Connect with us

Finance

Blended finance and female entrepreneurs

Published

on

Female entrepreneurs often encounter greater challenges in securing funding compared to their male counterparts (Klapper and Parker 2011, Nanda and Howell, 2020). This disparity can be attributed to various factors, including biased loan officers (Alesina 2008, Brock and De Haas 2023), restrictive gender norms, and discriminatory legal arrangements. The resulting frictions may impede the growth and productivity of businesses run by women. Several countries have therefore initiated blended finance programmes for female entrepreneurs, with the goal of creating a more equitable financial landscape.

In a typical blended finance programme, a development finance institution provides private banks with loans containing a use-of-proceeds clause. These banks then pool (‘blend’) this public finance with commercial funding of their own, and on-lend the combined funds to the type of borrowers specified in the use-of-proceeds clause. Two other elements are common. The first is technical assistance to banks, such as for staff training and IT upgrading. The second is risk sharing via a partial credit guarantee by the development finance institution or a third party.

Recent examples of blended finance programs for female entrepreneurs include the Women Entrepreneurs Opportunity Facility by the International Finance Corporation (IFC) (US$4.5 billion); the Banking on Women programme, also by the IFC ($3 billion); the Affirmative Finance Action for Women in Africa by the African Development Bank ($1.3 billion); the SheInvest programme by the European Investment Bank ($2 billion); and the Women Entrepreneurship Banking programme by the Inter-American Development Bank ($0.8 billion).

The Women in Business programme

In a recent paper (Aydin et al. 2024), we aim to establish whether and how blended finance programmes help targeted firms to borrow and grow. Our focus is on the Women in Business (WIB) programme for female entrepreneurs in Türkiye. This programme was rolled out through five Turkish banks during 2014–2019 with the goal of stimulating these banks to lend more to women-run small businesses. The programme comprised three components: public credit lines to five banks for a total of €300 million, a risk-mitigation mechanism in the form of a first-loss risk cover (FLRC) that guaranteed up to 10% of each participating bank’s portfolio, and technical assistance. The latter involved tailored consultancy packages that included classroom training on gender-responsive sales, online training for loan officers on gender awareness and overcoming behavioural constraints, and support in developing new financial products and procedures that cater to women entrepreneurs.

Banks had to blend the credit lines with their own funding and, by the end of 2017, a total of €417 million had been disbursed to more than 12,000 female-run small businesses. Figure 1 shows the district-level market shares of the participant banks as measured by their branch presence in 2014.

Advertisement

Figure 1 Pre-programme market share of branches operated by treated banks

Notes: This district-level map of Turkey shows for each district the share of bank branches that are operated by treated banks as of end-2014.

Because banks received the programme funding at different points in time, they started to disburse sub-loans at different times as well. The vertical red lines in Figure 2 indicate these staggered start dates, a feature that we exploit to measure programme impact. The graph also shows a gradual and partial closing of the gap between treated banks (those partaking in the blended finance programme) and other (control) banks in terms of the gender composition of their portfolio of small business loans. This is some first descriptive evidence on the bank-level impact of the programme.

Figure 2 Staggered roll-out of the blended finance programme and the share of lending to female entrepreneurs

Notes: This figure shows total outstanding loans to female entrepreneurs as a percentage of the total outstanding stock of loans to all entrepreneurs for treated (WiB) banks in red and non-treated (non-WiB) banks in blue. The vertical dashed lines indicate when each of the five treated banks disbursed their first loan as part of the WiB blended finance program: May 2015, July 2015, February 2016, June 2016, and April 2017.

Data and methodology

The main dataset we use is the Turkish credit registry, which allows us to track firms’ borrowing over time and across lenders, and gauge their risk profile based on credit history and repayment performance.  These data are merged with various firm-level administrative records from the Ministry of Treasury and Finance. Using these data, we aim to answer three questions. First, can blended finance durably increase bank lending to female entrepreneurs? Second, which female-owned businesses (if any) gain better access to credit? Third, what are the real-economic impacts (if any) on these firms?

To identify programme effects, a two-way fixed effect model is built around the staggered programme introduction. Because of the by now well-known pitfalls of two-way fixed effects estimators when treatment effects vary across units and time, a ‘stacking’ difference-in differences methodology is used. We also apply a synthetic difference-in-differences estimator, which creates a synthetic control bank for each of the five banks in the programme.

