Describing its incoming class of 2025, Yale boasted that its college students hailed from 48 states, 68 nations and 1,221 excessive colleges. What’s extra, the college introduced final yr, 51 % of the category recognized as college students of coloration.

But at the same time as Yale promotes the variety of its first-year college students, the faculty has clung to an admissions custom — legacy preferences — that largely advantages college students who’re white, rich and well-connected. Of the incoming college students, 14 % have been the offspring of a Yale graduate, receiving the form of admissions enhance additionally used at different elite establishments.

Not a lot has made a dent within the century-old custom, regardless of efforts to finish the desire which were waged by progressive college students, lawmakers and schooling reformers. Many schools say legacy college students cement household ties and multigenerational loyalty. And just a few elite schools have abolished the desire.

The follow of legacy admissions, nevertheless, could quickly face its biggest take a look at but — and in a twist, its future might be tied to the way forward for affirmative motion.

The Supreme Courtroom is anticipated to listen to arguments this fall about race-conscious admissions insurance policies at Harvard and the College of North Carolina. If the courtroom ends or rolls again the broadly used follow of contemplating race in deciding on college students, as many consultants count on, the ruling may immediate a reconsideration of legacy candidates. Explicitly favoring the youngsters of alumni — a few of whom could be aggressive candidates regardless due to socioeconomic benefits — would change into more durable to defend if racial preferences are not allowed.

“If the Supreme Courtroom outlaws affirmative motion, legacy preferences is not going to be lengthy for this world,” stated Justin Driver, a professor at Yale Legislation College. Mr. Driver, an knowledgeable on the Supreme Courtroom and schooling, helps race-conscious admissions and referred to as legacy preferences “a little bit like rooting for Elon Musk to buy the profitable lottery ticket.”

The College of California system, the College of Georgia and Texas A&M all ended legacy preferences after they have been pressured by lawsuits and poll initiatives to cease utilizing affirmative motion, in response to a Century Basis evaluation.

College students for Honest Admissions, the conservative group that filed the Supreme Courtroom circumstances in opposition to Harvard and North Carolina — and in addition sued Yale — has argued that eliminating legacy preferences is a technique to assist obtain racial range with out utilizing affirmative motion, which the group says is discriminatory. One member of the courtroom, Justice Clarence Thomas, has brazenly opposed affirmative motion and signaled his perception that legacy preferences and different elements poison the admissions course of.

That context places universities in a decidedly awkward place relating to defending legacy admissions. The subject is so delicate that few officers at selective schools with legacy preferences would talk about them.

The usage of legacy admissions dates again to the Twenties, when elite schools, historically the area of rich Protestants, grew to become involved that spots have been being taken by Jews and Catholics.

The precise variety of colleges that use legacy preferences is unknown, however a survey by Inside Greater Ed in 2018 discovered that 42 % of personal colleges — together with a lot of the nation’s elite establishments — and 6 % of public colleges used the technique. Solely a handful of elite schools — together with Johns Hopkins and Amherst — have deserted the desire in recent times.

Many faculty officers have argued that legacy preferences are solely a small a part of the choice course of. However on a sensible stage, they assist schools handle their enrollment charges and predict their tuition income. College students who’re legacies, as youngsters of alumni are identified, usually tend to attend if admitted, growing an element often known as “yield” within the business.

Donations are additionally an element. “I believe that plenty of elite and unique colleges really feel that they’ve to make use of the legacy preferences piece as a fund-raising mechanism from alumni,” stated Andrew Gounardes, a state senator from Brooklyn, who just lately sponsored a invoice that might have banned legacy preferences in New York.

His invoice was opposed by the state’s non-public faculty affiliation, the Fee on Impartial Schools and Universities, which incorporates extremely selective schools comparable to Columbia, Cornell and Colgate.

In Connecticut, the place lawmakers held a listening to on the difficulty in February, Yale was among the many non-public colleges that got here out in opposition. In written testimony, Jeremiah Quinlan, Yale’s dean of undergraduate admissions, referred to as the proposed ban a authorities intrusion into college affairs.

