they’re faster to complete and generally easier to stay consistent with, Burbank says.
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Ultimately, what’s most important is to meet a certain number of goal minutes every week, says Dr. Julia L. Iafrate, a sports medicine physician at NYU Langone Health and a team physician for the U.S. Ski Team. The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans and the American College of Sports Medicine recommend adults participate in 150-to-300 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise a week. While this might sound intimidating, that breaks down to only 30 minutes of exercise a day over the course of five days, and could consist of a mix of pilates, yoga or brisk walking.
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If you prefer vigorous-intensity aerobic exercises (like HIIT or running), it’s recommended you complete at least 75 minutes a week, which evens out to a little more than 20 minutes of exercise a day over the course of three days. On top of these exercises, the organizations suggest adults should partake in muscle-strengthening workouts at least two days a week.
What are the most beginner-friendly exercises?
There are a few forms of exercise that should be a central focus of your workouts: cardio, muscle strengthening and balance work. Practicing each type of exercise can help improve your ability to do the others and also reduce your risk of injury, Iafrate says.
Cardio. Incorporating aerobic exercises that get your heart rate up (such as running, swimming or cycling) is key to improving endurance, supports heart and lung health, and lowers your risk for a number of chronic diseases, Iafrate says.
Muscle strengthening. Resistance training with weights stimulates two types of muscle contractions: eccentric loading and concentric loading. When you perform a bicep curl with a dumbbell in hand, that’s considered a concentric motion. As you lower the dumbbell and your arm straightens, that is an eccentric motion, Iafrate says. Both movements are important for strength building, tendon health and bone mineral density, she explains.
Balance work. Functional movement training, including tai chi and yoga, is especially beneficial for maintaining flexibility, stabilizing your body and limiting the likelihood of falls down the line, Iafrate says.
Weight-bearing exercise. “Walking, especially for beginners, is super underrated,” Burbank says. Getting your step count up to 7,000 steps a day offers immense benefits for health, including lowering your risk for cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, according to a 2025 study published in Lancet Public Health.
If you’re relatively new to exercise and don’t know what is helpful or harmful, Waite recommends having at least two-to-three sessions with a physical therapist to develop the right type of exercise program. For instance, if someone has a medical condition like hip arthritis, a professional can provide “modifications for a regular fitness training program that won’t further exacerbate the problem that is currently bothering them,” Waite says.
How can nutrition support fitness goals?
“Nutrition and exercise have such a symbiotic relationship,” Burbank says. Throughout your week, prioritize whole, fiber-rich foods, including fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Americans aren’t consuming nearly enough protein, which is essential to muscle building, muscle recovery and satiety, Burbank notes. Your minimum daily intake of protein should hover between 0.8 grams to 1.2 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight. To increase your protein intake, the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020-2025 recommends incorporating more lean meats, poultry, eggs, seafood, legumes, nuts, seeds and soy into your diet.
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More: Functional strength training provides many health benefits. But you need to be careful.
Hydration is particularly important, especially prior to working out. “When you’re dehydrated, (it will) increase your likelihood for fatigue and poor peak performance,” Iafrate says. Ideally, we should be drinking between 2.5 to 3 liters of water a day, Burbank says.
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A new year usually brings new fitness goals, fueling spikes in gym memberships and social media feeds filled with workout selfies. Yet, just as quickly as this wave of motivation appears, it usually recedes.
Why does this cycle repeat itself year after year? Well-meaning individuals often start with intense, all-or-nothing approaches that are difficult to sustain, fitness experts say. Life gets in the way, motivation wanes, and the pressure to see immediate results leads to burnout.
A commitment to fitness is a common challenge, and finding a solution is crucial for long-term success, according to Steven Hale, M.D., a primary care sports medicine physician with Baptist Health Orthopedic Care.To get expert advice on this topic, award-winning journalist Johanna Gomez hosted a new Baptist Healthtalk podcast featuring Dr. Hale.
He emphasizes that the most effective plan is one that fits into one’s life seamlessly.