Advertisement

The impact of the blended finance programme on participating banks

Figure 3 shows that before banks entered the blended finance programme, to-be-treated banks (auburn line) and control banks (blue line) were on similar trajectories in terms of the gender composition of their small business loans. Once banks got access to blended finance, at time 0, they started to allocate more credit to female-run firms (auburn line). Nothing changes for control banks (blue line).

Figure 3 Change in the share of lending to female entrepreneurs around WIB entry

Notes: This figure shows the average bank-level change in the share of female entrepreneurs in the stock of outstanding loans to all entrepreneurs before and after banks start participating in the programme. For each of the five treated banks, we normalize the month in which the bank disbursed its first loan as part of the programme to 0. For banks that never participated in the program, we use their monthly observations corresponding to the normalized time scale for each participant bank. We then calculate the average share of lending to female entrepreneurs in each month, relative to the start of the program, for participant banks and for non-participant banks separately.

Further analysis of the micro data confirms that the blended finance programme durably increased lending to female entrepreneurs – both in absolute terms and relative to male-owned firms. Participating banks expand new loan issuance to female entrepreneurs much faster than control banks (Figure 4 shows this for each of the five treated banks). More specifically, treated banks increased the share of all business lending allocated to women by 2 percentage points on average. This is an economically meaningful effect (an increase of 22%), given that treated banks allocated only around 9.0% of their total lending to female entrepreneurs in 2014. Over time, programme impacts do not mean revert but settle at a higher steady state for each of the treated banks, although treatment effects are heterogeneous in terms of size and dynamics (as can again be seen in Figure 4).

Figure 4 Blended finance and lending to female entrepreneurs: Event-study estimates based on synthetic difference-in-differences

Notes: This figure shows estimates for each individual WiB bank in an event-study set-up using the synthetic difference-in-differences methodology of Arkhangelsky et al. (2021). The dependent variable is (log) total loan volume to female entrepreneurs. Error bands show 95% confidence intervals.

Who benefited? The data show that the blended finance programme helped banks to lend more to their existing female clients. This accounts for about 50% of the increase in the share of lending allocated to women. The other half reflects lending to new borrowers: 31% of the increased lending is to female borrowers poached from other lenders and 19% is to firms that had never previously borrowed from any bank. In short, the programme expanded credit to existing borrowers that were still credit-constrained (intensive margin) while also crowding in new female borrowers (extensive margin).

Advertisement

Did loan quality suffer?

A comparison of female first-time borrowers who received their first loan from a treated bank with those borrowing for the first time from a control bank reveals no evidence that the blended finance programme undermined credit quality. First-time female borrowers are equally likely to default – either on bank credit or on debts to suppliers – irrespective of whether they borrow from a treated or control bank. They are also as likely to receive a follow-up loan from their first lender or, in contrast, to leave that bank in the medium-term.

The impact of access to blended finance on female-run businesses

An important question is whether the positive credit supply shocks caused by the blended finance programme helped female-owned firms perform better. This turns out to be the case: a 10% increase in the supply of bank credit to a female entrepreneur due to the WIB programme resulted in an increase in investment of 1.3%. Firms also increase their sales and profits by on average 1.3% and 8.2%, respectively, due to this positive credit shock. Combined, these impacts ensure that beneficiary firms are 2.4 percentage points more likely to remain in business one year after the start of the programme. Importantly, not all firms benefited equally from the programme: those that initially had a higher capital productivity borrow and invest more. This suggests that the programme was effective in helping to improve the allocation of capital across small and medium-sized firms.

Conclusions

Blended finance programmes bundle liquidity support, comprehensive training, and risk sharing. The analysis summarised in this column indicates that this can be an effective approach to motivate and enable banks to lend more to underserved business segments.

A large part of the programme impact occurred on the intensive margin. A higher (temporary) first-loss risk cover might help to entice banks to expand their lending to new female borrowers even more. Another option to strengthen programme impact (other than scaling up) would be to introduce performance-based incentives. Participating banks then receive an interest discount on their credit lines that is conditional on achieving specific goals at the portfolio level, such as a higher share of female borrowers among all clients or among all first-time clients. Such high-powered incentives, applied temporarily and phased out over time, may help to further shift bank lending towards underserved target segments in a profitable and durable way.