“The method for choosing college students for admission, along with the processes for hiring school and deciding which programs to supply, defines a campus group and tradition,” he wrote.

Peter Arcidiacono, a Duke economist who analyzed Harvard information that was launched within the College students for Honest Admissions case, discovered {that a} typical white legacy applicant would have a fivefold enhance in probability that she or he could be admitted.

His evaluation additionally discovered that through the years, legacy candidates have been receiving a better benefit. Whereas the share of admitted college students who’re legacies or athletes has remained secure, there was little progress within the variety of candidates who match into these classes. On the similar time, functions at Harvard and different elite schools have elevated sharply.

Even when legacy preferences have been eradicated at Harvard, the examine stated, that might not offset the loss in range if race-conscious admissions have been additionally eradicated.

Harvard declined to launch figures on its legacy admissions, however a Harvard Crimson survey of incoming college students reported that legacies made up about 15.5 % of final yr’s freshman class. Dr. Arcidiacono’s evaluation, masking a number of years, discovered a 14 % legacy admission charge at Harvard.

For probably the most half, the precise influence of legacy admissions on campus is a black field. “Universities disguise their information,” stated Dr. Arcidiacono, who was employed as an knowledgeable witness by College students for Honest Admissions.

The New York Instances tried to interview greater than 20 presidents and admissions administrators at selective colleges that use legacy preferences, however a big majority of them weren’t made accessible for interviews, together with Yale’s president, Peter Salovey, and Harvard’s president, Lawrence S. Bacow.

A number of different college leaders have publicly defended the system, saying it builds loyalty and a particular bond.

“We’re an establishment that was made in a household — the Duke household,” Vincent Value, the president of Duke, stated in an tackle to college. He added, “The concept you’ll ban legacy preferences, or ban any specific issue as a consideration, is troublesome.” A survey this yr by The Chronicle, a scholar newspaper, discovered that about 22 % of first-year college students had mother and father or siblings who attended Duke.

Dr. Value was not made accessible for an interview. Neither was Martha Pollack, the president of Cornell.

In an interview with the campus newspaper in 2018, Dr. Pollack stated, “We’re making an attempt to create a Cornell household that goes on for generations.” Cornell wouldn’t launch its legacy figures.

Faculty officers who did agree to talk with The Instances usually downplayed the significance of a legacy desire of their admissions course of — and emphasised that some Black alumni supported the follow.

Black faculty commencement soared in the USA following the civil rights motion, quadrupling from 1970 to 2010. The kids of lots of these Black graduates are prepared to move off to school.

The College of Virginia, a extremely selective public flagship faculty that started admitting Black college students within the Fifties, generally provides additional consideration to legacies, who made up about 14 % of final yr’s freshmen and switch college students, in response to Steve Farmer, the vice provost for enrollment.

In an interview, Mr. Farmer stated the subject got here up throughout a gathering of Black alumni this yr. “I used to be speaking with folks one after the other, and three of the primary 5 questions needed to do with legacy admissions for college kids of coloration,” Mr. Farmer stated.

“We now have tons of pals whose children are beginning faculty,” stated Sanford S. Williams, a lecturer at U.C.L.A. College of Legislation and an lively Black alumnus of the College of Virginia. “They assume, ‘Why it’s each time we get an opportunity to do one thing, the rug is pulled out from below us?’”

Mr. Williams and his spouse, a physician, each have Virginia levels, as do their three youngsters. And he helps legacy preferences, so long as they’re a small a part of the admissions course of.

Future alumni could really feel in a different way.

Logan Roberts, a white scholar from Groton, N.Y., leads a corporation of first-generation faculty college students at Yale, the place he stated the category divide got here into sharp focus following the nationwide Varsity Blues scandal, by which mother and father have been caught making an attempt to bribe their youngsters’s method into elite schools, together with Yale.

Mr. Roberts, a rising senior, drafted a decision opposing legacy preferences that was adopted in October by the Yale Faculty Council Senate.

“College students who have already got a leg up don’t want one other leg up,” he stated.