“If it’s in your schedule every day, then you’re going to have to do something active,” Dr. Hale explains. “Whether that’s mobility, maybe you only have 20 or 15 minutes to stretch. Maybe you have an hour this one day because you got off work early. Now you can do some more strength training and maybe some increased cardio.”
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This approach shifts the focus from overwhelming daily workouts to simply incorporating movement into your daily schedule. Building on this foundation of practical advice, Dr. Hale answered some of the most common questions about starting a new fitness routine.
I haven’t worked out in a long time. What’s a good way to start without getting overwhelmed or injured?
Dr. Hale: It really depends on your previous activity level and experience with exercise. Someone who was a college athlete or has a lot of experience can probably go back to the gym, start with lighter weights, and build from there. For someone who is less experienced or doesn’t enjoy the gym environment, I often recommend starting at home. You can look up fun follow-along exercise videos on platforms like YouTube.
Classes can also be a great option for those new to exercise, as they provide guidance from instructors. Personal trainers are another fantastic resource if they fit your budget. The key is to start slow to minimize your risk of injury. Don’t go too hard in the beginning. The first few workouts might not feel great as you get back in shape, so making it fun and enjoyable will help you stick with it longer.
Diet and exercise are both important, but which one should I focus on more if I want to see results?
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Dr. Hale: As a doctor, I have to say they go hand-in-hand; I can’t recommend one without the other. Diet is just as important, if not more important, than exercise when it comes to seeing results quickly. In the short term, diet probably has a slight edge. We often talk about creating a calorie deficit for weight loss, which means the calories you consume should be less than the calories you burn.
It’s much easier to consume calories than it is to burn them. A single high-calorie meal can easily undo the effort of an hour-long workout. However, for long-term health, diet and exercise are equally important. What you put into your body for nutrients is just as vital as staying active. Instead of overhauling your entire diet at once, which is hard to stick to, try making one small, manageable change each week. For example, cut out one specific snack food or fast-food meal. This slow progression helps you build sustainable habits.
How do I know the difference between normal muscle soreness and an actual injury?
Dr. Hale: It’s a great question because many people enjoy the feeling of being sore after a good workout — it’s like a victory. Soreness is typically a dull ache that you feel after exercise, and it usually goes away within a few days. Pain that should concern you is more severe. On a pain scale of one to ten, anything greater than a three is something to pay attention to.
Concerning pain might also be sharp, or you might have felt a ‘popping’ sensation during your workout. Other warning signs include mechanical symptoms like a joint feeling unstable or locking up. These are more serious symptoms that indicate you should probably see an orthopedic specialist. It’s important to listen to your body and not push through sharp or worsening pain.
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The phrase “no pain, no gain” is very popular. Is it true that I need to push through pain to make progress?
Dr. Hale: That is one of the first myths I address in my practice. The “no pain, no gain” philosophy is not a good approach for orthopedic health. If you feel pain, it’s a sign that there is inflammation in that area. Pushing through that pain will only worsen the inflammation and delay your recovery.
Instead of pushing through it, pain is a signal from your body to rest or modify your activities. Give the affected area time to heal and for the inflammation to calm down before you return to that specific exercise. If you continue to push through pain, you risk causing the issue to last longer or become more severe. You can likely push through discomfort that is less than a three out of ten on the pain scale, but anything more than that requires attention.
I want to stay consistent, but I’ve heard working out every day is bad. How often should I be exercising?
Dr. Hale: This depends on how you define ‘workout.’ If you’re doing intense strength training where you are really stressing your muscles, those muscles need time to recover. Overtraining can lead to inflammation, pain, and a higher risk of injury. In that case, you need to build recovery days into your schedule.
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However, you can and should do something active every day. I recommend having something in your schedule daily because it makes it harder to use excuses and push it off. We can think of these as ‘mobility days’ versus ‘strength days.’ A mobility day could be stretching, yoga, or going for a walk. A strength day involves more intense activity like lifting weights or jogging. For example, a good plan could be three or four strength training days per week with active recovery like walking on the other days. This way, you are moving your body every day while still giving your muscles time to recover. Any activity is beneficial.