References

Alesina, A (2008), “Are Women Discriminated Against in Credit Markets in Italy?”, VoxEU.org, 30 September.

Advertisement

Aydın, H, Ç Bircan, and R De Haas (2024), “Blended Finance and Female Entrepreneurship”, CEPR Discussion Paper No. 18763.

Brock, J M and R De Haas (2023), “Discriminatory Lending: Evidence from Bankers in the Lab”, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 15(2): 31-68.

Klapper, L F and S C Parker (2011), “Gender and the Business Environment for New Firm Creation”, World Bank Research Observer 26(2): 237-257.

Nanda, R and S Howell (2020), “Networking Frictions in Venture Capital and the Gender Gap in Entrepreneurship”, VoxEU.org, 29 February.

Advertisement
Continue Reading
Click to comment

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.

Finance

How Applied Materials Is Driving Transformation of the Finance Function with SAP Taulia

Published

on

How Applied Materials Is Driving Transformation of the Finance Function with SAP Taulia

Within the global manufacturing industry, maintaining a competitive edge requires a delicate balance between driving internal efficiency and fostering strong external relationships. For Applied Materials, a leader in materials engineering solutions for the semiconductor industry, this challenge became the foundation for a strategic finance transformation program, with an SAP Taulia solution emerging as a key enabler.

The journey began in early 2019 with the launch of Agile Finance, an end-to-end transformation initiative designed to support the company’s aggressive growth trajectory, which included a goal to double in size. The initiative was built around three strategic pillars: enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of the finance organization, promoting career fulfillment, and establishing a robust digital operating model. The impact was significant, with the finance function achieving approximately 35% productivity gains in its labor force.

The third pillar—the move to a digital operating model—is where the partnership with SAP Taulia began.

“The SAP Taulia Dynamic Discounting solution was introduced not merely as a cost-cutting measure, but as a strategic tool to transform and digitize the interaction with Applied’s extensive, global supplier base,” Junaid Ahmed, corporate VP, Finance at Applied Materials, says. “We understood that to reap the benefits of digitization, we had to ensure the suppliers were on board. It needed to be a win-win outcome.”

Unprecedented flexibility for suppliers

The program empowers suppliers—thousands of them worldwide—to self-select which approved invoices they wish to discount for early payment. This is not a continuous, all-or-nothing commitment but rather a decision made on an invoice-by-invoice basis. This flexibility allows suppliers to manage their working capital needs with greater precision, taking advantage of early payment during their own critical periods, such as quarter-end or year-end, to help meet their own financial targets.

Advertisement

The system also drastically improves transactional efficiency. Suppliers no longer have to call Applied to track invoice status, approval, or payment date. All this information is available 24/7 in the SAP Taulia solution, reducing resource allocation on both sides and ensuring both reap the benefits of moving to an integrated, digital system.

Free working capital to strengthen your financial supply chain and manage risk with SAP Taulia solutions

Strategic benefits for Applied Materials

For Applied, the program is a testament to its focus on balancing efficiency with strong supplier relationships. The philosophy is a “win-win” built on a crucial spread: Applied Materials, as a Fortune 500 company with strong cash flow, has a significantly lower cost of capital than many of its suppliers. By funding the discounts, Applied captures a return—the discount income—while offering its suppliers funding at a rate close to their cost of capital, but with greater convenience.

This relationship-focused approach is critical. Applied’s supplier account managers actively support the program because they recognize its mutual benefit, not viewing it as a finance mandate to push costs onto the supply base.

Furthermore, the “dynamic” nature of the discount rates is a powerful risk mitigation tool. Unlike fixed contractual discounts, the rates can be adjusted in response to global economic changes, such as shifts in interest rates. When interest rates rose after the pandemic, Applied was able to adjust the discount rates accordingly with minimal pushback, as the core proposition remains the valuable spread between the parties’ cost of capital.

Advertisement

The SAP Taulia Dynamic Discounting solution has been rolled out globally, giving all suppliers the opportunity to use it. This has been critical over the last 12 months as many businesses around the globe have been subject to new and often unexpected tariff costs impacting their margin and their liquidity.

“The flexibility of the solution means suppliers can access funds when they need them, which helps them navigate some of the economic uncertainty that many businesses are facing,” Dirk Holoubek, managing director, Finance Shared Services, explains. “2025 saw a 23% increase in usage of the discounts, reflecting the pressures that suppliers are feeling right now on their cash flow.” 

The solution’s capability to drive sophisticated analytics is also a major strategic asset. It helps provide insights into the different costs of capital between Applied and its supplier base. This data allows for targeted outreach and communication, ensuring that the offer of capital support is proactively extended to the suppliers that need it most.

The strategic value of the solution is further cemented by its ownership. The acquisition of Taulia by SAP brings several advantages.

“Trust is really important to both us and our suppliers,” Ahmed says. “For our suppliers to adopt a new solution, they need to know its technology they can rely on in the long term. Being part of SAP creates that assurance in the long-term future of the program.”

Advertisement

Looking forward, Applied Materials is already focused on the next stage of the transformation project: Agile Finance 3.0, which is focused on enabling the organization to become AI-first. The company is deploying a global, organization-wide AI assistant to drive personal productivity, but the strategic application of AI in the supplier management space is even more profound.

AI is expected to transform decision-making enablement by analyzing critical information and communicating effective options. In the future, AI will be able to proactively assess the specific needs and attributes of the supplier base, enabling Applied to address issues more quickly and resolve them earlier. The benefits are already tangible in e-invoicing: AI has made the solution more flexible and “human-like,” capable of reading minor changes in invoice format that would have previously caused electronic errors. This reduced rigidity and increased flexibility are directly contributing to the overall efficiency of the digital operating model.

By leveraging the SAP Taulia Dynamic Discounting solution, Applied Materials has not only digitized a process but also strategically transformed its financial operations, creating a system that is agile, resilient, and focused on maintaining mutually beneficial relationships with its global supplier ecosystem.


Cedric Bru is CEO of SAP Taulia.

Sign up to receive weekly news highlights from the SAP News Center

Advertisement
Continue Reading

Finance

Houston budget amendment would give financial assistance to help those impacted by a trash fee

Published

on

Houston budget amendment would give financial assistance to help those impacted by a trash fee

HOUSTON, Texas (KTRK) — Houston City Council could soon consider whether to offer financial assistance to help those who may struggle to afford a proposed trash fee.

This month, council will approve a budget. In it, Mayor John Whitmire doesn’t increase taxes.

However, he does want to charge a $5 monthly fee to cover trash services. A plan to help close the city’s nearly $200 million deficit that doesn’t add up to some.

Speaking in front of council on Wednesday, Super Neighborhood 64 president Lindsay Williams brought more than concerns, she had numbers surrounding the mayor’s proposed $5 monthly trash fee.

A plan his team says could climb to $25 a month by 2032. If it does, Williams told council that $300 annual cost would be just .15% of a $200,000 income.

Advertisement

For someone making $15,000, it’s two percent. “More than 13 times the burden for the same trash, same truck and same fee, but not the same pay,” Williams explained.

However, Controller Chris Hollins said the mayor’s not being truthful about the real cost.

“Houstonians are not stupid,” Hollins said. “We should not treat Houstonians like they’re stupid.”

Hollins said the cost may need to be $40 a month. Whitmire didn’t respond to Hollins during the meeting when he asked if he plans to increase the fee.

No matter the cost, some council members want to offer financial relief. Right now, there are no exceptions.

Advertisement

However, an amendment council will consider from Council Member Alejandra Salinas next week would change that.

“If they for whatever reason met the threshold and need an additional need because of the administrative fee, our amendment would allow them to apply for funds through the water fund,” Salinas said.

The trash fee wasn’t the only item from the mayor’s seven and a half billion dollar budget proposal that sparked debate. Hollins said a plan to divert money away from water utilities could drain a billion over the next five years from infrastructure money.

Whitmire disagrees saying there’s more than enough funds to handle the change, and continue with projects.

“We’ve all admitted the budget’s not perfect, but certainly it’s a first start that Houstonians understand and it’s a shame it’s being so politicized because it’s literally people’s lives and death,” Whitmire said.

Advertisement

Council will vote on amendments next week. It has to have a new budget in place by the end of the month.

Copyright © 2026 KTRK-TV. All Rights Reserved.

Continue Reading

Finance

How can I illustrate our financial position to a spouse who shows little interest?

Published

on

How can I illustrate our financial position to a spouse who shows little interest?

Reader question: My spouse has little interest in our financial position. As we age, this concerns me. I try to share some basic information (income, spending, account balances, debt, and so on) each month but rarely get a response. I think graphs or charts might be of more interest to her than a bunch of numbers. What recommendations would you have for illustrating our financial position so that I am not the only person aware of how we are situated? Thanks!

Answer: Your situation is pretty common. Most couples I know develop a division of labor over time, where one person is in charge of financial matters and the other person is less involved. That’s definitely the case for my husband and me. He’s in charge of paying all the monthly bills and preparing our tax returns, but the financial planning and investment decisions are up to me. This type of arrangement might work well for a long time, but can become less sustainable with age, particularly if the “finance person” in the relationship dies or develops a major health issue.

Online tools and mind maps

Illustrating your financial situation with charts and graphs is a great idea that might help your spouse become a little more involved. Morningstar’s  Portfolio X-Ray  tool includes a variety of images that help illustrate your financial situation. Websites for most major brokerage firms also include some visual tools. Schwab, for example, offers a Portfolio Checkup and a bar graph illustrating your account’s monthly income from dividends and interest income. Vanguard has a Portfolio Watch tool and a variety of performance illustrations, tools, and calculators.

A  mind map, which we used with clients when I worked for a financial advisory firm, can be another way to picture your entire financial situation on one page. There are various  softwaretemplates  for drawing a mind map, or you can simply sketch it out with a large sheet of paper and a pencil. Start with your names at the center of the page. Then draw spokes connecting to various categories, such as names of other family members; investment accounts; real estate and other assets, insurance policies, estate plans, key goals and values, and contact information for accountants, estate planners, and other professionals. It can be helpful to go through the mind map together and make any updates needed at least once a year.

Advertisement

Other ways to communicate about money

A few other ideas—though not related to charts and graphs—might also be useful.

I like the idea of putting together a  net worth statement  that itemizes cash, taxable accounts, real estate, retirement accounts, and debt for each member of the couple as well as items owned jointly. It’s a good idea to update this document at least once a year and  discuss it as a couple. If you set up the document as a spreadsheet, you can include columns with additional information such as account numbers, what each account is used for, which accounts are subject to required minimum distributions, or tax issues like potential capital gains.

Many couples also put together a  binder  (sometimes humorously called a “Doomsday Book”) that contains information about where to find important paperwork, insurance policies, how bills are paid, what each account is for, steps the surviving spouse will need to take, final wishes, and any other critical information.

A well-qualified financial adviser can bridge the information gap

Advertisement

Finally, you could consider working with a good  financial adviser,  who can help involve your spouse in financial matters while you’re still living and step in to fully manage investments and personal finance decisions if you pass away before your spouse. Make sure the adviser holds the Certified Financial Planner designation and charges fees that are reasonable. Although a 1% fee is still the industry standard for accounts of $1 million or less, it’s possible to find advisers who charge significantly less, including a few who price their services based on hours worked instead of a percentage of assets under management.

_____

This article was provided to The Associated Press by Morningstar. For more personal finance content, go to https://www.morningstar.com/personal-finance.

Amy C. Arnott, CFA, is a portfolio strategist for Morningstar and co-host of The Long View podcast.

Related links:

Advertisement

What If This Turns Out to Be a Terrible Time to Retire?

https://www.morningstar.com/personal-finance/what-if-this-turns-out-be-terrible-time-retire

Bill Bengen: ‘Inflation Is the Greatest Enemy of Retirees’

https://www.morningstar.com/retirement/bill-bengen-inflation-is-greatest-enemy-retirees

3 Big Questions to Ask Your Aging Parents

Advertisement

https://www.morningstar.com/personal-finance/3-big-questions-ask-your-aging-parents

Copyright 2026 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed without permission.

Continue Reading
Advertisement

Trending